<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/de/deed.en">High Contrast, CC BY 3.0 DE</a>, via Wikimedia CommonsAs an individual, you are bound to feel a slight headache now and then or a slight cough after a long, tiring day. Do you always rush to the hospital or walk to the nearest patent medicine store or pharmacy around you? Many of us go to the neighbourhood pharmacy for a pack of paracetamol or cough syrup, both of which belong to a class of medications called over-the-counter (OTC) drugs.OTC drugs are easily accessed,&nbsp; most often leading to self-medication (taking drugs without a doctor's prescription). But using them wisely is important. Knowing when to stop self-medicating and see a doctor can make all the difference between treating a simple issue and overlooking something serious. In this article, we will explore more information on OTC drugs, their benefits, side effects, and other interesting details.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What are over-the-counter drugs?</h2>Over-the-counter drugs, also known as OTC drugs, are drugs you can buy&nbsp; without a prescription from a doctor. You can buy OTC drugs at a chemist’s shop, pharmacy, drug store, or supermarket. They are often used to treat minor health conditions.&nbsp;There's an OTC drug for almost any complaint, whether it’s body pain, a runny nose, or an upset stomach. Need something for that fever? Paracetamol is your go-to. Got a scratchy throat? The storekeeper will recommend a lozenge.&nbsp;While these drugs can work wonders for minor symptoms, we often forget the fine print that guides us on how to use them. We pop a pill, take a syrup, and move on without thinking about things like dosage, potential side effects, or when actually to seek professional medical advice.Imagine this typical scenario&nbsp;Tunde wakes up with a pounding headache after a late night. He’s got a busy day ahead, so he grabs some painkillers from the cabinet. He’s done this before, so it feels like no big deal. But what if Tunde’s headache keeps returning? Or worse, what if he starts relying on painkillers every time his head hurts without figuring out the root cause?Before using over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, it's important to exercise caution. Because OTCs are affordable and easily accessible, many people use them even when they don't need them. This can lead to overuse, masking underlying health issues, or developing dependency. Some medications, like certain cough syrups, can be misused for their sedative effects.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Common classes of OTC drugs&nbsp;</h2>1. Pain Relievers/AnalgesicsPain relievers are among the most widely used OTC drugs in Nigeria. They are commonly used for mild to moderate pain, such as headaches, menstrual cramps, or toothaches. Examples include Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like Aspirin, Ibuprofen (Brufen, Ibuprin), and Paracetamol (Panadol).&nbsp;<figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_ccfa7918b1_1008d285fd.webp"></figure><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/br/deed.en">Mateus Hidalgo, CC BY-SA 2.5 BR,</a> via Wikimedia Commons&nbsp;NSAIDs block certain enzymes in the body, reducing inflammation and relieving pain. However, long-term or excessive use can lead to liver damage (especially with Paracetamol) or stomach ulcers (with NSAIDs).&nbsp;NSAIDs are not suitable for people with a history of stomach ulcers, asthma, or kidney issues. Pregnant women should also consult a doctor before use.2. Topical AnalgesicsTopical analgesics are gels you apply to the skin to relieve pain or inflammation in specific body areas. Examples include NeuroGesic Extra, Deep Heat, and Voltaren Gel.&nbsp;They provide a cooling or heating effect to soothe pain. However, overuse can irritate the skin or cause allergic reactions. Therefore, they should not be applied to broken or irritated skin.3. DecongestantsDecongestants help relieve nasal congestion caused by colds, flu, or allergies. Examples include Actifed, Sudafed, Otrivine, and Olbas Oil. They work by narrowing blood vessels in the nasal passages, reducing swelling and congestion.&nbsp;Overusing nasal sprays can cause rebound congestion, worsening symptoms after stopping the drug. Oral decongestants can raise blood pressure, so they are not recommended for individuals with high blood pressure, heart disease, or glaucoma.4. AntacidsAntacids neutralize stomach acid and relieve heartburn and acid reflux. Examples include Gaviscon, Jawasil, Danacid, and Gestid. They usually reduce stomach acidity, which helps relieve symptoms of indigestion.Certain antacids can interfere with other medications, like antibiotics, so it's recommended to consult a healthcare professional before using them.&nbsp;Some antacids may cause side effects such as constipation or diarrhea, depending on the active ingredients. For example, calcium carbonate and aluminum hydroxide can lead to constipation, while magnesium-based antacids may cause diarrhea.Overuse of antacids can lead to electrolyte imbalances or affect the absorption of other medications. In addition, people with kidney disease, heart failure, or those taking medications for hypertension should be cautious when using antacids, as certain types can lead to complications such as electrolyte imbalances or worsen pre-existing conditions.5. Anti-inflammatory MedicationsThese medications help to reduce inflammation and are often used to treat conditions like arthritis, back pain, and sports injuries. Examples also include<ol><li>Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs include diclofenac (Voltaren), Ibuprofen (Ibrufen), and Naproxen. These drugs usually block the production of chemicals that cause inflammation in the body, and long-term use can increase the risk of heart disease, stomach ulcers, and kidney damage. The medication is not suitable for individuals with heart disease, hypertension, or those prone to gastrointestinal issues.</li><li>Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, and prednisolone, are used to reduce inflammation, swelling, and itching, commonly for skin conditions like eczema, rashes, or allergic reactions. Although they are effective for inflammation, prolonged or inappropriate use can lead to skin thinning, hormonal imbalances, and other side effects. People with infections or certain skin conditions should avoid corticosteroids unless prescribed by a doctor, as they can worsen infections.</li></ol>6. Cough and Cold MedicationsCough and cold medications help alleviate symptoms like coughing, congestion, and sore throat. Popular brands include Benylin and Tutolin. These medications contain a mix of antihistamines, decongestants, and cough suppressants.Some cough syrups can cause drowsiness or be abused for their sedative effects. For this reason, it is advisable to avoid using these drugs for more than a few days. Also, they are usually not recommended for children under six years, pregnant women, or individuals with high blood pressure or asthma without consulting a doctor.7. Allergy Medications/AntihistaminesAntihistamines help relieve allergy symptoms such as sneezing, itching, and a runny nose. Examples include popular piriton (chlorpheniramine), loratadine, and cetirizine.The drug works by blocking histamine, which usually causes allergic reactions. Some antihistamines can cause drowsiness and affect daily functioning. Use is not recommended for individuals with glaucoma or an enlarged prostate. It is also important to consult a medical doctor before use during pregnancy.8. Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS) and Antidiarrheal DrugsOral rehydration salts treat dehydration from diarrhea or vomiting, while antidiarrheal drugs manage diarrhea symptoms.&nbsp;Examples of ORS include Emzolyte, Oralyt, Walyte, and many other brands. Antidiarrheal drugs include Imodium, Lomotil, and Diastop.ORS replaces lost fluids and electrolytes, while antidiarrheal drugs slow down bowel movements.&nbsp;Overuse of antidiarrheal drugs can lead to constipation or mask more serious infections.Antidiarrheal medications are not recommended for young children or people with a high fever.9. Vitamins and SupplementsVitamins and supplements are widely used to boost nutrient intake. Common examples include vitamin C, vitamin D, and iron supplements such as ferrous sulphate.&nbsp;Moderate doses of vitamins and supplements provide essential nutrients to improve general health. However, very high doses can be toxic, leading to complications such as liver damage.&nbsp;Before using vitamins and other supplements, consult a medical doctor especially for individuals with kidney or liver conditions, or those on medication for chronic diseases.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Conclusion</h2>Over-the-counter drugs can be a quick and convenient way to treat minor health conditions, but it is important to use them safely and to know when to seek medical attention. Always read the label, follow the recommended dosage, and use them for short-term relief only. If symptoms persist beyond a few days, consult a doctor. Avoid combining multiple medications without professional advice, and be mindful of potential side effects.

Your Guide to Over-the-Counter Drugs

Lifestyle and Wellness

The human heart pumps approximately 23,000 litres of blood throughout the body daily. Heart failure occurs when the heart fails to pump sufficient blood to meet the body’s needs.&nbsp;This article will explore the causes, prevention, and management of heart failure.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What is heart failure?</h2>Heart failure is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by your heart’s inability to pump blood sufficiently to meet your body’s needs.Initially, your body compensates for the inadequate blood supply through different mechanisms, such as:&nbsp;<ul><li>Enlargement of the heart: your heart stretches to generate a greater force to pump blood.</li><li>Increased heart muscle mass:&nbsp;your heart muscles expand to generate a stronger force of contraction.</li><li>Narrowing of the arteries: your arteries, the blood vessels that carry blood from your heart, may narrow to increase the contracting pressure to help your failing heart maintain arterial pressure.</li><li>Blood shunting: If heart failure is severe, the body may redirect blood from peripheral areas like the skin to vital organs like the heart, kidneys, and brain.</li></ul>Because of these compensatory mechanisms, you may not have symptoms initially. However, the compensation is temporary and may not solve the underlying problem.&nbsp;If the heart failure is not properly managed, the compensatory mechanisms may fail, and you may start to have symptoms like breathlessness, fatigue, persistent dry cough, and other signs of heart failure.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Signs and symptoms of heart failure&nbsp;</h2>Patients with&nbsp; heart failure may have signs and symptoms such as:&nbsp;<ul><li>Shortness of breath</li><li>Dry cough&nbsp;</li><li>Cold extremities with bluish lips</li><li>Pallor</li><li>Tiredness&nbsp;</li><li>Fatigue from&nbsp; minimum exertion</li><li>Swelling of the legs and/or abdomen from fluid retention</li><li>Poor appetite&nbsp;</li><li>Nausea&nbsp;</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Types of heart failure</h2>Heart failure can be classified based on the location of the failure and the type of heart function&nbsp;that fails.<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">Heart failure types based on location</h3>You could have either a right-side heart failure or a left-side heart failure.<ul><li>Right-sided heart failure affects the right side of the heart, where the right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs. When the right side fails, blood backs up into the veins, causing your legs, ankles, and abdomen to swell.</li><li>Left-sided heart failure occurs when the left ventricle can’t efficiently pump blood to the rest of the body. Fluid builds up in the lungs, causing shortness of breath.&nbsp;</li></ul>If the heart failure is from both the right and the left ventricles, it is called congestive heart failure.&nbsp;<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">Heart failure types based on function</h3>Depending on which aspect of heart function that fails, you could experience either systolic heart failure or diastolic heart failure.<ul><li>Systolic heart failure happens when the heart can’t pump blood because it’s weak or enlarged.</li><li>Diastolic heart failure happens when the heart muscle doesn’t relax because it’s stiff, which leads to inadequate filling of the heart.</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Causes of Heart Failure in Africa</h2>The causes of heart failure in Africa vary across the continent, but the common causes among the general population include:&nbsp;<ul><li>Hypertension</li><li>Coronary artery disease (CAD)</li><li>Cardiomyopathy</li><li>Rheumatic heart disease</li><li>Chronic lung disease</li><li>&nbsp;Pericardial diseases like constrictive pericarditis, pericardial effusion</li><li>HIV</li></ul>Hypertension is the leading cause of heart failure in&nbsp; Nigeria.&nbsp;Unlike hypertension, coronary artery disease (CAD) and its complications are less common in Africa but are gradually becoming more prevalent due to:&nbsp;<ul><li>Lifestyle modifications,&nbsp;</li><li>Smoking&nbsp;</li><li>Drinking of alcohol</li><li>Urbanization</li></ul>Other causes of heart failure include:<ul><li>Excessive salt intake&nbsp;</li><li>Smoking or sniffing tobacco of any kind</li><li>Excessive alcohol intake</li><li>Infection&nbsp;</li><li>&nbsp;Use of certain medications like anticancer drugs, stimulants, etc.</li><li>Autoimmune diseases like lupus erythematosus&nbsp;</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Risk factors&nbsp;</h2>Risk factors for heart failure in sub-Saharan Africa include:<ul><li>Hypertension</li><li>Diabetes</li><li>Dyslipidaemia</li><li>Kidney disease</li><li>Smoking</li><li>High alcohol intake&nbsp;</li><li>Myocarditis</li><li>HIV</li><li>Pregnancy</li></ul>Other risk factors include:<ul><li>Rheumatic Heart Disease</li><li>Obesity</li><li>Dilated cardiomyopathy</li><li>Anaemia</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Diagnosis</h2>Your doctor will take your medical history, examine you, and ask you to do:&nbsp;<ul><li>A chest x-ray,</li><li>An ECG (electrocardiogram)</li><li>Blood test</li><li>Echocardiogram</li></ul>A heart MRI or CT scan, PET scan, or angiogram may sometimes be requested.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Treatment and Prevention of Heart Failure&nbsp;</h2>The treatment of heart failure depends on the cause of your heart failure and the type and severity of your heart failure.If the cause is hypertension, you may need to take anti-heart failure drugs plus anti-hypertensives and adjust your diet and lifestyle.&nbsp;If it’s an infection, you may need antibiotics.&nbsp;If the problem is with your heart valves, you may need surgery.If these treatments don’t work, a heart transplant may be recommended for you.Whatever the cause, heart failure management is both pharmacological and non-pharmacological.<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">Pharmacological management</h3>This type of management includes drugs such as:<ul><li>Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB)</li><li>Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors</li><li>Angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNIs)</li><li>Diuretics</li><li>Vasodilators&nbsp;</li><li>Digitalis</li><li>Beta-blockers</li><li>Aldosterone blockers</li><li>Statins&nbsp;</li></ul>The drugs help to<ul><li>Reduce your blood pressure&nbsp;</li><li>Relax your blood vessels</li><li>Reduce the amount of fluid and sodium in your body&nbsp;</li><li>Strengthen the contraction of your heart muscles</li><li>Reduce your heart rate</li><li>Reduce the level amount of unhealthy cholesterol in your blood</li></ul><h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">Non-pharmacological management</h3>This type of management does not include drugs. It only requires you to:<ul><li>Reduce your salt intake</li><li>Reduce your alcohol intake&nbsp;</li><li>Quit smoking</li><li>Exercise regularly as much as you can tolerate</li><li>Control your blood sugar if you’re diabetic&nbsp;</li><li>Reduce your body weight if you’re overweight or obese</li></ul>Heart failure caused by physical damage to the heart may require surgery, such as:<ul><li>Valvular repair or replacement</li><li>Device implantation</li><li>Heart transplantation</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Complications of Heart Failure</h2>If your heart failure is not treated at all or is treated poorly, it may lead to life-threatening complications like congestive heart failure, which is a failure of both the right and left sides of your heart. This causes worse and more dangerous symptoms.Other complications of heart failure include:<ul><li>Pulmonary hypertension&nbsp;</li><li>Kidney or liver damage</li><li>Cardiac arrest</li><li>Pulmonary oedema</li><li>Irregular heartbeat</li><li>Stroke</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What is the prognosis of heart failure?</h2>The outlook (prognosis) for heart failure is poor. People with the disease have a life expectancy of about five years from diagnosis, so it’s necessary to seek expert care as soon as you realise that your heart may be failing.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Conclusion</h2>Heart failure is better prevented than treated. Once it has begun, there is no permanent cure, and no treatment can reverse the damage.&nbsp;If you’re at risk, like if you are hypertensive, have diabetes or any other chronic disease, adjust your diet and lifestyle as recommended, and be regular with your drugs and clinical checkups.Having heart failure doesn’t mean the end of the world. You can still enjoy life if you follow the steps outlined in this article and your doctor’s advice.

