<a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/pills-medical-material-arrangement_24482234.htm#page=4&amp;query=mockup%20health&amp;position=7&amp;from_view=keyword&amp;track=ais_user&amp;uuid=5497b101-7380-4683-9106-4480e074f064">Image by Freepik</a>Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs), also known as sexually transmitted infections (STIs), are illnesses or infections caused by viruses, bacteria, or parasites and are often contracted through sexual interaction.&nbsp;These infections can affect people of all ages and genders and can result in serious health challenges if left untreated.The symptoms of sexually transmitted diseases, their prevention, and treatment options will all be covered in greater detail in this article.<h2>Types of STDs</h2>There are many types of STDs, but some of the most common ones include the following:&nbsp;<ol><li>Chlamydia: Chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by bacteria.</li><li>Genital herpes: Genital herpes caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV).</li><li>Gonorrhoea: Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the organism that causes gonorrhoea, a bacterial sexually transmitted infection.&nbsp;</li><li>HPV: Human Papillomavirus is a viral infection that commonly causes skin or mucous membrane growths (warts).</li><li>Pubic lice are parasitic insects found in the pubic or genital area.</li><li>Syphilis: Syphilis is an infection caused by bacteria which most often spreads through sexual contact.&nbsp;</li><li>Trichomoniasis: Trichomoniasis is a common sexually transmitted infection caused by a parasite</li></ol><h2>Symptoms of STDs&nbsp;</h2><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_2e68622f56.png"><a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/mock-up-blank-poster-picture-frame-wood-wall_1382911.htm#fromView=search&amp;page=2&amp;position=25&amp;uuid=0307f5ca-50fa-4794-8b60-36b41a46318b">Image by tirachard on Freepik</a>STD symptoms can vary depending on the nature of infection. However, some frequent ones include:<ul><li>Painful or frequent urination</li><li>Abnormal vaginal or penile discharge</li><li>Genital sores, bumps, or blisters</li><li>Pain during sex</li><li>Itching or burning in the genital area</li><li>Rectal pain or discharge</li><li>Sore throat or swollen glands</li></ul>Note that not everyone with an STD exhibits symptoms, so regular STD testing is vital.<h2>Prevention of STDs</h2>Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) are mostly spread through unprotected sex.&nbsp;Therefore, maintaining good sexual health requires preventing the transmission of STDs. The prevention of STDs includes;<ul><li>Practice safe sex</li></ul>Using condoms can prevent STD transmission. However, no one technique is 100% successful. Therefore, employing additional preventative measures is crucial.<img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_79cff9cf43.png"><a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/person-pulling-a-condom-out-of-a-pocket-6474007/">Photo by cottonbro studio from Pexels</a><ul><li>Get vaccinated</li></ul>Human papillomavirus (HPV) and hepatitis B vaccines are available to prevent certain STDs. Discuss this with your healthcare provider to know the ones available for you.<ul><li>Avoid multiple sexual partners</li></ul>Having sex with multiple sexual partners increases the likelihood of contracting STDs like HIV, gonorrhoea, syphilis, etc<ol><li>Have an honest communication with your partner&nbsp;</li></ol>Ask about your partner's sexual history and share your own. Open and honest conversation about one’s sexual health can reduce the risk of contracting STDs<ul><li>Get tested</li></ul>Regular testing is essential to knowing your status because many STDs do not have symptoms.&nbsp;<ul><li>Avoid sharing personal products</li></ul>Personal products like towels, razors, and sex toys can carry STI-causing germs and transmit it to others or spread it from them. .&nbsp;<ul><li>Look out for the signs and symptoms</li></ul>Understand the warning signs and symptoms of STDs, which include vaginal sores, discharge, and pain during intercourse. Get checked out and start receiving treatment immediately if you feel any symptoms.<h2>Risk factors for STDS</h2>Research has shown that the spread of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) has been impacted by sociological and demographic factors, such as family life and urbanisation (Patterson-Lomba et al., 2015), meaning that factors like family life and urbanisation contribute to the prevalence of STDs. For example, urbanisation can increase the prevalence of STDs due to higher population density and increased social interactions, while family dynamics can also affect the spread of STDs based on communication and education about sexual health.&nbsp;Therefore it is important to understand these risk factors and take measures to reduce the risk of acquiring an STI.&nbsp;Having unprotected sex raises the chances of getting an STD. Condoms are the most efficient way to prevent STD transmission.The following are some&nbsp; other STD risk factors:<ul><li>Having multiple sexual partners&nbsp;</li></ul>Having multiple sexual partners increases your chance of contracting an STD. Your risk increases as you have more sexual partners.<ul><li>Early sexual activity</li></ul>Those who start having sex at a young age may increase the risk of contracting an STD. This is because they may lack the skills or understanding necessary to engage in safe sex.<ul><li>History of STDs</li></ul>Individuals who have had an STD in the past are more likely to have one again.<ul><li>Being in a same-sex relationship&nbsp;</li></ul>Men who have sex with men (MSMs) are more likely to contract some STDs, including HIV, gonorrhoea, and syphilis.<ul><li>Drug and alcohol abuse</li></ul>Using drugs and alcohol can result in unsafe sexual conduct, such as having intercourse without a condom, which raises the possibility of contracting an STD.<ul><li>Weak immune system</li></ul>Those with compromised immune systems, such as those with HIV or cancer, are more likely to contract STDs.<img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_ad9251b1dd.png"><a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/high-angle-unheatlhy-habits_8872822.htm#fromView=search&amp;page=1&amp;position=0&amp;uuid=0edfec20-3df3-4030-a938-2ee9ea19d794">Image by freepik</a><h2>Treatment of STDs</h2>It's critical to see a physician when you suspect an STD. Antibiotics and antiviral drugs can easily treat many STDs, because if the disease is left untreated, they can have significant health impacts.Antibiotics can treat bacterial sexually transmitted diseases if treatment starts early enough. Although there is no treatment for viral STDs, medications can help manage symptoms.<h2>Conclusion</h2>Sexually transmitted diseases are a serious health concern that can have long-term effects.It's critical to get tested for sexually transmitted diseases on a regular basis, particularly if you have several relationships. Being tested is the only way to find out whether one has an STD, as some may not show any symptoms. Notifying sexual partners of the diagnosis of an STD is very important because it allows them to get tested and receive treatment if needed.Always remember that getting tested for STDs is nothing to fear, it is always preferable to know your status rather than put your health and the health of others in danger.

