Pre-eclampsia is a complication of pregnancy that affects about 5–8% of all pregnant women in Nigeria and Africa. It is a leading cause of maternal and infant morbidity and mortality in Nigeria and Africa.
The International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy defines pre-eclampsia as hypertension that occurs after 20 weeks of pregnancy with one or more of proteinuria (protein in the urine) and abnormalities in organ function.
The symptoms of pre-eclampsia can be subtle and may not appear until late in pregnancy, which is why it is often referred to as the “silent killer” of pregnant women.
Causes of pre-eclampsia
The exact cause of pre-eclampsia is unknown. However, research suggests that pre-eclampsia may result from problems with the blood vessels in the placenta may cause it.
The placenta is the organ that connects the baby to the mother's blood supply. In pre-eclampsia, the blood vessels in the placenta become narrowed, which can decrease blood flow to the baby.
Signs and symptoms of pre-eclampsia
Pregnant women with pre-eclampsia may present with:
- High blood pressure
- Protein in the urine
- Swelling in the face, hands, and feet
- Sudden weight gain
- Headaches
- Vision changes
- Abdominal pain (you can say epigastric pain)
- Nausea and vomiting
It is important to note that these symptoms may not always be present, and some women may not experience any symptoms at all. That is why pregnant women should attend all their antenatal appointments and have their blood pressure and urine checked regularly.
Pre-eclampsia may hurt the mother and baby
Untreated pre-eclampsia can lead to premature birth, low birth weight, and even stillbirth. In addition, pre-eclampsia can cause severe damage to the mother's organs, such as the liver and kidneys, and increase the risk of stroke and other complications such as eclampsia.
Who is at risk of pre-eclampsia?
Several risk factors can increase a woman's chances of developing pre-eclampsia. These include:
- First-time pregnancy
- Age (women over 40 are at higher risk)
- Multiple pregnancies (i.e., women carrying multiple babies like twins, triplets etc.)
- Obesity
- A family history of pre-eclampsia
- Chronic hypertension
- Diabetes
- Kidney disease
- Lupus
Also, a woman is more likely to get pre-eclampsia again if she has had it during a previous pregnancy.
Studies have shown that pre-eclampsia happens more often in Africa than in other parts of the world. This is likely due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
Diagnosis and treatment of pre-eclampsia
Pre-eclampsia is diagnosed through routine antenatal care. If your care provider suspects that you have pre-eclampsia is suspected, you may be referred to a specialist for further testing.
The treatment for pre-eclampsia depends on the severity of the condition and how far along you are in your pregnancy. In some cases, early delivery may be necessary to protect the health of the mother and the baby. But if the baby isn't ready, your doctor may suggest medicines to control blood pressure, bed rest, and other treatments to help support the pregnancy.
Importance of early detection and treatment of pre-eclampsia
Early detection and treatment of pre-eclampsia are crucial to preventing serious complications. This is why pregnant women should attend regular antenatal care appointments, where their blood pressure and other vital signs will be monitored.
Preventing pre-eclampsia
While it is not always possible and there is no surefre way to prevent pre-eclampsia, there are steps you can take to reduce your risk of developing pre-eclampsia. Here are a few tips to help ensure a healthy pregnancy:
- Visit your healthcare provider regularly: Early and regular antenatal care is essential for detecting and managing potential complications, including pre-eclampsia.
- Eating a balanced and healthy diet: enrich your diet with fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins.
- Stay active: Regular exercise, such as walking or pelvic floor exercises, can help improve circulation and prevent hypertension.
- Maintain a healthy weight: Eat small portions of food, drink plenty of water, and curb your desire to binge on foods
- Control any pre-existing medical conditions: If you have diabetes or kidney disease, see a doctor to manage them before or during pregnancy.
- Avoid smoking and alcohol intake: both can increase your risk of pre-eclampsia.
A final word
Pre-eclampsia is a serious pregnancy complication that can have serious consequences for both the mother and baby. However, the outcome can be positive if it's detected and managed early.
By understanding the risk factors, signs and symptoms, and ways to reduce your risk, you can take steps to protect yourself and your baby. So, always be informed and proactive about your health during pregnancy.