Heart Failure: Causes, Prevention and Management

<a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/medical-eyeglasses-and-full-of-blood-vials-on-diaper-4230620/">Photo by Karolina Grabowska from Pexels</a>Human blood belongs to one of four main blood groups: A, AB, B, and O. Each of these groups can also be positive or negative for the Rhesus factor, which means you can have an A positive or an A negative blood, just as you can have for AB,&nbsp; B, and O blood groups. But what does this grouping mean to you, and why should you care?<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Blood antigens and antibodies</h2>Blood grouping is based on the presence or absence of antigens and antibodies in your blood. Antigens are proteins found on the red cell surface, while antibodies are natural proteins in plasma.&nbsp;An antigen triggers your immune system to generate antibodies. The antibodies alert your body to destroy the antigens they recognise as foreign.&nbsp;Red blood cells have different types of antigens used to group them. The most commonly recognised blood groups are:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">The ABO blood grouping system&nbsp;</li><li style="text-align:justify;">The Rhesus (Rh) blood grouping system</li></ul><h3 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">ABO system</h3>In the ABO system, the blood group is based on the presence or absence of the A and B antigens. There are four blood groups in this grouping system.<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Group A&nbsp;- has A antigen and anti-B antibody</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Group B - has B antigen and anti-A antibody</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Group AB - has both A and B antigens but no antibodies</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Group O - has no antigens but has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies</li></ul>Group O blood is the most common blood group in Nigeria. More than half of Nigerians (53%) have group O blood. Very few (less than 4%) have group AB blood.&nbsp;According to the ABO grouping system, your body tolerates the antigens in your blood and produces antibodies against the antigens you do not have.<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">ABO blood compatibility&nbsp;</h3>The ABO blood grouping determines who you can donate blood to or receive blood from. This is known as blood compatibility or the capacity of blood from two individuals to combine without destroying each other.Blood transfusion can safely be done only between two compatible blood groups. This means you must only receive blood your body will not react to.&nbsp;For example, if you have blood group A, your safest option is to receive blood group A. If you receive blood from an incompatible blood group, say group B, your anti-B antibodies will attack the B antigens on the donor red cells, which could be life-threatening.A safer option will be to receive group O blood. Because the group O blood has no antigen, it can safely be given to people with any other blood group.The ABO blood grouping compatibility is summarised as follows:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Group A: individuals with this blood group can donate to individuals with group A or AB blood but can receive blood only from individuals with group A or O blood.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Group B: individuals with this blood group can donate to individuals with group B or AB blood but can receive blood only from individuals with group B or group O blood.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Group AB: individuals with this blood group can donate only to individuals with group AB blood but can receive blood from any other blood group.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Group O: individuals with this blood group can donate to individuals with any blood group but can receive blood only from individuals with group O blood..&nbsp;</li></ul><h3 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Rh system</h3>In the Rh blood grouping system, the blood group is classified depending on the presence of the Rhesus (Rh) factor. The Rh factor is coded for by the D antigen. So if your blood has the Rhesus factor, you are Rhesus-D positive (RhD-positive). If it does not, you are Rhesus-D negative (RhD-negative).The ABO and Rhesus grouping systems are often taken together to give your blood type. That means your blood group can be one of the following:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">O-negative (O-)</li><li style="text-align:justify;">O-positive (O+)</li><li style="text-align:justify;">A-negative (A-)</li><li style="text-align:justify;">A-positive (A+)</li><li style="text-align:justify;">B-negative (B-)</li><li style="text-align:justify;">B-positive (B+)</li><li style="text-align:justify;">AB-positive (AB+)</li><li style="text-align:justify;">AB-negative (AB-)</li></ul>Individuals with AB-positive blood are considered universal recipients because they can receive blood from any other blood group, while a person with type O-negative blood is considered a universal donor because their blood can be safely given to anyone.&nbsp;<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Rhesus compatibility&nbsp;</h3>Rhesus compatibility is not often considered in blood group grouping and crossmatching for blood transfusion, but the compatibility between a pregnant woman and the foetus is is very important.&nbsp;A child can inherit the Rhesus-D antigen from either the mother or father. If the mother is RhD-negative but the child is RhD-positive due to inheritance of Rhesus-D antigen from the father, there will be Rhesus incompatibility between the mother and child.&nbsp;The mother may produce anti-D antibodies that react with the child’s RhD antigens, causing severe complications for the child. This is preventable. Speak with your obstetrician or gynaecologist to discuss the preventions if you are a RhD-negative mother.<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">How to check your blood group</h3><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_888d964667_2b79e8c23b.webp"></figure><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ics-codablock-blood-bag_sample.jpg">ICSident at German Wikipedia</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0">CC BY-SA 3.0</a>, via Wikimedia CommonsYou can check your blood group by visiting a registered laboratory. A laboratory scientist will collect your blood and test it for the blood group antigens that we've outlined.&nbsp;The scientist will tie a tourniquet around your wrist or arm and insert a syringe into a vein to collect your blood into a sample bottle or syringe.Your red blood cells will then be mixed with reagents containing antibodies against the common red cell antigens. That is, anti-A and anti-B antibodies—a third reagent containing anti-D antibody test0s for Rhesus-D (RhD) antigen.&nbsp;The nature of the reaction between your red blood cells and the reagents determines your blood group. Remember, blood group antigens will react with their corresponding antibodies.&nbsp;Therefore, if you have A antigens on your red blood cells, they will react with anti-A antibody reagents and clump together. The reaction will appear like pellets. If the antigens on your red blood cell are different from the antibodies in the reagent, they will not react; your blood will remain fluid.If your blood reacts to anti-A and anti-B antibody reagents, it means you have blood group AB. Individuals with blood group O do not have antigens on their red blood cells, so their blood does not react with anti-A and anti-B antibodies.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Conclusion</h2>Knowing your blood group is important for safe blood transfusion and pregnancy. It helps you to avoid or prevent severe complications that may affect individuals receiving blood transfusion or newborns. It is also important during emergencies as it will ensure timely treatment. Your knowledge could help you determine your susceptibility to certain diseases and your ancestry. Check your blood group today.

Does Your Blood Group Really Matter?

Vaccination: A Vital Tool in the Fight Against Diseases in Nigeria

Tetanus by&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nyphotographic.com/">Nick Youngson</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">CC BY-SA 3.0</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://pix4free.org/">Pix4free</a>Tetanus probably doesn't come to mind when you think of dreadful diseases, and you may not give tetanus injections much thought unless you step on a rusty nail. The symptoms of tetanus can be subtle and may not appear until several days after infection. People may mistake these symptoms for other less severe conditions, such as muscle strain. Yet, tetanus is one of the deadliest conditions on earth.&nbsp;<h2>What is tetanus?</h2>Tetanus, also known as lockjaw, is a severe bacterial infection that damages the neurological system. It causes tightening of neck and jaw muscles, which can make opening the mouth or swallowing difficult.&nbsp;<h2>What is the source of tetanus?</h2>Tetanus is caused by the&nbsp;Clostridium tetani bacterium, which is present in dust, soil, and animal waste. The bacterium enters the body through a wound or cut, producing the tetanus toxin. The toxin affects the nerves, causing the life-threatening symptoms associated with tetanus.&nbsp;<h3>How is tetanus contracted?</h3>Tetanus can be contracted in different ways. Such ways include:<ul><li>Contamination of a wound with dirt or materials containing tetanus bacteria.</li><li>Injury with contaminated blades, needles, and surgical instruments.</li><li>Transmission from an infected mother to a child through the placenta, contaminated cervix, or direct contact with an open wound.</li><li>The mother, who transmits the immunity to her newborn, can be protected against it by receiving an immunization for a few days after birth.&nbsp;</li></ul><h2>What are the symptoms of tetanus?</h2>Depending on the individual, tetanus symptoms might appear days to weeks after infection. The first sign is usually “lockjaw” or muscle spasms in the jaw. Other symptoms of tetanus include:<ul><li>Fever and sweating</li><li>Widespread muscle stiffness and pain</li><li>Seizures characterized by jerking or staring</li><li>Difficulty in swallowing</li><li>Sudden and involuntary muscle contractions&nbsp; often in the abdomen&nbsp;</li><li>Constipation</li><li>Headaches&nbsp;</li><li>Changes in blood pressure and heart rate, etc.</li></ul><h2>What are the complications of tetanus?</h2>Tetanus can readily degenerate into serious complications or death if an infected person does not receive immediate care. Immediate complications include:<ul><li>Aspiration pneumonia</li><li>Pulmonary embolism</li><li>Laryngospasm</li><li>Breathing difficulty</li></ul>In extreme circumstances, tetanus can also result in convulsions and respiratory collapse, which may lead to death.<h2>How to prevent tetanus</h2>Tetanus can be effectively prevented through vaccination. The recommended vaccine is the combination DTP (diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis) or TdaP vaccine, which protects against diphtheria, whooping cough, and tetanus.&nbsp;Babies require three doses of DTaP, administered at ages two, four, and six months, followed by booster shots at ages 15 to 18 months and 4 to 6 years.&nbsp;Preteens should receive a Tdap shot between 11 and 12 years old. Pregnant women should get a Tdap shot during the early third trimester to protect their baby from whooping cough. Adults who have never received the vaccine should get a Tdap shot, followed by a Td or Tdap booster every ten years.<figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_125d76cf94_2a9d6671d0.webp"></figure>Photo by&nbsp;<a href="https://unsplash.com/@cdc?utm_content=creditCopyText&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_source=unsplash">CDC</a> on&nbsp;<a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/man-doing-syringe-on-woman-wearing-blue-shirt-9uo3cLLo0IM?utm_content=creditCopyText&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_source=unsplash">Unsplash</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<h2>What are the treatment options?</h2>Treatment for tetanus varies depending on the severity of the symptoms. It usually involves a combination of therapies and medications, including antibiotics, to eliminate the bacteria from the body. These options include:<ul><li>Tetanus toxoid injection: The injection contains a treated form of the tetanus toxin, called tetanus toxoid, that serves as an&nbsp;emergency immune booster against the effects of tetanus toxin.&nbsp;</li><li>Antibiotics:&nbsp;While tetanus toxoid nullifies the tetanus toxin, antibiotic treatment helps manage any secondary infections that can develop due to the wound. The type of infection and the patient's medical background will determine the appropriate antibiotic.&nbsp;</li></ul><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_d31181ed5c_19f8d652d4.webp"></figure><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bottle_of_tetanus_antitoxin,_Germany._Full_view,_graduated_g_Wellcome_L0058962_(cropped).jpg">See page for author</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">CC BY 4.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons<ul><li>Wound dressing:&nbsp;Open wounds can be cleaned with moderate antiseptic or soap and water. Surgical debridement could be required if the wound contains dead tissues.&nbsp;</li><li>Use of muscle relaxants:&nbsp;To alleviate the stiffness and spasms caused by tetanus, muscle relaxants can be administered. These medications work by reducing the severity of muscle spasms and decreasing the risk of fractures and other associated injuries.</li><li>Supportive care: Tetanus patients need supportive care, which could involve giving oxygen and IV fluids and medications, food, water, and oxygen. If the situation worsens, the patient may need specialized care in an intensive care unit (ICU).</li></ul><h2>Vaccination can protect you from tetanus</h2>Tetanus is a life-threatening disease contracted when the bacterium&nbsp;Clostridium tetani&nbsp;enters the body through cuts or wounds. The bacterium produces a toxin with deadly effects. The best approach to avoid tetanus is vaccination and maintaining good wound hygiene. Infected individuals should seek prompt medical care.