From gonorrhea to syphilis, STDs are common, but they are preventable. Learn how to protect yourself and others.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Lifestyle and Wellness

Health News and Research

Women's Health

Men's Health

Disease prevention and management

<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/de/deed.en">High Contrast, CC BY 3.0 DE</a>, via Wikimedia CommonsAs an individual, you are bound to feel a slight headache now and then or a slight cough after a long, tiring day. Do you always rush to the hospital or walk to the nearest patent medicine store or pharmacy around you? Many of us go to the neighbourhood pharmacy for a pack of paracetamol or cough syrup, both of which belong to a class of medications called over-the-counter (OTC) drugs.OTC drugs are easily accessed,&nbsp; most often leading to self-medication (taking drugs without a doctor's prescription). But using them wisely is important. Knowing when to stop self-medicating and see a doctor can make all the difference between treating a simple issue and overlooking something serious. In this article, we will explore more information on OTC drugs, their benefits, side effects, and other interesting details.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What are over-the-counter drugs?</h2>Over-the-counter drugs, also known as OTC drugs, are drugs you can buy&nbsp; without a prescription from a doctor. You can buy OTC drugs at a chemist’s shop, pharmacy, drug store, or supermarket. They are often used to treat minor health conditions.&nbsp;There's an OTC drug for almost any complaint, whether it’s body pain, a runny nose, or an upset stomach. Need something for that fever? Paracetamol is your go-to. Got a scratchy throat? The storekeeper will recommend a lozenge.&nbsp;While these drugs can work wonders for minor symptoms, we often forget the fine print that guides us on how to use them. We pop a pill, take a syrup, and move on without thinking about things like dosage, potential side effects, or when actually to seek professional medical advice.Imagine this typical scenario&nbsp;Tunde wakes up with a pounding headache after a late night. He’s got a busy day ahead, so he grabs some painkillers from the cabinet. He’s done this before, so it feels like no big deal. But what if Tunde’s headache keeps returning? Or worse, what if he starts relying on painkillers every time his head hurts without figuring out the root cause?Before using over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, it's important to exercise caution. Because OTCs are affordable and easily accessible, many people use them even when they don't need them. This can lead to overuse, masking underlying health issues, or developing dependency. Some medications, like certain cough syrups, can be misused for their sedative effects.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Common classes of OTC drugs&nbsp;</h2>1. Pain Relievers/AnalgesicsPain relievers are among the most widely used OTC drugs in Nigeria. They are commonly used for mild to moderate pain, such as headaches, menstrual cramps, or toothaches. Examples include Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like Aspirin, Ibuprofen (Brufen, Ibuprin), and Paracetamol (Panadol). <img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_ccfa7918b1.png"><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/br/deed.en">Mateus Hidalgo, CC BY-SA 2.5 BR,</a> via Wikimedia Commons&nbsp;NSAIDs block certain enzymes in the body, reducing inflammation and relieving pain. However, long-term or excessive use can lead to liver damage (especially with Paracetamol) or stomach ulcers (with NSAIDs).&nbsp;NSAIDs are not suitable for people with a history of stomach ulcers, asthma, or kidney issues. Pregnant women should also consult a doctor before use.2. Topical AnalgesicsTopical analgesics are gels you apply to the skin to relieve pain or inflammation in specific body areas. Examples include NeuroGesic Extra, Deep Heat, and Voltaren Gel.&nbsp;They provide a cooling or heating effect to soothe pain. However, overuse can irritate the skin or cause allergic reactions. Therefore, they should not be applied to broken or irritated skin.3. DecongestantsDecongestants help relieve nasal congestion caused by colds, flu, or allergies. Examples include Actifed, Sudafed, Otrivine, and Olbas Oil. They work by narrowing blood vessels in the nasal passages, reducing swelling and congestion.&nbsp;Overusing nasal sprays can cause rebound congestion, worsening symptoms after stopping the drug. Oral decongestants can raise blood pressure, so they are not recommended for individuals with high blood pressure, heart disease, or glaucoma.4. AntacidsAntacids neutralize stomach acid and relieve heartburn and acid reflux. Examples include Gaviscon, Jawasil, Danacid, and Gestid. They usually reduce stomach acidity, which helps relieve symptoms of indigestion.Certain antacids can interfere with other medications, like antibiotics, so it's recommended to consult a healthcare professional before using them.&nbsp;Some antacids may cause side effects such as constipation or diarrhea, depending on the active ingredients. For example, calcium carbonate and aluminum hydroxide can lead to constipation, while magnesium-based antacids may cause diarrhea.Overuse of antacids can lead to electrolyte imbalances or affect the absorption of other medications. In addition, people with kidney disease, heart failure, or those taking medications for hypertension should be cautious when using antacids, as certain types can lead to complications such as electrolyte imbalances or worsen pre-existing conditions.5. Anti-inflammatory MedicationsThese medications help to reduce inflammation and are often used to treat conditions like arthritis, back pain, and sports injuries. Examples also include<ol><li>Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs include diclofenac (Voltaren), Ibuprofen (Ibrufen), and Naproxen. These drugs usually block the production of chemicals that cause inflammation in the body, and long-term use can increase the risk of heart disease, stomach ulcers, and kidney damage. The medication is not suitable for individuals with heart disease, hypertension, or those prone to gastrointestinal issues.</li><li>Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, and prednisolone, are used to reduce inflammation, swelling, and itching, commonly for skin conditions like eczema, rashes, or allergic reactions. Although they are effective for inflammation, prolonged or inappropriate use can lead to skin thinning, hormonal imbalances, and other side effects. People with infections or certain skin conditions should avoid corticosteroids unless prescribed by a doctor, as they can worsen infections.</li></ol>6. Cough and Cold MedicationsCough and cold medications help alleviate symptoms like coughing, congestion, and sore throat. Popular brands include Benylin and Tutolin. These medications contain a mix of antihistamines, decongestants, and cough suppressants.Some cough syrups can cause drowsiness or be abused for their sedative effects. For this reason, it is advisable to avoid using these drugs for more than a few days. Also, they are usually not recommended for children under six years, pregnant women, or individuals with high blood pressure or asthma without consulting a doctor.7. Allergy Medications/AntihistaminesAntihistamines help relieve allergy symptoms such as sneezing, itching, and a runny nose. Examples include popular piriton (chlorpheniramine), loratadine, and cetirizine.The drug works by blocking histamine, which usually causes allergic reactions. Some antihistamines can cause drowsiness and affect daily functioning. Use is not recommended for individuals with glaucoma or an enlarged prostate. It is also important to consult a medical doctor before use during pregnancy.8. Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS) and Antidiarrheal DrugsOral rehydration salts treat dehydration from diarrhea or vomiting, while antidiarrheal drugs manage diarrhea symptoms.&nbsp;Examples of ORS include Emzolyte, Oralyt, Walyte, and many other brands. Antidiarrheal drugs include Imodium, Lomotil, and Diastop.ORS replaces lost fluids and electrolytes, while antidiarrheal drugs slow down bowel movements.&nbsp;Overuse of antidiarrheal drugs can lead to constipation or mask more serious infections.Antidiarrheal medications are not recommended for young children or people with a high fever.9. Vitamins and SupplementsVitamins and supplements are widely used to boost nutrient intake. Common examples include vitamin C, vitamin D, and iron supplements such as ferrous sulphate.&nbsp;Moderate doses of vitamins and supplements provide essential nutrients to improve general health. However, very high doses can be toxic, leading to complications such as liver damage.&nbsp;Before using vitamins and other supplements, consult a medical doctor especially for individuals with kidney or liver conditions, or those on medication for chronic diseases.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Conclusion</h2>Over-the-counter drugs can be a quick and convenient way to treat minor health conditions, but it is important to use them safely and to know when to seek medical attention. Always read the label, follow the recommended dosage, and use them for short-term relief only. If symptoms persist beyond a few days, consult a doctor. Avoid combining multiple medications without professional advice, and be mindful of potential side effects.