What is Tetanus?

Disease prevention and management

<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Diagnosis</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_48e230bd77_d369ff77c3.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/coronavirus-blood-samples-arrangement-lab_18684532.htm#fromView=search&amp;page=1&amp;position=18&amp;uuid=dd6f9a27-a349-4831-a0aa-e91ec4f1f230">Image by freepik</a>Diagnosis of anaemia is a combination of clinical presentation and laboratoryLaboratory tests for anaemia generally include the following:<ul><li>Packed cell volume (PCV) estimation: involves spinning your blood in a tube to see how much of it is red blood cells</li><li>Complete blood count (CBC): also called full blood count, this test estimates the levels of individual components of your blood, including white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets, reticulocytes, haemoglobin, differential cells, etc.</li><li>Peripheral blood smear: involves using a microscope to examine your blood for its colour, shape, size</li><li>Haemoglobin estimation</li><li>Serum iron estimation</li><li>Serum bilirubin</li><li>Haemoglobin electrophoresis</li><li>Reticulocyte count</li><li>Urinalysis</li><li>Liver function tests</li><li>Renal function test</li><li>Bone marrow biopsy</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Treatment</h2>Treatment for anaemia depends on the cause or type of anaemia. Treatments for common forms of anaemia include:<ul><li>Iron-deficiency anaemia: iron supplements and dietary changes.</li><li>Vitamin deficiency anaemia: vitamins and dietary supplements.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Thalassemia: folic acid supplements, iron chelation, and, for some people, blood transfusions and bone marrow transplants.</li><li>Anaemia of chronic disease: treatment of underlying disease.</li><li>Aplastic anaemia: blood transfusion or bone marrow transplant.</li><li>Sickle cell anaemia: oxygen therapy, pain relief medication, and intravenous fluids: antibiotics, folic acid supplements, blood transfusions, and hydroxyurea may be added.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Haemolytic anaemia: treatment of the underlying cause</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Prevention</h2>Prevention can be&nbsp;achieved by enforcing individual/family and government policies.On individual levelIron deficiency and vitamin-deficiency anaemia can be prevented by consuming the right diet. Suchnutrient can be gotten from the following sources:<ul><li>Iron:&nbsp;from red meat, dark-green leafy vegetables, beans and lentils, dried-fruits and iron-fortified cereals.</li><li>Folate/folic acid:&nbsp;from dark-green leafy vegetables, whole fruits or fruit juices, kidney beans, green peas, peanuts and fortified products such as bread, cereal, pasta, and rice.</li><li>Vitamin B-12:&nbsp;sources include dairy products, meat, soy products and fortified cereal.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Vitamin C: citrus fruits – whole or juiced, strawberries, peppers, broccoli, melons and tomatoes.</li></ul>On Governmental levelThe three major causes of anaemia (iron deficiency, malaria and helminth infections) can be addressed during contacts with vulnerable groups using a combination of key interventions, as needed.Five Key Interventions<ul><li>Iron supplements targeted to at-risk groups</li><li>Fortification of staple foods with iron and other micronutrients that cause anaemia for the general population&nbsp;</li><li>Supply of iron-fortified foods targeted to at-risk groups</li><li>Prevent and treat malaria</li><li>Use of insecticide-treated materials and bed nets to prevent anaemia</li><li>Deworming (anthelmintics) in at-risk groups</li></ul>Other important interventions to decrease anaemia:<ul><li>Expand immunization coverage</li><li>Prevent and manage obstetric complications, particularly excessive bleeding</li><li>Promote birth spacing through use of modern contraceptives and exclusive breastfeeding</li><li>Promote use of contraceptives that decrease blood loss</li><li>Improve water and sanitation facilities/practices</li></ul>&nbsp;<blockquote>Anaemia is diagnosed through clinical symptoms and lab tests like PCV, CBC, and blood smears to determine its type and cause.&nbsp;Treatment depends on the type—ranging from iron and vitamin supplements to more advanced care like transfusions or bone marrow transplants for severe cases.&nbsp;Prevention starts with a balanced diet rich in iron, folate, and vitamins, while government efforts should focus on food fortification, malaria control, and deworming.</blockquote>

Eat a nutrient-rich diet, get regular health checkups, and support public health efforts like malaria prevention and food fortification—because preventing anaemia starts with both personal and community action.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Anaemia in Nigeria

Health News and Research

We look into Seizures - what Nigerians call Epilepsy.&nbsp;<ul><li>If you have a child with epilepsy, this article will help you learn about seizure disorders in children and how to manage similar cases. &nbsp;</li><li>It will teach you about epilepsy in children, including the definition, common causes, how it is tested and diagnosed, and how to treat it.</li><li>It will also teach you how to cope with the situation as a parent and caregiver to manage seizures in children and ensure their safety.</li></ul>&nbsp;David is a bright and active eight-year-old boy who loved playing in the compound and discovering new things around him. One day, while playing with his toys under the shade of a tree in front of his house, he suddenly fell to the ground and started shaking uncontrollably.His mom was terrified and quickly called out for help. The neighbors came together, and one of them offered his bike. David’s father quickly got on the bike, and with the help of his mother and a neighbor, they carefully placed David on the bike. With David held between his parents, they rushed to the clinic, hoping he would get better soon.At the clinic, the doctors ran a series of tests before diagnosing David with a seizure disorder, what Nigerians call Epilepsy. For David and his family, this diagnosis was life-changing. It was very possible that it would happen again.“What do we do?” David's father asked the Doctor.&nbsp;<h1>What is a Epilepsy?</h1>A seizure (epilepsy) is a disorder in which the brain cells malfunction and transmit electrical impulses involuntarily, resulting in symptoms that impact other areas of the brain and body.nIn this case, seizures often cause loss of consciousness and abnormal movements, usually immediately.<ul><li>It can result in unexpected, abrupt changes in a child's movements, sensations, cognition, and behavior.&nbsp;</li><li>Neurons in the child's brain may freeze excessively during a seizure, resulting in odd feelings, emotions, or behaviors.&nbsp;</li><li>The seizure may be minor or severe, lasting between a few seconds and several minutes.</li><li>Pediatric seizure disorder occurs in approximately 4 to 10 out of every 1,000 children.</li></ul><h2>What causes seizure disorder in children?</h2>Several possible causes of seizure disorder in children may include the following:<ul><li>Genetic factors - some forms of epilepsy may be inherited.</li><li>Brain injury or damage - can occur during birth from infections, head injuries, or strokes.</li><li>Brain malformations - when the brain does not develop properly before birth.</li><li>Infections - such as meningitis, encephalitis, or abscesses in the brain.</li><li>Metabolic disorders - including low blood sugar, electrolyte imbalances, or kidney or liver failure.</li><li>Brain tumors - both benign and malignant tumors can cause seizures.</li><li>Febrile seizures - which occur during high fever in young children.</li><li>Unknown causes - in some cases, no specific cause of the seizure disorder can be identified.</li></ul><h2>Types of seizure disorders</h2>A seizure can come in different forms, depending on the cause and the part of the brain affected. The common types include:<ul><li>Generalized seizures</li></ul>They affect the entire brain and can render a child unconscious. They can be atonic or tonic-clonic seizures if they affect the child’s muscles and movement or absence seizures if the child just stares into space or blanks out for a few seconds. Absence seizures were once called petit mal seizures.<ul><li>Focal or partial seizures</li></ul>These seizures might originate in one specific location and result in a limited range of symptoms. If the child does not lose consciousness, the seizure could be simple partial seizures. Complex partial seizures result in altered consciousness.<h2>Symptoms of a seizure in children</h2>The symptoms of a seizure vary depending on the type. Common symptoms include:<ul><li>Abnormal movements: The seizure may include jerking or twitching the arms, legs, or face.</li><li>Loss of consciousness: The child may appear to stare blankly, become unresponsive or confused, or even fall to the ground.</li><li>Convulsions: The severity of convulsion can range from mild to severe and can include shaking stiffness, and loss of muscle control.</li><li>Change in mood or behavior: Children may experience sudden changes in mood or behavior, and may become irritable, aggressive, or anxious.</li><li>Changes in sensations: Children may complain of hearing unusual sounds or seeing flashing lights.</li><li>Loss of bladder or bowel control: A child with a seizure may find it difficult to hold her pee or poop.</li></ul><h4>&nbsp;</h4><blockquote>A seizure (epilepsy) is a disorder in which the brain cells malfunction and transmit electrical impulses (signals) they shouldn't, causing sudden changes in how a person moves, feels, or acts. It can result in unexpected, abrupt changes in a child's movements, sensations, cognition, and behavior. The seizure may be minor or severe, lasting between a few seconds and several minutes.</blockquote>

Nigerians call it Epilepsy. If you have a child with epilepsy, this article will help you learn about seizure disorders in children and how to manage similar cases. 