OTC medications offer quick relief for common ailments, but they also come with risks. Learn how to use them safely.

Your Guide to Over-the-Counter Drugs

The human heart pumps approximately 23,000 litres of blood throughout the body daily. Heart failure occurs when the heart fails to pump sufficient blood to meet the body’s needs.&nbsp;This article will explore the causes, prevention, and management of heart failure.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What is heart failure?</h2>Heart failure is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by your heart’s inability to pump blood sufficiently to meet your body’s needs.Initially, your body compensates for the inadequate blood supply through different mechanisms, such as:&nbsp;<ul><li>Enlargement of the heart: your heart stretches to generate a greater force to pump blood.</li><li>Increased heart muscle mass:&nbsp;your heart muscles expand to generate a stronger force of contraction.</li><li>Narrowing of the arteries: your arteries, the blood vessels that carry blood from your heart, may narrow to increase the contracting pressure to help your failing heart maintain arterial pressure.</li><li>Blood shunting: If heart failure is severe, the body may redirect blood from peripheral areas like the skin to vital organs like the heart, kidneys, and brain.</li></ul>Because of these compensatory mechanisms, you may not have symptoms initially. However, the compensation is temporary and may not solve the underlying problem.&nbsp;If the heart failure is not properly managed, the compensatory mechanisms may fail, and you may start to have symptoms like breathlessness, fatigue, persistent dry cough, and other signs of heart failure.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Signs and symptoms of heart failure&nbsp;</h2>Patients with&nbsp; heart failure may have signs and symptoms such as:&nbsp;<ul><li>Shortness of breath</li><li>Dry cough&nbsp;</li><li>Cold extremities with bluish lips</li><li>Pallor</li><li>Tiredness&nbsp;</li><li>Fatigue from&nbsp; minimum exertion</li><li>Swelling of the legs and/or abdomen from fluid retention</li><li>Poor appetite&nbsp;</li><li>Nausea&nbsp;</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Types of heart failure</h2>Heart failure can be classified based on the location of the failure and the type of heart function&nbsp;that fails.<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">Heart failure types based on location</h3>You could have either a right-side heart failure or a left-side heart failure.<ul><li>Right-sided heart failure affects the right side of the heart, where the right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs. When the right side fails, blood backs up into the veins, causing your legs, ankles, and abdomen to swell.</li><li>Left-sided heart failure occurs when the left ventricle can’t efficiently pump blood to the rest of the body. Fluid builds up in the lungs, causing shortness of breath.&nbsp;</li></ul>If the heart failure is from both the right and the left ventricles, it is called congestive heart failure.&nbsp;<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">Heart failure types based on function</h3>Depending on which aspect of heart function that fails, you could experience either systolic heart failure or diastolic heart failure.<ul><li>Systolic heart failure happens when the heart can’t pump blood because it’s weak or enlarged.</li><li>Diastolic heart failure happens when the heart muscle doesn’t relax because it’s stiff, which leads to inadequate filling of the heart.</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Causes of Heart Failure in Africa</h2>The causes of heart failure in Africa vary across the continent, but the common causes among the general population include:&nbsp;<ul><li>Hypertension</li><li>Coronary artery disease (CAD)</li><li>Cardiomyopathy</li><li>Rheumatic heart disease</li><li>Chronic lung disease</li><li>&nbsp;Pericardial diseases like constrictive pericarditis, pericardial effusion</li><li>HIV</li></ul>Hypertension is the leading cause of heart failure in&nbsp; Nigeria.&nbsp;Unlike hypertension, coronary artery disease (CAD) and its complications are less common in Africa but are gradually becoming more prevalent due to:&nbsp;<ul><li>Lifestyle modifications,&nbsp;</li><li>Smoking&nbsp;</li><li>Drinking of alcohol</li><li>Urbanization</li></ul>Other causes of heart failure include:<ul><li>Excessive salt intake&nbsp;</li><li>Smoking or sniffing tobacco of any kind</li><li>Excessive alcohol intake</li><li>Infection&nbsp;</li><li>&nbsp;Use of certain medications like anticancer drugs, stimulants, etc.</li><li>Autoimmune diseases like lupus erythematosus&nbsp;</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Risk factors&nbsp;</h2>Risk factors for heart failure in sub-Saharan Africa include:<ul><li>Hypertension</li><li>Diabetes</li><li>Dyslipidaemia</li><li>Kidney disease</li><li>Smoking</li><li>High alcohol intake&nbsp;</li><li>Myocarditis</li><li>HIV</li><li>Pregnancy</li></ul>Other risk factors include:<ul><li>Rheumatic Heart Disease</li><li>Obesity</li><li>Dilated cardiomyopathy</li><li>Anaemia</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Diagnosis</h2>Your doctor will take your medical history, examine you, and ask you to do:&nbsp;<ul><li>A chest x-ray,</li><li>An ECG (electrocardiogram)</li><li>Blood test</li><li>Echocardiogram</li></ul>A heart MRI or CT scan, PET scan, or angiogram may sometimes be requested.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Treatment and Prevention of Heart Failure&nbsp;</h2>The treatment of heart failure depends on the cause of your heart failure and the type and severity of your heart failure.If the cause is hypertension, you may need to take anti-heart failure drugs plus anti-hypertensives and adjust your diet and lifestyle.&nbsp;If it’s an infection, you may need antibiotics.&nbsp;If the problem is with your heart valves, you may need surgery.If these treatments don’t work, a heart transplant may be recommended for you.Whatever the cause, heart failure management is both pharmacological and non-pharmacological.<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">Pharmacological management</h3>This type of management includes drugs such as:<ul><li>Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB)</li><li>Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors</li><li>Angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNIs)</li><li>Diuretics</li><li>Vasodilators&nbsp;</li><li>Digitalis</li><li>Beta-blockers</li><li>Aldosterone blockers</li><li>Statins&nbsp;</li></ul>The drugs help to<ul><li>Reduce your blood pressure&nbsp;</li><li>Relax your blood vessels</li><li>Reduce the amount of fluid and sodium in your body&nbsp;</li><li>Strengthen the contraction of your heart muscles</li><li>Reduce your heart rate</li><li>Reduce the level amount of unhealthy cholesterol in your blood</li></ul><h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">Non-pharmacological management</h3>This type of management does not include drugs. It only requires you to:<ul><li>Reduce your salt intake</li><li>Reduce your alcohol intake&nbsp;</li><li>Quit smoking</li><li>Exercise regularly as much as you can tolerate</li><li>Control your blood sugar if you’re diabetic&nbsp;</li><li>Reduce your body weight if you’re overweight or obese</li></ul>Heart failure caused by physical damage to the heart may require surgery, such as:<ul><li>Valvular repair or replacement</li><li>Device implantation</li><li>Heart transplantation</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Complications of Heart Failure</h2>If your heart failure is not treated at all or is treated poorly, it may lead to life-threatening complications like congestive heart failure, which is a failure of both the right and left sides of your heart. This causes worse and more dangerous symptoms.Other complications of heart failure include:<ul><li>Pulmonary hypertension&nbsp;</li><li>Kidney or liver damage</li><li>Cardiac arrest</li><li>Pulmonary oedema</li><li>Irregular heartbeat</li><li>Stroke</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What is the prognosis of heart failure?</h2>The outlook (prognosis) for heart failure is poor. People with the disease have a life expectancy of about five years from diagnosis, so it’s necessary to seek expert care as soon as you realise that your heart may be failing.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Conclusion</h2>Heart failure is better prevented than treated. Once it has begun, there is no permanent cure, and no treatment can reverse the damage.&nbsp;If you’re at risk, like if you are hypertensive, have diabetes or any other chronic disease, adjust your diet and lifestyle as recommended, and be regular with your drugs and clinical checkups.Having heart failure doesn’t mean the end of the world. You can still enjoy life if you follow the steps outlined in this article and your doctor’s advice.