Seizure Disorders in Nigerian Children

Children's Health

<a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-ai-image/human-blood-globulins_97747193.htm#fromView=search&amp;page=1&amp;position=9&amp;uuid=0a1d6c78-ecf9-4134-a9b7-52c8d3847ea2">Image by frimufilms on Freepik</a>Anaemia is when haemoglobin (Hb) concentration and red blood cell (RBC) numbers are lower than expected and insufficient to meet the amount you need to function effectively. This means that the RBCs will not be able to carry enough oxygen.&nbsp;<ul><li>Anaemia affects roughly one-third of the world’s population, with more than 60% of them in Africa</li><li>It’s often a sign of nutritional deficiency and ill health</li><li>Anaemia is also associated with death and disease in women and children.</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Anaemia symptoms</h2>Anaemia is subtle at the earliest. The body tries to compensate for the inadequacy initially, but symptoms may appear as the anaemia continues or worsens. The symptoms may include:<ul><li>Pale skin (pallor)</li><li>Cold hands and feet</li><li>Tiredness or weakness</li><li>Dizziness, lightheadedness, or feeling like you are about to pass out</li><li>Fast or unusual heartbeat</li><li>Shortness of breath</li><li>Headache&nbsp;</li><li>Pain</li><li>Poor growth&nbsp;</li></ul>The severity of the symptoms depends on the level of anaemia, the persistence of the cause, and how well the body compensates for the inadequacy.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What are the causes of anaemia in Africa</h2>Anaemia occurs either because:<ol><li>the body does not produce enough blood or</li><li>an excess number of red cells are destroyed, or</li><li>the body is losing blood at a faster rate than it produces</li></ol>These three mechanisms result from many causes. The common causes of anaemia in Nigeria include&nbsp;<ul><li>genetic conditions (e.g., thalassemia in parts of the Mediterranean, sickle cell in Africa)</li><li>nutritional deficiencies other than iron deficiency (i.e., folic acid, vitamins A and B-12)</li><li>factors related to reproduction (e.g., high fertility, obstetric complications, contraceptives)</li><li>infections (e.g., HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, diarrhoea) that increase requirements for iron and other micronutrients</li><li>parasitic infections such as malaria and worm infestation</li></ul>Malaria is a leading cause of anaemia in Sub-Saharan Africa, as is iron deficiency.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Risk factors</h2>The following factors place you at increased risk of anaemia, they include:<ul><li>Nutritional deficiency: low intake of minerals and vitamins, such as iron, copper, vitamin B-12, and folate&nbsp;</li><li>Intestinal disorders: intestinal disorders such as Crohn’s disease and celiac disease affect the absorption of nutrients in your small intestine and increase your risk of developing anaemia</li><li>Menstrual disorders: excess blood loss during menstruation is a risk factor</li><li>Pregnancy: Increased energy and nutrient demands and fluid retention during pregnancy can lead to anaemia</li><li>Chronic conditions: Chronic conditions like cancer or longstanding infections deplete your iron stores, while kidney failure can affect the release of the hormone that controls blood production.&nbsp;</li></ul>Chronic blood loss from an ulcer or other sources within the body can deplete the body's store of iron, leading to iron deficiency anaemia.<ul><li>Family history:&nbsp;inherited conditions, such as sickle cell anaemia, make you vulnerable to becoming anaemic due to increased destruction of red cells</li><li>Old age: People over age 65 are at increased risk of anaemia</li></ul>Other factors include blood diseases like haemophilia, autoimmune disorders, alcoholism, exposure to toxic chemicals like camphor, and the use of some medications can affect red blood cell production and lead to anaemia.<figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_48e230bd77_d369ff77c3.webp"></figure>

Anaemia is on the rise in Africa, driven by malaria, sickle cell disease, and poor nutrition. Learn the causes, risks, and how to prevent it.

The Prevalence of Anaemia in Africa

<a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/close-up-shot-of-a-glucometer-7653102/">Photo by Pavel Danilyuk</a>Rising Prevalence Of Diabetes: Over 24 million adults had diabetes in 2021, with projections reaching 55 million by 2045 — and more than half are unaware they have it.Severe Complications: Diabetes can lead to serious health issues, including heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, blindness, and sexual or urinary problems.Awareness Matters: Understanding diabetes empowers individuals to make informed choices, reduce risks, and manage the condition effectively.The numbers are scary: about&nbsp;<a href="https://www.idf.org/our-network/regions-members/africa/diabetes-in-africa.html#:~:text=14/12/2021-,24%20million%20adults,-(20%2D79)">24 million</a> adults who are 18 and older had diabetes in 2021; the number is set to increase to 55 million by 2045, and more than half of people living with diabetes do not know that they have the disease.While diabetes is not a death sentence, it is a significant cause of life-threatening complications such as heart diseases, stroke, blindness, kidney disease, foot ulcers, urinary tract infections in women, erectile dysfunction in men, and so on.&nbsp;<blockquote>Knowing what diabetes is all about can help you make safe choices to protect yourself and perhaps manage the risks.</blockquote><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Diabetes is a Chronic Disease</h2>Diabetes is a chronic condition that develops when the body cannot&nbsp;control blood sugar, either because it cannot use the insulin the pancreas makes or because&nbsp;the pancreas does not&nbsp;produce enough&nbsp;insulin.Uncontrolled diabetes frequently causes hyperglycaemia, or elevated blood sugar, which over time seriously harms many bodily systems, including the&nbsp;nerves and blood vessels. Diabetes caused&nbsp;<a href="https://www.idf.org/our-network/regions-members/africa/diabetes-in-africa.html#:~:text=is%20responsible%20for-,416%2C000%20deaths,-in%20the%20IDF">416,000 deaths across the</a> world in 2021.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Type 1 versus Type 2 Diabetes</h2>The primary&nbsp;difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes is that type 1 is a genetic illness that&nbsp;usually occurs in childhood. When you have type 1 diabetes, your immune system attacks and kills the cells in your pancreas that&nbsp;make insulin. In contrast, type 2 is primarily a result of lifestyle choices and develops over time.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Type 1 Diabetes</h2>Deficient insulin production is a hallmark of type 1 diabetes, sometimes&nbsp;called insulin-dependent, juvenile, or childhood-onset. This condition requires daily insulin injections.&nbsp;In type 1 diabetes, the body attacks the pancreatic beta cells, impairing their capacity to make insulin. High blood sugar levels result from the cells' inability to absorb glucose in the absence of sufficient insulin.&nbsp;Children are most frequently affected by type 1 diabetes.Symptoms of type 1 diabetes include:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">frequent urination (polyuria)&nbsp;</li><li style="text-align:justify;">excessive thirst (polydipsia)</li><li style="text-align:justify;">persistent hunger&nbsp;</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Weight loss</li><li style="text-align:justify;">poor vision</li><li style="text-align:justify;">exhaustion</li></ul>These signs&nbsp;often appear suddenly and worsen over time if the high blood sugar is not well controlled.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Type 2 diabetes</h2>Type 2 diabetes, also known as non-insulin-dependent or adult-onset diabetes,&nbsp;occurs when the body cannot use insulin adequately. Most&nbsp;people with diabetes worldwide suffer from type 2 diabetes, and the common risk factors include being overweight and&nbsp;physically inactive.&nbsp;The disease is more common in adults.&nbsp;Insulin Resistance, which is a complication of type 2 diabetes, affects how well your body recognizes insulin. Without a sufficient insulin response, it becomes more difficult for your cells to absorb glucose, which causes blood sugar levels to increase.&nbsp;While symptoms are frequently less severe than those of&nbsp;type 1 diabetes, they may be comparable. As a result, the condition may not be discovered until after its onset, when complications have already developed. This particular type of diabetes was previously only observed in adults, but it is becoming increasingly seen in kids.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Is it true that black people are more likely to have diabetes?</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_3a34b0752f_cd476a55c5.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/high-angle-diabetic-woman-checking-her-glucose-level_65609368.htm#fromView=search&amp;page=1&amp;position=18&amp;uuid=59225968-f83e-4428-bf10-e35698027a57">Image by freepik</a>One reason millions of Africans have diabetes is that black people are more likely to have the disease than non-blacks. This increased risk are linked to:<ul><li>Gene-dependent factors</li></ul>Some researchers suggest that the “thrifty gene”, which helps certain groups to conserve energy and nutrients during scarcity, is a potential reason why black Americans had higher diabetes rates than other ethnic groups.<ul><li>Health-related factors</li></ul>Obesity and reduced physical activity are linked to increased emergence of type 2 diabetes among blacks.<ul><li>Social factors</li></ul>Poverty is a significant risk factor for diabetes. In a 2014 study, researchers studying the relationship between diabetes prevalence and poverty found that the rates of diabetes were greater among blacks but particularly higher in poor folks.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">&nbsp;</h2>

Millions live with diabetes, yet in Africa, many cases go undiagnosed. Learn how to assess your risk and take steps to prevent this growing health concern.

Are Black People More Susceptible to Diabetes?

<a href="https://unsplash.com/@freestocks?utm_content=creditCopyText&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_source=unsplash%22%3efreestocks%3c/a%3e%20on%20%3ca%20href=%22https://unsplash.com/photos/woman-holding-stomach-ux53SGpRAHU?utm_content=creditCopyText&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_source=unsplash">Photo by Unsplash</a>Pre-eclampsia is a complication of pregnancy that affects about&nbsp;<a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.18.22275250v1.full">5–8%&nbsp;</a>of all pregnant women in Nigeria and Africa. It is a leading cause of maternal and infant morbidity and mortality in Nigeria and Africa.The International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy&nbsp;<a href="https://isshp.org/the-definition-of-severe-and-early-onset-preeclampsia-statements-from-the-isshp/">defines</a> pre-eclampsia as hypertension that occurs after 20 weeks of pregnancy with one or more of proteinuria (protein in the urine) and abnormalities in organ function.&nbsp;The symptoms of pre-eclampsia can be subtle and may not appear until late in pregnancy, which is why it is often referred to as the&nbsp;“silent killer” of pregnant women.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Causes of pre-eclampsia</h2>The exact cause of pre-eclampsia is unknown. However, research suggests that pre-eclampsia may result from problems with the blood vessels in the placenta may cause it.&nbsp;The placenta is the organ that connects the baby to the mother's blood supply. In pre-eclampsia, the blood vessels in the placenta become narrowed, which can&nbsp;decrease blood flow to the baby.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Signs and symptoms of pre-eclampsia</h2>Pregnant women with pre-eclampsia may present with:<ul><li>High blood pressure</li><li>Protein in the urine</li><li>Swelling in the face, hands, and feet</li><li>Sudden weight gain</li><li>Headaches</li><li>Vision changes</li><li>Abdominal pain (you can say epigastric pain)</li><li>Nausea and vomiting</li></ul>It is important to note that these symptoms may not always be present, and some women may not experience any symptoms at all. That is why&nbsp;pregnant women should attend all their antenatal appointments and have their blood pressure and urine checked regularly.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Pre-eclampsia may hurt the mother and baby</h2>Untreated pre-eclampsia can lead to premature birth, low birth weight, and even stillbirth. In addition, pre-eclampsia can cause&nbsp;severe damage to the mother's organs, such as the liver and kidneys, and increase the risk of stroke and other complications such as eclampsia.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Who is at risk of pre-eclampsia?</h2>Several risk factors can increase a woman's chances of developing pre-eclampsia. These include:<ul><li>First-time pregnancy</li><li>Age (women over 40 are at higher risk)</li><li>Multiple pregnancies (i.e., women carrying multiple babies like twins, triplets etc.)</li><li>Obesity</li><li>A family history of pre-eclampsia</li><li>Chronic hypertension</li><li>Diabetes</li><li>Kidney disease</li><li>Lupus</li></ul>Also, a woman is more likely to get pre-eclampsia again if she has had it during a previous pregnancy.&nbsp;Studies have shown that pre-eclampsia happens more often in Africa than in other parts of the world. This is likely due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Diagnosis and treatment of pre-eclampsia</h2>Pre-eclampsia is diagnosed through routine antenatal care. If your care provider suspects that you have pre-eclampsia is suspected, you may be referred to a specialist for further testing.The treatment for pre-eclampsia depends on the severity of the condition and how far along you are in your pregnancy. In some cases, early delivery may be necessary to protect the health of the mother and the baby. But if the baby isn't ready, your doctor may suggest medicines to control blood pressure, bed rest, and other treatments to help&nbsp;support the pregnancy.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Importance of early detection and treatment of pre-eclampsia</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_87a8c767ff_567cb3a7da.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/woman-expecting-child-doing-examination-with-medic-medical-office-general-practitioner-consulting-pregnant-patient-check-pregnancy-healthcare-physician-helping-mother_22298434.htm#fromView=search&amp;page=1&amp;position=0&amp;uuid=b8b72d1a-9e29-4363-8da2-20a11cdf9aab">Image by DC Studio on Freepik</a>Early detection and treatment of pre-eclampsia are crucial&nbsp;to preventing serious complications. This is why pregnant women should attend regular antenatal care appointments, where their blood pressure and other vital signs will be monitored.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Preventing&nbsp;pre-eclampsia</h2>While it is not always possible and there is no surefre way to prevent pre-eclampsia, there are steps you can take to reduce your risk of developing pre-eclampsia. Here are a few tips to help ensure a healthy pregnancy:<ol><li>Visit your healthcare provider regularly: Early and regular antenatal care is essential for detecting and managing potential complications, including pre-eclampsia.</li><li>Eating a balanced and healthy diet:&nbsp;enrich your diet&nbsp;with fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins.</li><li>Stay active: Regular exercise, such as walking or&nbsp;pelvic floor exercises, can help improve circulation and prevent hypertension.</li><li>Maintain a healthy weight: Eat small portions of food, drink plenty of water, and curb your desire to binge on foods</li><li>Control any pre-existing medical conditions: If you have diabetes or kidney disease,&nbsp;see a doctor to manage them before or during pregnancy.</li><li>Avoid smoking and alcohol intake:&nbsp;both can increase your risk of pre-eclampsia.</li></ol><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">A final word</h2><blockquote>Pre-eclampsia is a serious pregnancy complication that can have serious consequences for both the mother and baby. However, the outcome can be positive if it's detected and managed early.By understanding the risk factors, signs and symptoms, and ways to reduce your risk, you can take steps to protect yourself and your baby. So, always be informed and proactive about your health during pregnancy.</blockquote>

No pregnant woman should have to worry about pre-eclampsia. Understanding the risks can help ensure a safe pregnancy.