When the heart is overworked, it struggles to keep up. Understanding why and how this happens can help you or a loved one stay healthy.

Heart Failure: Causes, Prevention and Management

Photo by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/fmsc/">Feed My Starving Children (FMSC)</a>&nbsp;on <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/fmsc/">Flickr</a> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/">(CC BY 2.0).</a>Seeing your child’s first smile, watching their initial wobbly steps, and hearing their child begin to form words are all precious milestones that gladdens the heart. This growth comes from nutrients in&nbsp; foods children eat.&nbsp;Children’s food should be rich in essential nutrients delivered in the right balance. When this balance is not maintained or achieved, it can lead to malnutrition which affects the child’s well-being in several ways.&nbsp;Here are some key facts about malnutrition in Nigerian children:<ul><li>Approximately 37% of children (6 million) experience stunting (a condition whereby the child is too short for the age)&nbsp;</li><li>18% of children are affected by wasting (indicating low weight for height)</li><li>29% of children are underweight (which includes both acute and chronic malnutrition)</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What is malnutrition?</h2>Malnutrition is an abnormality in nutrition. It occurs when there’s an imbalance in a child’s nutrient intake, either because the child takes too much or too little calories, carbohydrates, vitamins, proteins, or minerals. Malnutrition includes both undernutrition and overnutrition, which are consequences of either deficiencies or excesses of vital nutrients.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Why are some children malnourished?</h2>Children are more likely to have shortages of both macronutrients and micronutrients due to their increased nutritional needs during growth. When they don’t get adequate food or don’t eat as they should, they may become malnourished.&nbsp;The consequences of malnutrition in children under five can include being underweight, stunted, or wasted, with or without edema (previously referred to as marasmus and kwashiorkor, respectively), and in severe cases, it can lead to death.&nbsp;Malnutrition represents a critical outcome of food insecurity among children in this age group. Acute malnutrition can result in illness, death, and long-term disabilities, as well as hinder cognitive and physical development, while also increasing the likelihood of concurrent infections.&nbsp;Each year, around 50 million children globally experience acute malnutrition. Despite the availability of treatment, accessing it can be difficult.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Types of Malnutrition</h2>Malnutrition can be categorised primarily into two groups:<ul><li>Overnutrition</li><li>Undernutrition</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Overnutrition</h2><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_c82187e67e.png">Overnutrition occurs when your child consumes more nutrients than their bodies need, resulting in excess body fat and related health risks.&nbsp;Children who are classified as overweight or obese face increased risks for a variety of health issues later in life, including:<ul><li>&nbsp;Heart disease</li><li>Diabetes</li><li>Certain types of cancer</li></ul>The occurrence of overnutrition is rising globally, with reports from unicef indicating that 5.7% of children under five were classified as overweight in 2020, an increase from 5.4% in 2000.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Undernutrition</h2><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_f8dc8eb662.png">Photo by &nbsp;<a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/dfid/5977576239">Cate Turton / Department for International Development</a> on <a href="https://www.flickr.com/">Flickr</a><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/">(CC BY 2.0).</a>Undernutrition is when a child is not eating enough food or the right foods to meet their body's needs for energy and good health.Undernutrition poses a serious threat to the health and development of children. It can result in severe outcomes like protein-energy malnutrition, including a greater vulnerability to infections, hindered cognitive and physical growth, and, in extreme cases, death.&nbsp;Undernutrition can be further classified into four categories:&nbsp;<ul><li>Wasting (defined as low weight-for-height)</li><li>Stunting (defined as low height-for-age)</li><li>Underweight (defined as low weight-for-age)</li><li>Deficiencies in essential vitamins and minerals</li></ul>Each of these conditions can have a profound impact on a child's health and development.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Why are children unable to access nutritious food?</h2>Dietary practices&nbsp;Unlike adults that can choose what they want to eat, children often take what they are fed. For the first months of life, most children are on breastmilk. Family food such as pap, rice, and “swallows” like eba, amala, and pounded yam, come much later.&nbsp;However, children may be left malnourished due to practices that undermine adequate nutrition. For instance, some mothers think that breastmilk alone is insufficient for their baby's growth and feel compelled to introduce other traditional foods too early.&nbsp;Additionally, there are misconceptions that colostrum—the first milk produced after childbirth—is not healthy for children, and may even be harmful, which leads some mothers to discard it.&nbsp;Breastmilk, especially colostrum, is one of the most nutritious foods a child can take. It is rich in nutrients and easy to digest. It also contains proteins that protect the child from diseases, plus growth factors to support the child’s maturation.&nbsp;Caregiver ignorance&nbsp;Caregivers, especially first-time mothers are sometimes unaware of how frequently a child needs to be fed. Children’s meals do not follow adult timetables. They need to eat as soon as they are hungry, which is often many times.&nbsp;Young children grow rapidly in the first years of life,&nbsp; and this consumes their energy. Their energy comes from food. So they use more nutrients than adults, necessitating frequent meals that are balanced&nbsp;However, many first-time mothers mistakenly adhere to the adult routine of three square meals a day, which can result in the child not receiving the necessary nutrients.Illness&nbsp;&nbsp;Frequent or severe illnesses can cause a child to become malnourished. For instance, malaria, pneumonia, and measles causes the child to lose energy, or increase their energy demand, leading to malnutrition.&nbsp;An ill child may have poor appetite such that they don’t eat even when food is available. Such child may vomit their food, or lose all their nutrients through to diarrhoea. Some children with short gut may also not be able to absorb the foods they eat, whether the food is adequate or not.&nbsp;Besides, when their parents are ill and there’s other caregiver to take care of the child, the child may suffer malnutrition. This is often true for children of mothers with chronic illnesses, or mothers that had surgery or complications during delivery.&nbsp;Cost of quality mealThe high cost of nutritious meals is a major reason why many children under five in Nigeria suffer from malnutrition. Families, especially those in poorer areas, often can't afford the balanced diets that young children need.This issue is particularly severe in low income communities where many families don’t have a stable source of income, or the income is too low to provide enough food for the family.&nbsp;Moreover, factors like inflation, climate change, and economic instability are driving up food prices, making it even more difficult for low-income families to secure essential nutrients for their children.Conflict and drought&nbsp;In northeastern Nigeria, the combination of drought and conflict has led to significant food shortages. Displacement of families means that parents often struggle to secure food, as they no longer have a reliable supply. When livelihoods are compromised, food insecurity becomes a pressing issue.&nbsp;According to a June 2024 report by UNICEF on food insecurity in Nigeria, around 11 million children, or one in every three children under five years of age, in Nigeria are experiencing severe child food poverty, making them up to 50 per cent more likely to experience wasting, a life-threatening form of malnutrition.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Signs and symptoms of malnutrition&nbsp;</h2>Signs of malnutrition can vary but often include:<ul><li>Unintentional weight loss</li><li>Reduced appetite or disinterest in food</li><li>Fatigue and irritability</li><li>Difficulty concentrating</li><li>Dry, pale skin</li><li>Easy bruising or rashes</li><li>Changes in hair texture and growth</li><li>Swollen or cracked tongue</li><li>Increased sensitivity to cold</li><li>Prolonged wounds healing&nbsp;</li><li>Higher likelihood of infections</li><li>Night blindness or sensitivity to light</li></ul>Sometimes, a child is given the right amount of food, but essential micronutrients like Zinc, Vitamin D etc are lacking, which would result in a term known as hidden hunger.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How can you prevent malnutrition</h2><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_78240af50f.png">&nbsp;The key to preventing malnutrition is to maintain a balanced diet that includes a variety of foods from all major food groups. This should include:<ul><li>An abundance of fruits and vegetables, like oranges, watermelon, pumpkin leaves&nbsp;</li><li>Sufficient starchy foods such as bread, rice, yam flour, wheat flour, cassava flour (aka, garri) and pasta</li><li>Adequate dairy or dairy alternatives</li><li>Protein sources like meat, fish, crayfish, eggs, and legumes</li></ul>If you don’t know what a balance diet looks like in your local diet, discuss with a dietitians or a paediatrician to guide you.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How malnutrition is treated</h2>Malnutrition is a medical condition that requires care of specialists like dietitians and paediatricians. Treatment strategies will differ based on the severity of the condition and any underlying health issues. Approaches may include:<ul><li>Correcting life-threatening deficiencies</li><li>Stablizing the child’s body temperature and fluid levels</li><li>Continuous monitoring and assessment</li><li>Developing a dietary plan that may include nutritional supplements</li><li>Addressing specific symptoms, such as vomiting and diarrhoea&nbsp;</li><li>Treating any existing infections</li><li>Evaluating and managing swallowing difficulties</li><li>Following up on the child’s recovery</li></ul>In severe cases where a child cannot eat through the mouth, tolerate enough food, or absorb nutrients on their own, the physician may resort to feeding the child through intravenous (parenteral) or tube (enteral) methods to ensure adequate nutrient delivery.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Conclusion</h2>The complexities surrounding malnutrition are significant, with its most common causes linked to poor dietary quality, inadequate caregiving practices, and recurrent infections among children.&nbsp;The repercussions of malnutrition can lead to both immediate and long-term health challenges, including slower recovery from illnesses and an increased risk of infections.Therefore, it is vital for parents to prioritise prevention strategies and recognize the signs of malnutrition to enable timely interventions and restore health in affected children.