What Every Nigerian Woman should know about Pre-eclampsia

Women's Health

<a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/a-man-using-braille-book-7265314/">Photo by Thirdman</a>If you can read this, congratulations: you can see. It doesn’t matter whether you are reading through eyeglasses or not. What matters is that you're here, reading this.That you're here now may also suggest you’re worried about your eyes. Perhaps your vision is getting blurry, and you wonder if you’re going blind. Your fears are understandable.The World Health Organization (WHO)&nbsp;<a href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/blindness-and-visual-impairment">estimates</a> that more than 250 million people worldwide are visually impaired. This figure is predicted to increase to 703 million by 2050. In Nigeria, experts estimate that&nbsp;<a href="https://guardian.ng/news/world-sight-day-why-over-4-25m-adult-nigerians-are-blind-by-ophthalmologists/">4.25 million people</a> are blind. These statistics are enough to make anyone jittery.But what does it mean to be blind? Is it when you can’t see at all and your vision is pitch black, or is it when you need glasses and other visual aids to read and do basic activities? Blindness&nbsp;can be that and more.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">What is blindness?</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_a17647e314_1_7b47500477.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/man-sitting-on-a-bench-with-his-dog-8327844/">Photo by MART&nbsp; PRODUCTION</a>Blindness is a condition&nbsp;in which a person cannot see anything or has extremely poor vision. Clinically, blindness is defined as visual acuity of less than 3/60 or a visual field of less than 10 degrees in your better eye, with the best correction.Eye doctors, or ophthalmologists, define vision in terms of visual acuity and visual field. Visual acuity measures the eye’s ability to see things clearly and in detail, whether near or far away. The visual field is how much of a space your eyes can see with a steady gaze.Vision acuity is expressed as a fraction. The top number is the distance that your vision is tested. This is usually 6 metres or 20 feet. The bottom number is the distance at which a person with normal vision is expected to see the image or text. It’s also 6 metres or 20 feet.If your eyes are okay, you should be able to see an object clearly from six metres away, so you’ll score 6/6 or 20/20. The 6/6 records visual acuity in metres, while 20/20 is recorded in feet. We use 6/6 in Nigeria. A visual acuity lower than 6/6 often suggests a problem with your vision.&nbsp;<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Glasses and contact lenses can correct mild and moderate vision problems. If, after correction, the vision is less than 3/60 (20/400) in the better eye, an individual will be considered blind.&nbsp;</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Blindness can occur due to injury, infections, or genetic disorders. Whatever the cause, blindness can affect your ability to perform basic tasks.&nbsp;</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">What are the causes of blindness?</h2>The most common cause of blindness worldwide is age-related macular degeneration. The macula is a thin layer behind the eyes that helps us to note the tiny details of an object and focus effectively.&nbsp;It deteriorates as we age, leading to vision loss.&nbsp;However, in Nigeria and Africa, the leading causes are cataracts, glaucoma, and corneal opacity.&nbsp;Other causes include:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Injury from heavy blows, penetrating objects, toxic chemicals, or radiation&nbsp;exposure.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Genetic disorders like retinitis pigmentosa and&nbsp;albinism</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Diabetes</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Hypertension</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Stroke</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Vitamin A deficiency</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Trachoma</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Onchocerciasis</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Symptoms of blindness</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_7e37a7114e_ecad38fb11.webp"></figure>Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@nate_dumlao?utm_content=creditCopyText&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_source=unsplash">Nathan Dumlao</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/man-holding-eyeglasses-VJHb4QPBgV4?utm_content=creditCopyText&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_source=unsplash">Unsplash</a>One early symptom&nbsp;of deteriorating vision is blurry or hazy vision. Objects may appear fuzzy to you. You may struggle to identify figures and shapes at a distance or squint to read texts with regular font sizes and lighting conditions.&nbsp;It could also be that you find it more challenging to move around at home, recognize faces, or function outdoors.Other symptoms include:<ul><li>Difficulty seeing at night or in low-light conditions</li><li>Increased sensitivity to&nbsp;light or glare</li><li>Narrowed visual field</li><li>Loss of peripheral vision, or the ability to see side objects</li><li>Total loss of vision,&nbsp;or the ability to see light</li></ul>Depending on the cause, you may experience frequent headaches, eye pain or discomfort, and light sensitivity.&nbsp;Pay attention to these symptoms and seek medical attention if you experience them.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">&nbsp;</h2><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Conclusion</h2>If you suspect your vision is getting poor, keep calm and visit a doctor. Your symptoms could be a sign of a mild eye disease or something more. Your doctor will tell you what they are.&nbsp;Symptoms of blindness are often innocent. Except in cases of direct injury to your eyes, blindness often starts with blurry or hazy vision, then to&nbsp;partial or total vision loss if they are not treated.&nbsp;Good eye care can protect you from common causes of blindness, while regular eye examination helps you detect eye diseases very early. Drugs, surgery, and transplants can resolve some of these causes; some other causes are irreversible.&nbsp;

Blindness can be preventable or unavoidable, but early detection and proper care can make a difference. Learn how to protect your vision.

Help! I think I’m going blind

<a href="https://pixabay.com/photos/vegetable-stand-vegetables-market-5149444/">Photo by Helmut_kroiss</a>Food is more than just something that tastes good and fills you up. It is an essential part of our lives and plays a critical role in maintaining good health and fueling our bodies.But not all foods are the same. Understanding the different classes of food and what they contain will help you decide on what to eat, what they do, and how you should eat to introduce and maintain your body in its best shape.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What are Classes of Food?</h2>Classes of food are groups of foods that have similar nutrients and work in the body in similar ways. There are six major classes of food: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Carbohydrates give you energy</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_fccbab762c_08e6cc4383.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/assortment-common-food-allergens-people_33757336.htm#query=carbohydrates&amp;position=1&amp;from_view=keyword&amp;track=sph&amp;uuid=f0919fbe-c696-4808-b971-d6a506938a8d">Image by&nbsp;Freepik</a>While carbohydrates have gotten a bad reputation for contributing to diabetes and weight gain, they are essential in keeping you fit and energized. Foods such as yams, bread, rice, potatoes, and some fruits are chief sources of carbohydrates, which are a type of macronutrient that&nbsp;serves as body fuel. This is why you should include carbohydrates in your diet.<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Types of carbohydrates</h3>There are two main types of carbohydrates: simple carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates.<ul><li>Simple carbohydrates&nbsp;are a type of carbohydrate that undergo no further processing to produce energy. They are found in sugary foods and provide a quick burst of energy.&nbsp;</li><li>Complex carbohydrates, on the other hand, need to be broken down to provide a slower release of energy. They are found in starchy foods like rice, yam, and whole grains,&nbsp;which are metabolised to provide sustained energy.</li></ul>&nbsp;<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">How to incorporate carbohydrates into your diet</h3>Choose whole grain products, such as wheat bread and brown rice, instead of refined grain products, such as white bread and white rice.&nbsp;Supplement these with a collection&nbsp;of fruits and vegetables to make your diet for a healthy source of carbohydrates.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Vitamins and Minerals for Vitality</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_9ae6c6e784_bab1b60ee4.webp"></figure><a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/kiwis-and-oranges-1cWZgnBhZRs">Photo by Luke Michael</a>The body needs vitamins and minerals in small amounts to function properly.&nbsp;Vitamins and minerals have a vital role in everything from building strong bones and maintaining good health to boosting our immune system.&nbsp;Some of the most important vitamins and minerals include vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, and iron. You can get these nutrients from a variety of foods, including fruits, vegetables, dairy products, whole grains, and lean protein sources.<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">Types of Vitamins and Minerals</h3>There are 13 essential vitamins, including vitamins A, C, D, and E. Each vitamin has its unique function, such as maintaining healthy skin and supporting the immune system.There are also many different types of minerals, including calcium, iron, and magnesium. Each mineral has its unique function in the body, such as building strong bones and helping regulate the heart's rhythm.&nbsp;<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">Role of Vitamins and Minerals in the Body</h3>Vitamins and minerals play a crucial role in many processes in the body, including growth, metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, building strong bones, regulating heart function, transmitting nerve impulses, and disease prevention.&nbsp;&nbsp;They also help to protect cells and tissues, maintain&nbsp;fluid balance, and support the maintenance of a healthy immune system.<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">How to incorporate more vitamins and minerals into your diet</h3>Fruits and veggies are the chief source of vitamins and minerals. For instance, leafy greens, such as spinach and kale, are a good source of calcium and iron.&nbsp;Orange is rich in vitamin C.&nbsp;Additionally, meat, poultry, and dairy products, such as milk and yogurt, are rich in iron and calcium and are a good source of Vitamin D. Seafood is a good source of magnesium and iodine. Nuts, seeds, and legumes are good sources of magnesium, phosphorus, and potassium.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Water</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_421b6c4d19_f1a96d46fb.webp"></figure><a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/pouring-water-on-persons-hands-YpZ2cj4s0oo">Photo by mrjn Photography</a>Our body is made up of 70% water, so it’s only natural for water to be very essential to play a central role in our diet, digestion, and wellbeing.&nbsp; Water helps to regulate our body temperature, lubricates joints, removes or flushes out waste products and toxins, and helps transport nutrients throughout the body. It is also important for hydration and maintaining healthy skin and eyes.<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">How to stay hydrated all day</h3>It is recommended to drink at least&nbsp;15 cups or glasses (3 to 4 litres, or 6 to 8 sachets of water) per day.&nbsp;If you’re in a hot environment like Nigeria, you may need to drink more. But the exact amount of water you need can change depending on your age, gender, level of activity, and health in general.&nbsp;&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Bottom Line</h2>A balanced diet is a diet containing a healthy blend of the different classes of food we’ve discussed. Fill your plate with a variety of components from each food group.&nbsp;<figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_62c94a4d33_b13866549b.webp"></figure><a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/fruit-salad-on-gray-bowls-HlNcigvUi4Q">Photo by Brooke Lark</a>Personalise your diet and ensure your health is at the top of your scale when selecting what food to eat.&nbsp;&nbsp;While several dietary guidelines recommend different daily dietary regimens for individuals, there are no universal diet guidelines. So it’s helpful to tailor the guidelines to your individual needs and circumstances.&nbsp;&nbsp;Remember that everyone's nutritional needs are different and may change throughout their lives, depending on factors like age, gender, specific health conditions and physical activity levels.&nbsp;&nbsp;Speaking with a registered dietitian or healthcare provider can help you determine what a healthy and balanced diet looks like for you.

From proteins to carbohydrates, understanding food classes helps you make better dietary choices for a balanced and healthy life.

The ABCs of Food and Why Food Classes Matter

Hypertension by&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nyphotographic.com/">Nick Youngson</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">CC BY-SA 3.0</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://pix4free.org/">Pix4free</a><ol style="list-style-type:decimal;"><li>High blood pressure is more common in adults, but it’s now becoming a problem in children too.</li><li>It can happen because of health problems like kidney or heart issues, or from unhealthy habits.</li><li>More children are getting high blood pressure because many are overweight and not active enough.</li></ol>As parents, we often worry about our children's health and well-being, from ensuring they eat healthy foods to getting&nbsp;the best medical attention that we can afford whenever they are ill. But have you ever considered their blood pressure?&nbsp;While&nbsp;hypertension is often seen as a condition that affects adults, it can also affect children and adolescents, and it is on the rise.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How common is hypertension in children?</h2>Although it is more common in adults, hypertension in children is becoming recognized as a significant health issue.&nbsp;It can result from underlying conditions, such as kidney disease or heart abnormalities, or develop as primary hypertension, often linked to obesity, poor diet, and lack of physical activity. Increased rates of childhood obesity have contributed to a rise in hypertension among children.&nbsp;A&nbsp;<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589537021005101">review&nbsp;</a>of studies on hypertension in Africa finds that about 7% of African children are hypertensive and that the number is rising due to an increase in the number of children who are overweight or obese.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Types of hypertension in children</h2>Hypertension could be primary or secondary.&nbsp;Primary hypertension, or essential hypertension, is&nbsp;a condition of high blood pressure&nbsp;in which the cause is unknown.&nbsp;Primary hypertension runs in families and is the most&nbsp;common type of&nbsp;hypertension in children.&nbsp;Secondary&nbsp;hypertension&nbsp;is high blood pressure with a known cause, such as renal disease, heart disease, or endocrine disorders.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What are the causes of hypertension in children?</h2>There are many genetic, environmental, lifestyle, and medical&nbsp;factors responsible for hypertension in children.&nbsp;They include:<ul><li>Having a hypertensive parent</li><li>Obesity</li><li>Poor diet</li><li>Sedentary lifestyle</li><li>Chronic medical conditions like diabetes, kidney disease, and sleep apnea</li><li>Medications, including NSAIDs, steroids, and over-the-counter cold remedies</li></ul><h2>Signs and symptoms of hypertension in children?</h2>Here are some signs&nbsp;that may suggest your child has hypertension:<ul><li>Headaches</li><li>Fatigue</li><li>Dizziness</li><li>Blurry vision</li><li>Chest pain</li><li>Difficulty breathing</li><li>Blood in urine</li></ul>It is important to note that many children with&nbsp;hypertension do not experience any symptoms,&nbsp;so regular blood pressure checks are essential for early detection and treatment.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How can you know if your child has hypertension?</h2>Diagnosing hypertension in children requires multiple blood pressure measurements taken over time and a thorough evaluation of&nbsp;your child’s medical history, family history, and physical exam.&nbsp;The diagnostic criteria for&nbsp;hypertension in&nbsp;children use average blood pressure values for age, sex, and height. The doctor must measure a child’s blood pressure multiple times to establish a diagnosis of hypertension.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">&nbsp;</h2>

Poor diet, obesity, and genetics are causing a rise in childhood hypertension, leading to lifelong health risks.

Hypertension in Nigerian Children

<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Proteins build your body</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_afab21adb3_ed688afd00.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/grilled-vegetables-and-fried-egg-with-beans-and-sausage-4552980/">Photo by Roman Odintsov</a>Proteins are essential for the growth and repair of our body tissues. They are the building blocks of our muscles, skin and tissues. Proteins can be found in foods such as meat, poultry, fish, dairy products, beans, nuts, and tofu.<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">Types of Proteins</h3>There are many different types of proteins, each with its own unique structure and function. Some examples include hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the blood, and enzymes, which help to digest food.<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">How to Incorporate More Proteins into Your Diet</h3>Start with lean protein sources and meats, such as chicken and fish, in your meals. Then add plant-proteins or dairy products to provide you with the essential amino acids.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Can Fats make you fat?</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_88c4bf7ba0_c15c9db95b.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/real-food-pyramid-assortment-top-view_39205167.htm">Image by&nbsp;Freepik</a>No, Fats will not make you fat if you take the right type of fats in the right proportion. A small amount of Fat in your diet is enough to keep you healthy, without being at risk of the many complications that come with excess fat.&nbsp;Fats&nbsp;help our body to produce essential amino acids and absorb fat-soluble vitamins. They are found in a variety of foods, including oils, butter, nuts, cheese, and fatty cuts of meat.&nbsp;<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">Types of Fats</h3>There are two main types of fats: unsaturated fats and saturated fats.<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Unsaturated fats found in foods such as olive oil, nuts, and avocados. They can be benefcial to health when consumed in moderation. These types of fats can help lower cholesterol levels and improve heart health.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Saturated fats&nbsp;are found in animal products and processed foods such as butter, lard, and fatty meats. Saturated fats have been linked to increased cholesterol levels and raise the risk of heart disease, and as such, should be consumed in moderation.</li></ul><h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">How to incorporate more good fats into your diet</h3>At all times, choose unsaturated fats over saturated ones. Evidence from nutritionists and doctors suggest that moderate levels of unsaturated fats have better health benefits and less risks than saturated ones.&nbsp;Unsaturated fats are found in food items such as nuts, seeds, avocados, and olive oil.&nbsp;Also, limit your intake of saturated fats from animal products and processed foods, and opt for lean cuts of meat instead.

Proteins are vital for building and repairing body tissues and are found in foods like meat, beans, and dairy; Fats don’t necessarily make you fat—healthy unsaturated fats can support your heart and nutrient absorption, while saturated fats should be eaten in small amounts to avoid health risks.

Proteins Build Your Body, Eat it!

<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Diagnosis of blindness</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_c0e5f444ad_94270667ec.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/a-person-in-white-shirt-having-an-eye-examination-5201879/">Photo by Photo By: Kaboompics.com</a>The diagnosis of blindness can only be done at a clinic. While you may be able to tell whether you can see or not, only an eye doctor can help you determine whether it is actually blindness and educate you on what you can do about it.Your doctor will do a comprehensive eye examination, which may involve:<ul><li>Testing your visual acuity</li><li>Measuring your eyes’ pressure or doing a tonometry</li><li>Dilating your eyes with eye drops</li></ul>You may need an MRI or a CT scan if the examination reveals any abnormalities.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Prevention of blindness</h2>Unfortunately, some types of blindness cannot be prevented. Blindness due to macular degeneration or optic atrophy, for instance, is unavoidable and a natural consequence of old age. But most types are preventable.The goals of prevention are to:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Protect your eyes from any disease</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Prevent your vision from getting worse if you’re already having trouble with your vision</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Minimize the difficulties you may face as someone with visual impairment</li></ul>So, how can you prevent blindness?<ol><li style="text-align:justify;">Go for regular eye checks at least once a year</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Maintain proper eye hygiene</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Use protective eyewear such as glasses and safety goggles</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Manage underlying diseases like hypertension and diabetes</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Get treated against blindness-causing infections such as Trachoma&nbsp;</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Go for genetic counselling to know your risk for developing eye diseases</li></ol><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Treatment of blindness</h2>The treatment of blindness depends on the underlying cause.&nbsp;Some causes may&nbsp;require drugs, others may require surgery or transplants.&nbsp;<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Drugs:&nbsp;Antibiotics and anti-worm medications can help treat blindness caused by bacteria and worms.&nbsp;</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Supplements:&nbsp;Vitamin A supplements may help restore vision loss in individuals with xerophthalmia.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Surgery: Refractive errors, cataracts, glaucoma, and other eye structural eye diseases can be resolved through surgery.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Corneal transplant:&nbsp;transplanting corneal tissues from a healthy donor helps improve vision loss or impairment caused by corneal damage.</li></ul>Individuals with irreversible vision loss can use adaptive devices and technologies to help them navigate their environment and perform daily tasks. These may include braille devices, talking computers, and mobility aids like canes and guide dogs.Note&nbsp;that treatment for blindness&nbsp;is best delivered by ophthalmologists who are readily available in most Nigerian hospitals. You may need to visit specialist centres, or contact your local clinics to access ophthalmologists who will treat you.<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Conclusion</h3><blockquote>Blindness is the loss of sight, either completely or partially, and it can affect people of all ages, including children. Common causes include infections, injuries, untreated eye diseases, and lack of proper eye care.&nbsp;</blockquote>&nbsp;

In many cases, blindness can be prevented or managed if caught early. Regular eye checkups, good hygiene, proper nutrition, and timely medical treatment are key to protecting vision.

Can you diagnose blindness?

<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Management of diabetes depends on the type:</h2><h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">Type 1 diabetes&nbsp;</h3><ul><li>Lifetime insulin therapy</li><li>Regular blood glucose monitoring</li><li>Balanced diet</li><li>Regular exercise</li><li>Mental health support</li><li>Mother and child education</li></ul><h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">Type 2 diabetes&nbsp;</h3><ul><li>Low carbohydrate and fat diet</li><li>Balanced diet&nbsp;</li><li>Regular exercise</li><li>Oral antidiabetic medication</li><li>Insulin therapy</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Diabetes complications can be life-threatening</h2>Children with diabetes often present late to hospitals, especially after they have developed complications. Some of these complications include:<ul><li>Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)</li><li>Hypoglycaemia</li><li>Diabetic retinopathy</li><li>Diabetic nephropathy</li><li>Cardiovascular diseases</li><li>Infections</li></ul>These complications may manifest as:<ul><li>Nausea</li><li>Vomiting</li><li>Abdominal pain</li><li>Fruity breath</li><li>Sudden chest pain</li><li>Blurred vision</li><li>Loss of consciousness</li></ul>Early diagnosis and management, coupled with good blood glucose control, can prevent or delay the onset of these complications.&nbsp;<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">You can delay or prevent the onset of diabetes</h3>The auto-immune nature of type 1 diabetes makes it challenging to prevent, but you can prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes with some pretty basic steps.<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Encourage your child to eat healthy diet</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Regular physical activity</li><li>Maintaining a healthy weight</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Limiting screen time</li><li>Regular check-ups</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What can the government do?</h2>The&nbsp;government&nbsp;is vital in implementing policies and programs that promote diabetes education, prevention, and management.&nbsp;Firstly, the government can allocate funds to support research and development of new treatment methods and technologies for diabetes management in children. This research can help improve the understanding of diabetes, leading to better prevention, diagnosis, and treatment for young patients.Secondly, the government can implement policies that promote healthy lifestyle choices for children. This can include providing nutritious meals in schools, promoting physical activity, and restricting the availability of unhealthy food choices.&nbsp;Such policies can help reduce the risk of diabetes in children and promote healthy living habits.The government can also provide education and awareness programs for parents and caregivers of young children with diabetes. These programs can offer guidance on&nbsp;managing diabetes at home, including monitoring blood glucose levels, administering insulin, and&nbsp;controlling hypoglycaemia.<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">Conclusion</h3>Diabetes affects children, too, and the number of children it affects is on the rise. The risk factors for diabetes in children include junk diet, obesity, prolonged screen time, little or no physical activity, parents with diabetes, and more. The onset of diabetes can be avoided with dietary and lifestyle adjustments; children with confirmed diabetes must visit a doctor for expert management.&nbsp;Diabetes is a chronic disorder that can be difficult to manage, especially the type 1 variety.&nbsp;<blockquote>Children with the disease may need lifetime management. This can be expensive and discomforting for the child. Parents must watch out for the risk factors and avoid them as much as possible. Please see a doctor if you have any concerns.</blockquote>

Diabetes in Nigerian children is becoming more common. It happens when the body can’t make or use insulin properly. This can be due to family history, poor diet, or not being active. Managing it early with healthy food, exercise, and the right treatment helps children live well.

How to manage your child's diabetes.

<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Management of hypertension in children</h2>Management depends on the severity of the condition, the age of the child, and any underlying medical conditions. It also involves several approaches:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Lifestyle changes</li></ul>Adjusting a child’s diet and exercise habits is key. Reducing their sodium intake, increasing fruits and vegetables, encouraging regular physical activity, and helping them manage weight are essential to controlling blood pressure. These changes are often the first step in treating primary hypertension.<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Medications</li></ul>If lifestyle changes are not enough, a child will need medications. Blood pressure-lowering drugs, such as ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, or calcium channel blockers, are commonly used. Medication use depends on the child’s age, the severity of the hypertension, and individual health needs.<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Treatment of underlying conditions</li></ul>For secondary hypertension, managing the root cause, such as kidney disease or hormonal disorders, is essential. Treating these underlying conditions helps to control high blood pressure and prevent complications like organ damage or stroke in the long term.<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Specialist care</li></ul>A doctor should always supervise paediatric hypertension management, preferably a specialist such as a paediatrician or paediatric cardiologist. A specialist will ensure treatment is tailored to the child’s condition and adjusted for optimal care.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How to protect your child from having hypertension</h2><ul><li>Encourage kids to have a salt- and&nbsp;fibre-free, fruit- and vegetable-rich, well-balanced diet. Avoid&nbsp;consuming processed and packaged foods that are heavy in added sugars, saturated fats, and salt. Instead of noodles, biscuits, chips, and fries, try fruits, nuts, dairy, milk, and whole grain meals.</li><li>Set aside at least an hour each day for kids to play or move about. Outdoor games, sports, dancing, and other physical pursuits fall into this category.</li><li>Regular blood pressure checks at well-child visits can help&nbsp;detect hypertension early on and enable early intervention.&nbsp;Get a home blood pressure monitor and then take the child to the hospital for regular checks.</li><li>Limit the time children spend on screens and encourage other activities that promote physical activity and social interaction.</li><li>Encourage children to develop healthy coping mechanisms such as meditation, deep breathing, or other relaxation techniques.</li></ul>Hypertension affects children and adults, and&nbsp;they have similar prevention strategies.&nbsp;By encouraging good practices from a young age, you can reduce your child's risk of hypertension and improve their general health and well-being.