Malnutrition isn’t just about food shortages—it’s about how well a child’s body uses nutrients. Here’s what every parent should know.

Malnutrition in under 5 children

Children's Health

<a href="https://pxhere.com/en/photo/1620710?utm_content=clipUser&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_source=pxhere">Image from PxHere</a>Alcohol consumption has become a normalized aspect of social culture in Nigeria and across Africa. Whether it is at celebratory events, gatherings with friends, or even just a casual drink after a long day, alcohol is a go-to for many people. However, excessive drinking can hurt the liver.While zero alcohol consumption is ideal for liver health, moderate intake is often considered safe. The&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nhs.uk/better-health/drink-less/#:~:text=Alcohol%20guidelines,risk%20of%20harming%20your%20health.">National Health Service</a> recommends drinking no more than 14 units of alcohol a week, spread across 3 days or more. That is around 6 medium (175ml) glasses of wine, or 6 pints, that is, 2.8 litres of beer with 4% alcohol by volume (ABV). There is no completely safe level of drinking, but sticking within these guidelines lowers your risk of harming your health. Consuming more than these limits, particularly binge drinking or taking in excess can raise the risk of Alcohol-Related Liver Disease (ARLD).Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a deadly condition affecting millions of people globally and is a growing concern in Nigeria and across Africa.&nbsp;A new report from the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.who.int/news/item/25-06-2024-over-3-million-annual-deaths-due-to-alcohol-and-drug-use-majority-among-men#:~:text=A%20new%20report%20from%20the,deaths%20to%20psychoactive%20drug%20use.">World Health Organization (WHO)</a> reveals that 2.6 million deaths per year were attributable to alcohol consumption, accounting for 4.7% of all deaths, with more than 200 diseases and injuries linked to alcohol use. While<a href="https://gatefield.co/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Alcohol-Policy-Brief.pdf"> Alcohol policy in Nigeria</a> also noted that harmful alcohol use accounts for approximately. 3.3 million deaths annually and it is linked to over 200 non-communicable diseases.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What is alcoholic liver disease</h2>Alcoholic liver disease is a medical condition that occurs when the liver becomes damaged due to excessive and chronic alcohol consumption, leading to impaired liver function.&nbsp;The liver processes and detoxifies substances in the body and produces essential proteins. Impairment of these functions due to alcoholic disease can have severe consequences, including liver failure and even death.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">The stages of Alcoholic liver disease&nbsp;</h2>Alcoholic liver disease progresses through three key stages: fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and cirrhosis. Each of these stages present with different symptoms, allowing for early interventions that can prevent further damage.<ul><li>Fatty liver&nbsp;is the first stage, where excessive alcohol consumption leads to fat buildup in the liver. This stage is often reversible with lifestyle changes if caught early.</li><li>Alcoholic hepatitis, the second stage, is marked by liver inflammation. This stage presents with more noticeable symptoms like abdominal pain and jaundice or yellowing of the eyes and mucous membranes.</li><li>Cirrhosis&nbsp;is the final stage, where the liver becomes permanently scarred, leading to severe complications and a higher risk of liver failure.</li></ul>Early detection during the fatty liver or alcoholic hepatitis stage allows for lifestyle changes and medical treatments, which can stop the disease from progressing to cirrhosis, which is irreversible and life-threatening.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Risk factors of ALD</h2>The risk factors for Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD) include:<ul><li>Excessive alcohol consumption: long-term heavy drinking is the most significant contributor.</li><li>Gender: women are more likely to have alcoholic liver disease than men, even if they drink less alcohol.</li><li>Genetics: those with a parent or relative who has a history of liver disease have a greater risk.</li><li>Obesity: excess body weight can worsen the effects of alcohol on the liver.</li><li>Poor nutrition: alcohol impairs nutrient absorption, and a poor diet can worsen liver damage.</li><li>Co-existing liver conditions: an ongoing liver disease or infections like hepatitis B or C increase the chances of alcoholic liver disease.</li><li>Age – Older adults are at higher risk due to decreased liver regeneration capacity.</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Symptoms of Alcoholic Liver Disease</h2><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_cd35024eab.png"><a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/depressed-man-holding-his-head-7927024/">Photo by Nicola Barts</a>The symptoms of alcoholic liver disease can vary depending on the severity of the condition. In the early stages, there may be no symptoms at all. As the disease progresses, you may experience the following:<ul><li>Fatigue</li><li>Loss of appetite</li><li>Nausea and vomiting</li><li>Abdominal pain and swelling</li><li>Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)</li><li>Confusion</li><li>Dark urine</li><li>Pale-colored stools</li><li>Weight loss</li><li>Easy bruising and bleeding</li></ul>You should see a doctor immediately if you experience any of these symptoms.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How is alcoholic liver disease diagnosed</h2>For the diagnosis of alcoholic liver disease, your doctor will begin by asking about your medical history and conducting a physical exam. They may also request blood tests to assess how well your liver is functioning. Imaging tests like an ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI can help detect liver damage, such as fat buildup or scarring.If more clarity is needed, your doctor might recommend a liver biopsy, where a small tissue sample is taken and examined under a microscope to check for damage.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">The treatment of alcoholic liver disease</h2><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_e89d87bbb6.png"><a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/a-man-holding-medicine-container-11452186/">Photo by Towfiqu barbhuiya</a>The treatment of Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD) focuses majorly on halting disease progression, managing symptoms, and promoting liver healing. The main steps in treating include:<ul><li>Alcohol cessation: The most critical step in treating ALD is to stop alcohol consumption. Continued drinking will worsen liver damage, while quitting can help stabilize or even reverse early-stage damage.</li><li>Nutritional support: Many individuals with ALD suffer from malnutrition, which can worsen liver health. A balanced diet with vitamins and minerals (like vitamin B, folate, and zinc) helps improve liver function and overall health.</li><li>Medications: In some cases, medications are prescribed to reduce inflammation and improve liver function. These treatments help manage symptoms and prevent complications.</li><li>Liver transplantation: For patients with advanced cirrhosis, a liver transplant may be the only option. However, patients must abstain from alcohol for an extended period to be considered for this procedure.</li><li>Counseling and support: Since ALD is tied to alcohol use disorder, counseling, therapy, and support groups like Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) are vital for long-term recovery.</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Alcohol Use Disorder</h2>Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a common condition that occurs in people with pre-existing alcoholic liver disease. It is a chronic brain disease that affects how a person processes and responds to alcohol.&nbsp;People with AUD may not experience ALD and can continue to drink despite the negative consequences, such as health problems and relationship issues.&nbsp;Treatment for AUD may include counseling, support groups, medication-assisted treatment, and other therapies.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Conclusion</h2>Excessive alcohol consumption which is typical in Nigerian and African social cultures, can lead to severe liver damage. The damage is gradual and may take years before it results in full-blown disease. Recognising the symptoms of liver damage early is essential for treatment success; the later stage is irreversible. Thankfully, the condition is manageable.

Drinking habits can take a toll on your liver. Find out how to protect yourself from alcoholic liver disease.