Managing high blood pressure in Nigerian children means finding it early, eating healthier, being more active, and using medicine if needed.

How to manage your child's hypertension

How to check your blood genotype.<blockquote>To check your blood genotype, visit a certified medical laboratory or hospital where a blood sample will be collected and analyzed through a hemoglobin electrophoresis test.&nbsp;</blockquote><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_9733d01a9d_6529e34d3e.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-vector/blood-testing-set-background_4029984.htm#query=blood%20test&amp;position=24&amp;from_view=search&amp;track=ais&amp;uuid=28a71caa-6918-461d-a4fb-9ac315f9520d">Image by macro vector on Freepik</a>Blood genotype is often tested using the haemoglobin electrophoresis method. This method separates the blood based on the type of haemoglobin molecules present. The molecules spread out as bands on special paper, and the bands are compared with standard haemoglobin bands to identify abnormal ones like HbS or HbC.A scientist will collect a small volume of blood from you for the test, which usually lasts a few minutes to an hour.&nbsp; The results are usually ready in hours or days.It is important to check your blood genotype at a registered and reliable laboratory, or at different laboratories to ensure the accuracy of your results. There have been few reported cases of error in blood genotype testing.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Genotype compatibility for marriage</h2>Knowing one’s genotype is essential for a happy marriage, particularly where hereditary diseases such as sickle cell disease are common. Genotype compatibility describes how well the genes for particular traits match.&nbsp;Parents who have incompatible genotypes, such AS and SS or AS and AS, run the risk of passing on sickle cell disease to their offspring. To avoid these consequences, couples should get genetic testing done before getting married.&nbsp;Here is a table illustrating genotype compatibility for marriage:<figure class="table"><table><thead><tr><th style="border:1.0pt solid black;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:159.2pt;">Parent Genotype</th><th style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-color:black;border-left-style:none;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-width:1.0pt;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:144.1pt;">Offsprings</th><th style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-color:black;border-left-style:none;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-width:1.0pt;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:164.6pt;">Compatibility</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-color:black;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:none;border-width:1.0pt;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:159.2pt;">AA + AA</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:144.1pt;">AA, AA, AA, AA</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:164.6pt;">Compatible (Excellent)</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-color:black;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:none;border-width:1.0pt;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:159.2pt;">AA + AS</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:144.1pt;">AA, AS, AA, AS</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:164.6pt;">Compatible (Good)</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-color:black;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:none;border-width:1.0pt;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:159.2pt;">AA + SS</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:144.1pt;">AS, AS, AS, AS</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:164.6pt;">Compatible (Fair)</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-color:black;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:none;border-width:1.0pt;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:159.2pt;">AA + SC</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:144.1pt;">AS, AC, AS, AC</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:164.6pt;">Compatible (Fair)</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-color:black;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:none;border-width:1.0pt;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:159.2pt;">AA + AC</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:144.1pt;">AA, AA, AA, AC</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:164.6pt;">Compatible (Good)</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-color:black;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:none;border-width:1.0pt;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:159.2pt;">AS + AS</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:144.1pt;">AA, AS, AS, SS</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:164.6pt;">Incompatible (very bad)</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-color:black;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:none;border-width:1.0pt;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:159.2pt;">AA + CC</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:144.1pt;">AC, AC, AC, AC</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:164.6pt;">Compatible (Good)</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-color:black;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:none;border-width:1.0pt;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:159.2pt;">AS + SS</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:144.1pt;">AS, SS, SS, SS</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:164.6pt;">Incompatible (very bad)</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-color:black;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:none;border-width:1.0pt;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:159.2pt;">AS + AC</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:144.1pt;">AA, AC, AS, SC/SS</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:164.6pt;">Incompatible (very bad)</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-color:black;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:none;border-width:1.0pt;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:159.2pt;">AS + SC</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:144.1pt;">AS, AC, SS, SC</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:164.6pt;">Incompatible (very bad)</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-color:black;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:none;border-width:1.0pt;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:159.2pt;">SS + SS</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:144.1pt;">SS, SS, SS, SS,</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:164.6pt;">Incompatible (very bad)</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-color:black;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:none;border-width:1.0pt;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:159.2pt;">SS + SC</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:144.1pt;">SS, SC, SS, SC</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:164.6pt;">Incompatible (very bad)</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-color:black;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:none;border-width:1.0pt;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:159.2pt;">AC + SS</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:144.1pt;">AS, AS, SS, SS</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:164.6pt;">Incompatible (very bad)</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-color:black;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:none;border-width:1.0pt;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:159.2pt;">SS + AC</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:144.1pt;">AS, SC, AS, SC</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:164.6pt;">Incompatible (very bad)</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-color:black;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:none;border-width:1.0pt;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:159.2pt;">AC + AC</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:144.1pt;">AA, AC, AC, SS/CC</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:164.6pt;">Incompatible (very bad)</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-color:black;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:none;border-width:1.0pt;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:159.2pt;">SS + CC</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:144.1pt;">SC, SC, SC, SC</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:164.6pt;">Incompatible (very bad)</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-color:black;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:none;border-width:1.0pt;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:159.2pt;">SC + AC</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:144.1pt;">AS, SC, AC, CC</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:164.6pt;">Incompatible (very bad)</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-color:black;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:none;border-width:1.0pt;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:159.2pt;">AC + CC</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:144.1pt;">AC, AC, CC, CC</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:164.6pt;">Incompatible (very bad)</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-color:black;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:none;border-width:1.0pt;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:159.2pt;">SC + SC</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:144.1pt;">SS, SC, SC, CC</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:164.6pt;">Incompatible (very bad)</td></tr></tbody></table></figure>Notes:<ul><li>Compatible (Excellent): No risk of genetic disorders</li><li>Compatible (Good): Low risk of genetic disorders</li><li>Compatible (Fair): Moderate risk of genetic disorders</li><li>Incompatible (Very Bad): High risk of genetic disorders</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Conclusion</h2>The blood is more than just a means of transporting oxygen and nutrients within the body. Understanding your blood genotype is a powerful way to take charge of your health, avoiding potentially life-threatening disorders, and even finding compatible partners.

This test determines your genotype (e.g., AA, AS, SS, or AC) by identifying the types of hemoglobin in your red blood cells. It is important to confirm your genotype at least twice, preferably from reputable labs, as errors can occur.

How to check your blood genotype before marriage.

Mental Health and Well-being

Weight Management

<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What are the causes of cerebral palsy?</h2>Cerebral palsy is caused by abnormal brain development or injury to the developing brain. The brain starts developing in the fetus and completes development at mid-age. Abnormality or injury to the developing brain, whether inside or outside the fetus, can make it difficult for a child to control their muscles.Some of the causes responsible for the abnormality include:<ul><li>Genetic disorders</li><li>Enzyme deficiencies</li><li>Hormone disorders</li><li>Maternal infections such as gonorrhoea, urinary tract infections, etc.</li><li>Maternal diabetes</li></ul>These factors are thought to cause an abnormality or damage the brain before a child is born. Hence, they are called congenital&nbsp;factors. More than 80% of cerebral palsy cases are thought to be congenital.&nbsp;Other abnormalities occur after birth, and they are linked to conditions such as:<ul><li>Severe perinatal asphyxia</li><li>Bilirubin encephalopathy&nbsp;</li><li>Intracranial infections like meningitis</li><li>Prematurity</li><li>Prolonged labour</li><li>Traumatic birth</li><li>Brain injury or bleeding</li></ul>In some cases, the exact cause of cerebral palsy is not known.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How to prevent Cerebral Palsy</h2>While complete prevention is not possible, expectant mothers can reduce the risk of their children having cerebral palsy by:<ul><li>Getting adequate antenatal care</li><li>Avoiding exposure to non-vaccine preventable infections</li><li>Receiving vaccination against common infections</li><li>Treating any underlying infection or disease</li><li>Avoiding smoking, alcohol, and psychoactive drugs</li></ul>These steps manage the risk factors and lessen the chance of developing cerebral palsy.Doctors can also help prevent cerebral palsy by:<ul><li>Monitoring fetal health&nbsp;</li><li>Monitoring the heart rate of mother and child</li><li>Screening for Rhesus compatibility between mother and child</li><li>Ensuring timely delivery</li><li>Ensuring adequate oxygenation at birth&nbsp;</li><li>Resuscitating baby as appropriate</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Diagnosis of Cerebral Palsy</h2>Diagnosing cerebral palsy can be challenging because the symptoms can be similar to those of other conditions that affect movement and posture. However, early diagnosis is important because it allows for early intervention, which can improve outcomes for children with CP.&nbsp;Here are some of the methods used to diagnose cerebral palsy:<ul><li>Medical history containing&nbsp;detailed information about a child’s pregnancy, delivery, and the developmental milestones helps to evaluate symptoms to aid diagnosis</li><li>Physical examination&nbsp;of muscle tone, reflexes, posture, and movement that may&nbsp;reveal abnormalities to suggest cerebral palsy</li><li>Neurological examination can help detect underlying brain problems such as seizures or abnormal brain activity</li><li>Imaging tests such as MRI or CT scans can help identify any brain abnormalities that may be causing cerebral palsy. These tests can also help identify the type and severity of cerebral palsy.</li><li>Developmental&nbsp;monitoring helps&nbsp;to identify any delays or abnormalities in the child's development, such as motor or cognitive development delays.</li><li>Genetic&nbsp;screening is useful in detecting mutations or chromosomal&nbsp;disorders that are associated with cerebral palsy.</li><li>An electromyography (EMG) measures the electrical activity in muscles; it detects any abnormalities in muscle function that may indicate cerebral palsy.</li></ul><h2>Treatment for Cerebral Palsy</h2>There’s no cure for cerebral palsy. However, treatments are available to manage the symptoms and improve outcomes for&nbsp;children with cerebral palsy.&nbsp;The treatments are tailored to the needs of the person and may include the following:<ul><li>Physical therapy to improve&nbsp;movement,&nbsp;flexibility, and muscle strength</li><li>Occupational therapy to help develop fine motor skills&nbsp;or learn new ways to perform daily tasks.</li><li>Speech therapy&nbsp;to improve a child’s the ability to speak and swallow</li><li>Medications&nbsp;to relieve the symptoms such as seizures and contractions</li><li>Surgery may be recommended to correct skeletal abnormalities, such as scoliosis or hip dislocation.</li><li>Assistive&nbsp; devices,&nbsp;such&nbsp; as&nbsp; braces,&nbsp;walkers,&nbsp; or wheelchairs, can help individuals with CP improve their mobility and independence</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Caring for a Child with Cerebral Palsy</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_472132a290_6091b34e98.webp"></figure>It can be challenging caring&nbsp;for a child with cerebral palsy, but with the right resources and support,&nbsp;parents can give a child the care and attention they need without burning out.&nbsp;Here are some tips for caring for a child with cerebral palsy:<ul><li>Build a strong support system of family, friends, support groups, and other caregivers to help you through the process</li><li>Understand&nbsp;a child’s physical, emotional, and cognitive needs so you can provide the appropriate care and support</li><li>Find alternative ways to communicate, such as using pictures, gestures, or assistive technology, especially for children with speaking difficulties</li><li>Make sure the child's environment is safe and accessible, with plenty of space for them to move around and play</li><li>Encourage&nbsp;the child to participate therapy exercises or adapted sports; you can join in too</li><li>Make their food ease to chew and swallow</li><li>Advocate for their needs within your community and help to empower other families</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Bottom Line</h2><blockquote>Cerebral palsy affects a number of children in Nigeria,&nbsp;and it limits their chances of living high quality lives or living to the best of their potentials. Many of them dropout of&nbsp; treatment&nbsp;due to the cost and difficulty in accessing care.&nbsp;Thankfully, the situation is improving, as more hospitals have specialists to manage the cases, and families get better informed to take care of their child.&nbsp;<ul><li>Knowing the risk factors and prevention options can help parents reduce the risks of having a child with cerebral palsy.&nbsp;</li></ul></blockquote>

Cerebral palsy in Nigerian children needs early medical attention for better care and development. Learn the signs, seek help early, and improve your child’s quality of life.