Liver Health and Alcohol: What You Need to Know

<a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/counter-with-fresh-fruits-and-vegetables-5218232/">Photo by Alina Lomilova</a>Food is more than just something that tastes good and fills you up. It is an essential part of our lives and plays a critical role in maintaining good health and fueling our bodies.But not all foods are the same. Understanding the different classes of food and what they contain will help you decide on what to eat, what they do, and how you should eat to introduce and maintain your body in its best shape.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What are Classes of Food?</h2>Classes of food are groups of foods that have similar nutrients and work in the body in similar ways. There are six major classes of food: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Carbohydrates give you energy</h2><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_fccbab762c.png"><a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/assortment-common-food-allergens-people_33757336.htm#query=carbohydrates&amp;position=1&amp;from_view=keyword&amp;track=sph&amp;uuid=f0919fbe-c696-4808-b971-d6a506938a8d">Image by&nbsp;Freepik</a>While carbohydrates have gotten a bad reputation for contributing to diabetes and weight gain, they are essential in keeping you fit and energized. Foods such as yams, bread, rice, potatoes, and some fruits are chief sources of carbohydrates, which are a type of macronutrient that&nbsp;serves as body fuel. This is why you should include carbohydrates in your diet.<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Types of carbohydrates</h3>There are two main types of carbohydrates: simple carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates.<ul><li>Simple carbohydrates&nbsp;are a type of carbohydrate that undergo no further processing to produce energy. They are found in sugary foods and provide a quick burst of energy.&nbsp;</li><li>Complex carbohydrates, on the other hand, need to be broken down to provide a slower release of energy. They are found in starchy foods like rice, yam, and whole grains,&nbsp;which are metabolised to provide sustained energy.</li></ul>&nbsp;<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">How to incorporate carbohydrates into your diet</h3>Choose whole grain products, such as wheat bread and brown rice, instead of refined grain products, such as white bread and white rice.&nbsp;Supplement these with a collection&nbsp;of fruits and vegetables to make your diet for a healthy source of carbohydrates.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Proteins build your body</h2><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_afab21adb3.png"><a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/grilled-vegetables-and-fried-egg-with-beans-and-sausage-4552980/">Photo by Roman Odintsov</a>Proteins are essential for the growth and repair of our body tissues. They are the building blocks of our muscles, skin and tissues. Proteins can be found in foods such as meat, poultry, fish, dairy products, beans, nuts, and tofu.<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">Types of Proteins</h3>There are many different types of proteins, each with its own unique structure and function. Some examples include hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the blood, and enzymes, which help to digest food.<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">How to Incorporate More Proteins into Your Diet</h3>Start with lean protein sources and meats, such as chicken and fish, in your meals. Then add plant-proteins or dairy products to provide you with the essential amino acids.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Can Fats make you fat?</h2><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_88c4bf7ba0.png"><a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/real-food-pyramid-assortment-top-view_39205167.htm">Image by&nbsp;Freepik</a>No, Fats will not make you fat if you take the right type of fats in the right proportion. A small amount of Fat in your diet is enough to keep you healthy, without being at risk of the many complications that come with excess fat.&nbsp;Fats&nbsp;help our body to produce essential amino acids and absorb fat-soluble vitamins. They are found in a variety of foods, including oils, butter, nuts, cheese, and fatty cuts of meat.&nbsp;<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">Types of Fats</h3>There are two main types of fats: unsaturated fats and saturated fats.<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Unsaturated fats found in foods such as olive oil, nuts, and avocados. They can be benefcial to health when consumed in moderation. These types of fats can help lower cholesterol levels and improve heart health.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Saturated fats&nbsp;are found in animal products and processed foods such as butter, lard, and fatty meats. Saturated fats have been linked to increased cholesterol levels and raise the risk of heart disease, and as such, should be consumed in moderation.</li></ul><h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">How to incorporate more good fats into your diet</h3>At all times, choose unsaturated fats over saturated ones. Evidence from nutritionists and doctors suggest that moderate levels of unsaturated fats have better health benefits and less risks than saturated ones.&nbsp;Unsaturated fats are found in food items such as nuts, seeds, avocados, and olive oil.&nbsp;Also, limit your intake of saturated fats from animal products and processed foods, and opt for lean cuts of meat instead.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Vitamins and Minerals for Vitality</h2><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_9ae6c6e784.png"><a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/kiwis-and-oranges-1cWZgnBhZRs">Photo by Luke Michael</a>The body needs vitamins and minerals in small amounts to function properly.&nbsp;Vitamins and minerals have a vital role in everything from building strong bones and maintaining good health to boosting our immune system.&nbsp;Some of the most important vitamins and minerals include vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, and iron. You can get these nutrients from a variety of foods, including fruits, vegetables, dairy products, whole grains, and lean protein sources.<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">Types of Vitamins and Minerals</h3>There are 13 essential vitamins, including vitamins A, C, D, and E. Each vitamin has its unique function, such as maintaining healthy skin and supporting the immune system.There are also many different types of minerals, including calcium, iron, and magnesium. Each mineral has its unique function in the body, such as building strong bones and helping regulate the heart's rhythm.&nbsp;<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">Role of Vitamins and Minerals in the Body</h3>Vitamins and minerals play a crucial role in many processes in the body, including growth, metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, building strong bones, regulating heart function, transmitting nerve impulses, and disease prevention.&nbsp;&nbsp;They also help to protect cells and tissues, maintain&nbsp;fluid balance, and support the maintenance of a healthy immune system.<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">How to incorporate more vitamins and minerals into your diet</h3>Fruits and veggies are the chief source of vitamins and minerals. For instance, leafy greens, such as spinach and kale, are a good source of calcium and iron.&nbsp;Orange is rich in vitamin C.&nbsp;Additionally, meat, poultry, and dairy products, such as milk and yogurt, are rich in iron and calcium and are a good source of Vitamin D. Seafood is a good source of magnesium and iodine. Nuts, seeds, and legumes are good sources of magnesium, phosphorus, and potassium.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Water</h2><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_421b6c4d19.png"><a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/pouring-water-on-persons-hands-YpZ2cj4s0oo">Photo by mrjn Photography</a>Our body is made up of 70% water, so it’s only natural for water to be very essential to play a central role in our diet, digestion, and wellbeing.&nbsp; Water helps to regulate our body temperature, lubricates joints, removes or flushes out waste products and toxins, and helps transport nutrients throughout the body. It is also important for hydration and maintaining healthy skin and eyes.<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">How to stay hydrated all day</h3>It is recommended to drink at least&nbsp;15 cups or glasses (3 to 4 litres, or 6 to 8 sachets of water) per day.&nbsp;If you’re in a hot environment like Nigeria, you may need to drink more. But the exact amount of water you need can change depending on your age, gender, level of activity, and health in general.&nbsp;&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Bottom Line</h2>A balanced diet is a diet containing a healthy blend of the different classes of food we’ve discussed. Fill your plate with a variety of components from each food group.&nbsp;<img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_62c94a4d33.png"><a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/fruit-salad-on-gray-bowls-HlNcigvUi4Q">Photo by Brooke Lark</a>Personalise your diet and ensure your health is at the top of your scale when selecting what food to eat.&nbsp;&nbsp;While several dietary guidelines recommend different daily dietary regimens for individuals, there are no universal diet guidelines. So it’s helpful to tailor the guidelines to your individual needs and circumstances.&nbsp;&nbsp;Remember that everyone's nutritional needs are different and may change throughout their lives, depending on factors like age, gender, specific health conditions and physical activity levels.&nbsp;&nbsp;Speaking with a registered dietitian or healthcare provider can help you determine what a healthy and balanced diet looks like for you.

From proteins to carbohydrates, understanding food classes helps you make better dietary choices for a balanced and healthy life.

The ABCs of Food and Why Food Classes Matter

<a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/close-up-shot-of-a-glucometer-7653102/">Photo by Pavel Danilyuk</a>The numbers are scary: about&nbsp;<a href="https://www.idf.org/our-network/regions-members/africa/diabetes-in-africa.html#:~:text=14/12/2021-,24%20million%20adults,-(20%2D79)">24 million</a> adults who are 18 and older had diabetes in 2021; the number is set to increase to 55 million by 2045, and more than half of people living with diabetes do not know that they have the disease.While diabetes is not a death sentence, it is a significant cause of life-threatening complications such as heart diseases, stroke, blindness, kidney disease, foot ulcers, urinary tract infections in women, erectile dysfunction in men, and so on. Knowing what diabetes is all about can help you make safe choices to protect yourself and perhaps manage the risks.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Diabetes is a chronic disease</h2>Diabetes is a chronic condition that develops when the body cannot&nbsp;control blood sugar, either because it cannot use the insulin the pancreas makes or because&nbsp;the pancreas does not&nbsp;produce enough&nbsp;insulin.Uncontrolled diabetes frequently causes hyperglycaemia, or elevated blood sugar, which over time seriously harms many bodily systems, including the&nbsp;nerves and blood vessels. Diabetes caused&nbsp;<a href="https://www.idf.org/our-network/regions-members/africa/diabetes-in-africa.html#:~:text=is%20responsible%20for-,416%2C000%20deaths,-in%20the%20IDF">416,000 deaths across the</a> world in 2021.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Type 1 versus type 2 diabetes</h2>The primary&nbsp;difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes is that type 1 is a genetic illness that&nbsp;usually occurs in childhood. When you have type 1 diabetes, your immune system attacks and kills the cells in your pancreas that&nbsp;make insulin. In contrast, type 2 is primarily a result of lifestyle choices and develops over time.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Type 1 diabetes</h2>Deficient insulin production is a hallmark of type 1 diabetes, sometimes&nbsp;called insulin-dependent, juvenile, or childhood-onset. This condition requires daily insulin injections.&nbsp;In type 1 diabetes, the body attacks the pancreatic beta cells, impairing their capacity to make insulin. High blood sugar levels result from the cells' inability to absorb glucose in the absence of sufficient insulin.&nbsp;Children are most frequently affected by type 1 diabetes.Symptoms of type 1 diabetes include:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">frequent urination (polyuria)&nbsp;</li><li style="text-align:justify;">excessive thirst (polydipsia)</li><li style="text-align:justify;">persistent hunger&nbsp;</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Weight loss</li><li style="text-align:justify;">poor vision</li><li style="text-align:justify;">exhaustion</li></ul>These signs&nbsp;often appear suddenly and worsen over time if the high blood sugar is not well controlled.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Type 2 diabetes</h2>Type 2 diabetes, also known as non-insulin-dependent or adult-onset diabetes,&nbsp;occurs when the body cannot use insulin adequately. Most&nbsp;people with diabetes worldwide suffer from type 2 diabetes, and the common risk factors include being overweight and&nbsp;physically inactive.&nbsp;The disease is more common in adults.&nbsp;Insulin resistance, which is a complication of type 2 diabetes, affects how well your body recognizes insulin. Without a sufficient insulin response, it becomes more difficult for your cells to absorb glucose, which causes blood sugar levels to increase.&nbsp;While symptoms are frequently less severe than those of&nbsp;type 1 diabetes, they may be comparable. As a result, the condition may not be discovered until after its onset, when complications have already developed. This particular type of diabetes was previously only observed in adults, but it is becoming increasingly seen in kids.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Is it true that black people are more likely to have diabetes?</h2><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_3a34b0752f.png"><a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/high-angle-diabetic-woman-checking-her-glucose-level_65609368.htm#fromView=search&amp;page=1&amp;position=18&amp;uuid=59225968-f83e-4428-bf10-e35698027a57">Image by freepik</a>One reason millions of Africans have diabetes is that black people are more likely to have the disease than non-blacks. This increased risk are linked to:<ul><li>Gene-dependent factors</li></ul>Some researchers suggest that the “thrifty gene”, which helps certain groups to conserve energy and nutrients during scarcity, is a potential reason why black Americans had higher diabetes rates than other ethnic groups.<ul><li>Health-related factors</li></ul>Obesity and reduced physical activity are linked to increased emergence of type 2 diabetes among blacks.<ul><li>Social factors</li></ul>Poverty is a significant risk factor for diabetes. In a 2014 study, researchers studying the relationship between diabetes prevalence and poverty found that the rates of diabetes were greater among blacks but particularly higher in poor folks.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Diabetes during pregnancy</h2>Gestational diabetes is a type of hyperglycemia that develops during pregnancy. It may cause the child to die before birth, and make the child grow so big that delivery may be difficult.Prenatal screening is used to determine gestational diabetes rather than patient complaints of symptoms.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Diabetic neuropathy</h2>Persistent increase in blood glucose levels can damage nerves, leading to diabetic neuropathy.&nbsp;&nbsp;This condition is common to both type 1 and&nbsp;type 2 diabetes.Nerve damage numbs some parts of the body, especially the feet, causing loss of sensation and sometimes pain. People who lose sensation are most likely to get ulcers on their feet, which, if not detected early, can lead to foot amputation.&nbsp;However, you can reduce your risk of developing nerve damage by keeping your blood sugar level at your target range or as close to normal as possible and practicing careful foot care.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How do you reduce your chances of developing diabetes?</h2>Type 1 diabetes is not preventable. On the other hand, you can minimize your chance of having type 2 diabetes even if you have a higher risk than average for the condition by:<ul><li>Modifying your diet</li></ul>Eat a well-balanced diet&nbsp;with less sugars, reduced fats, and more fresh fruits and vegetables. Fill your plate with whole meals, including whole grains, lean meats, and healthy fats. Avoid eating food that is heavy in calories and fat.<ul><li>Exercising regularly</li></ul>Aim to get at least 30 minutes of physical exercise. Commit to taking 6,000 steps per day. Walk around the house or jog a few hundred metres. Skip a rope or do what you can to keep your heart pumping or make you break a sweat for a moment. Doing these will help you shed excess blood sugar and keep the level low.<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Going for regular medical checkups</li></ul>See your doctor at least twice a year. Diabetes raises your odds of heart disease. So learn your numbers: cholesterol, blood pressure, and A1c (average blood sugar over&nbsp;three months). Get a&nbsp;complete eye exam every year. Visit a foot doctor to check for problems like foot ulcers and nerve damage.<ul><li>Managing stress</li></ul>Stress causes your body to release hormones that increase blood sugar levels. Relieve that stress by seeking help where necessary, delegating your tasks, saying no to stressful commitments, or engaging in hobbies that help you relax.Other steps that can reduce your risk include:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Reducing your alcohol intake</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Quit smoking</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Managing your body weight</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How can you tell if you have diabetes?</h2>Symptoms of diabetes take time to appear, and by that time, complications might have set in. A safer way to know your diabetes status is to monitor your blood sugar level.Blood sugar testing is an important part of early diabetes diagnosis and diabetes care. If you have diabetes, commit to checking your blood glucose levels. It will help you manage diabetes and prevent complications.&nbsp;There is no fixed number of times you should check your blood sugar level. The frequency of testing will depend on the type of diabetes and your treatment goals.&nbsp;The different types of tests that could tell if you have diabetes are:Fasting blood glucose testAn 8–12 hour fast is required for a fasting blood glucose test, and the results could show:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Less than 100 mg/dL shows a normal range</li><li>From 100 to 125 mg/dL shows signs of prediabetes</li><li>Greater than 125 mg/dL on two occasions is a sign of diabetes</li></ul>Oral glucose tolerance testAn oral glucose tolerance test measures your blood sugar levels over two hours following the consumption of a sweet beverage. Test results for oral glucose tolerance may show:<ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li>Standard range: blood glucose level less than 140 mg/dL</li><li>Prediabetes: blood glucose level between 140 and 199 mg/dL</li><li>Diabetes: blood glucose level greater than 200 mg/dL</li></ul>A1C testAn A1C test measures your average blood sugar control over the previous two to three months. It may show:<ul><li>Standard range: less than 5.7%</li><li>Prediabetes: 5.7% to 6.4% of the total</li><li>Diabetes: above 6.4%</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Treatment of diabetes</h2>Diabetes is treated by a balance of healthy diet, regular exercise,&nbsp;and other steps to reduce blood sugar levels, and&nbsp;manages the risk factors for&nbsp;complications. Interventions that are both practical and affordable in developing nations include<ul><li>Blood glucose management with lifestyle and dietary adjustment, insulin, and oral medications</li><li>Blood lipid management&nbsp;</li><li>Screening and management of&nbsp;diabetes complications</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Final words</h2>Millions of people in Africa have diabetes, and many more millions are set to have the disease. Many people do not know their diabetes status because they do not check their blood sugar levels regularly and because diabetes symptoms do not appear early. You can protect yourself by adjusting your diet and lifestyle.