Causes of Cerebral Palsy in Nigerian Children

Early detection of cervical cancer is key to effective treatment, making regular Pap smear screenings essential.The HPV vaccine, now available in three different versions, provides crucial protection against the virus that often leads to cervical cancer.<h3>Early Stages</h3>In its early stages, cervical cancer typically does not present any symptoms, making early detection challenging. Symptoms often emerge only after the cancer has progressed.When early-stage cervical cancer symptoms do manifest, they may include:<ul><li>Irregular vaginal bleeding or heavier menstrual periods</li><li>Vaginal bleeding after menopause</li><li>Vaginal bleeding post-intercourse</li><li>Unusual vaginal discharge that may be watery, foul-smelling, or blood-stained</li><li>Pelvic pain or discomfort during intercourse</li></ul>As cervical cancer advances, symptoms may encompass those of early-stage cancer, along with:<ul><li>Painful or difficult bowel movements</li><li>Bleeding from the anus during bowel movements</li><li>Painful urination</li><li>Blood in the urine</li><li>Persistent lower back pain</li><li>Swelling in the legs</li><li>Abdominal pain</li><li>Fatigue</li></ul>These symptoms can also be found in other conditions other than cervical cancer. Consulting a Doctor is essential for an accurate diagnosis. Delaying treatment for cervical cancer due to ignored symptoms can lead to less effective management.<h2>Stages of cervical cancer</h2>The staging of cervical cancer indicates the degree of spread.There are 4 stages of cervical cancer progression and they are:<ul><li>Stage I: Cancer is confined to the cervix.</li><li>Stage II: Cancer has spread beyond the cervix and uterus but not to the pelvic wall or vagina.</li><li>Stage III: Cancer has spread to the lower vagina and possibly the pelvic wall and nearby lymph nodes.</li><li>Stage IV: Cancer has spread to the bladder, rectum, or other distant parts of the body.</li></ul><h2>Treatment</h2>Treatment of cervical cancer depends on:<ul><li>The stage of the cancer</li><li>The size and shape of the tumor</li><li>The woman's age and general health</li><li>Her desire to have children in the future</li></ul>Early cervical cancer can be cured by removing or destroying the precancerous or cancerous tissue. There are surgical ways to do this without removing the uterus or seriously damaging the cervix, so that a woman can still have children in the future.The following treatment options are available depending on the stage of the cancer:<ul><li>Laser therapy</li><li>Cryotherapy</li><li>Hysterectomy</li><li>Radiation therapy</li><li>Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure(LEEP)</li><li>Chemotherapy</li><li>&nbsp;</li></ul><h3>HPV vaccine</h3>The HPV vaccine is designed to protect against the specific strains of HPV responsible for nearly all cervical cancer cases. Gardasil 9 is effective against nine HPV types, which together account for about 90% of cervical cancers. For optimal efficacy, the second dose should be administered six to twelve months after the first.Receiving the HPV vaccine does not eliminate the need for regular cervical cancer screening. Women vaccinated against HPV should have their first screening at age 25 and continue every five years thereafter.<blockquote>Recognizing the symptoms of cervical cancer is key to early detection and effective treatment. In its early stages, cervical cancer may not present any noticeable signs, which is why regular screenings are crucial. When symptoms do appear, they can include irregular vaginal bleeding, unusual discharge, pain during intercourse, or pelvic discomfort. As the cancer progresses, additional symptoms such as painful urination, lower back pain, or leg swelling may occur.While these signs can be caused by other conditions, it's important to consult a doctor promptly for proper diagnosis and care.</blockquote>

Preventing cervical cancer starts with the HPV vaccine and regular screenings. Learn symptoms, stages, treatment options, and support resources.

Stages and Prevention of Cervical Cancer in Nigerian Women

Because only women have a Cervix, cervical cancer affects women in the cervix, the lower, narrow end of the uterus that connects to the vagina.<ul><li>Around 660,000 women were newly diagnosed with cervical cancer in 2022, making it the fourth most common cancer in women globally.</li><li>Cervical cancer is a largely preventable non-communicable disease, with effective strategies available for primary (vaccination), secondary (early detection), and tertiary (management of diagnosed cases) prevention.</li></ul>Everyone talks about Cancer and almost always generally. Breast cancer, lung cancer, and prostate cancer, these were familiar terms. Not much or anything at all is ever said about cervical cancer.&nbsp;<h3>What is Cervical Cancer?</h3>Cancer is a group of diseases where some of the body's cells grow uncontrollably and spread to other parts of the body.<ul><li>It accounts for death every two minutes and nearly 22.5% of those deaths occur in Africa.</li><li>About 8% of the cancer is associated with infections with high-risk strains of human papillomavirus (HPV)</li><li>More than &nbsp;75,000 new cases and close to 50,000 deaths are reported annually in sub-Saharan Africa</li><li>The World Health Organization projects that by 2030, cervical cancer will claim the lives of more than 443,000 women worldwide, with almost 90% of these fatalities in sub-Saharan Africa.</li></ul>A surge in cervical cancer cases threatens to reverse the advancements made by African women in reducing maternal mortality and enhancing life expectancy.&nbsp;<h1>What causes Cervical Cancer?</h1>The primary cause of cervical cancer is a long-lasting infection with specific types of human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is a transmitted virus that spreads through sexual contact.Doctors estimate that at least half of sexually active individuals will contract HPV at some point in their lives; however, only a small percentage of women will develop cervical cancer.<h3>Who is at risk for cervical cancer?</h3>Cervical cancer is often associated with identifiable risk factors. Some of these factors can be modified, while others are beyond your control.Here are some risk factors you can control:<ul><li>Sexual intercourse at an early age:</li><li>HPV infection</li><li>HIV infection</li><li>Weakened immune system</li><li>Multiple pregnancies</li><li>Long term use of birth control pills</li><li>Smoking: Cigarette smoking has been linked to a heightened risk of cervical cancer.</li></ul>While these risk factors are controllable, some are not. Example of an uncontrollable risk factor:<ul><li>Family history</li><li>Age</li></ul><h2>How is cervical cancer diagnosed?</h2><img src="https://codahosted.io/docs/k8T9__Kot0/blobs/bl-yrISdcM-gw/49e6af9051a463d1579b8ac42b143c3ae429cf4600c661c8f3e78a62beb3fe9f87ad0f1e9a05b170bc0c3347f027558941ff4c974545d332c26725c961d4c97e11ef404daab8e95695f6e95daa537dd662479fedbe37a9d5528cfa04bac7979b72e593f6" alt="image.png">&nbsp;Her gynecologist had told her that her last heavy flow was due to something called an <a href="https://www.osmosis.org/answers/anovulatory-cycle">anovulatory cycle</a>, which happened because when she had her period her ovaries did not release an egg and It was “nothing to worry about”.&nbsp;So when it happened again in June, she didn’t think much of it until it refused to stop after the expected 3 - 5 days. Mrs B bled for days.&nbsp;She returned to the hospital and had several tests done. A full blood count, an ultrasound scan, her PCV, which indicates the blood level in her body, was normal. The abdominal ultrasound done didn’t show anything abnormal. The labs looked through her results and found nothing extraordinary. Until she did a urinalysis, and they discovered red blood cells in her urine.The doctor again reassured her and recommended she go for a biopsy, where a tiny cut of her cervix will be taken and viewed with a microscope. The biopsy report came back and the unimaginable had happened: Mrs B had cervical cancer.&nbsp;The urinalysis done &nbsp;in the lab, the red blood cells found in her urine, how did they know what it was? Why was her urine unusual today of all days?Cervical cancer develops slowly over many years, hence the need for regular Pap smear.A Pap smear is a process that screens for cervical cancer by collecting cervical cells from the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It can also reveal precancerous changes in these cells, enabling early intervention when required.The doctor explained to Sola that in the test, the nurse uses a speculum to gently open the vagina, providing access to the cervix. They then collect cell samples using a soft brush or spatula, which they preserve in a solution and send to a laboratory for analysis.The entire process typically takes just a few minutes and may cause slight discomfort, but it is usually not painful.To detect early signs of cancer, if positive, a biopsy is ordered.The biopsy could be any of the following:<ul><li>Colposcopic biopsy</li><li>Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)</li><li>Cone biopsy</li><li>Endocervical curettage</li><li>Cold knife cone biopsy</li></ul>An HPV DNA test too can be ordered.When the biopsy test comes out as positive, further investigations would be required to determine if the cancer has spread (metastasized) and to what extent.The other test include:<ul><li>Renal function test</li><li>Liver function test</li><li>X-ray of bladder, bowels, intestines</li><li>Urine Test</li><li>Ultrasound</li></ul><blockquote><h3>Support Groups -</h3>Cancer changes dynamics of life for patient and family.Joining a cancer support group can provide emotional relief and connection with others facing similar challenges. Sharing experiences can help alleviate feelings of isolation.</blockquote>

How many women can identify their Cervix? Cervical cancer is a leading cause of death among women, yet it’s preventable and treatable. Find out how to protect yourself.

Cervical Cancer Cases in Nigerian Women.

Photo by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/fmsc/">Feed My Starving Children (FMSC)</a>&nbsp;on <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/fmsc/">Flickr</a> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/">(CC BY 2.0).</a>Seeing your child’s first smile, watching their initial wobbly steps, and hearing their child begin to form words are all precious milestones that gladdens the heart. This growth comes from nutrients in&nbsp; foods children eat.&nbsp;Children’s food should be rich in essential nutrients delivered in the right balance. When this balance is not maintained or achieved, it can lead to malnutrition which affects the child’s well-being in several ways.&nbsp;Here are some key facts about malnutrition in Nigerian children:<ul><li>Approximately 37% of children (6 million) experience stunting (a condition whereby the child is too short for the age)&nbsp;</li><li>18% of children are affected by wasting (indicating low weight for height)</li><li>29% of children are underweight (which includes both acute and chronic malnutrition)</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What is malnutrition?</h2>Malnutrition is an abnormality in nutrition. It occurs when there’s an imbalance in a child’s nutrient intake, either because the child takes too much or too little calories, carbohydrates, vitamins, proteins, or minerals. Malnutrition includes both undernutrition and overnutrition, which are consequences of either deficiencies or excesses of vital nutrients.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Why are some children malnourished?</h2>Children are more likely to have shortages of both macronutrients and micronutrients due to their increased nutritional needs during growth. When they don’t get adequate food or don’t eat as they should, they may become malnourished.&nbsp;The consequences of malnutrition in children under five can include being underweight, stunted, or wasted, with or without edema (previously referred to as marasmus and kwashiorkor, respectively), and in severe cases, it can lead to death.&nbsp;Malnutrition represents a critical outcome of food insecurity among children in this age group. Acute malnutrition can result in illness, death, and long-term disabilities, as well as hinder cognitive and physical development, while also increasing the likelihood of concurrent infections.&nbsp;Each year, around 50 million children globally experience acute malnutrition. Despite the availability of treatment, accessing it can be difficult.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Types of Malnutrition</h2>Malnutrition can be categorised primarily into two groups:<ul><li>Overnutrition</li><li>Undernutrition</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Overnutrition</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_c82187e67e_b5cbc0a3ab.webp"></figure>Overnutrition occurs when your child consumes more nutrients than their bodies need, resulting in excess body fat and related health risks.&nbsp;Children who are classified as overweight or obese face increased risks for a variety of health issues later in life, including:<ul><li>&nbsp;Heart disease</li><li>Diabetes</li><li>Certain types of cancer</li></ul>The occurrence of overnutrition is rising globally, with reports from unicef indicating that 5.7% of children under five were classified as overweight in 2020, an increase from 5.4% in 2000.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Undernutrition</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_f8dc8eb662_b74f10edd9.webp"></figure>Photo by &nbsp;<a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/dfid/5977576239">Cate Turton / Department for International Development</a> on <a href="https://www.flickr.com/">Flickr</a><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/">(CC BY 2.0).</a>Undernutrition is when a child is not eating enough food or the right foods to meet their body's needs for energy and good health.Undernutrition poses a serious threat to the health and development of children. It can result in severe outcomes like protein-energy malnutrition, including a greater vulnerability to infections, hindered cognitive and physical growth, and, in extreme cases, death.&nbsp;Undernutrition can be further classified into four categories:&nbsp;<ul><li>Wasting (defined as low weight-for-height)</li><li>Stunting (defined as low height-for-age)</li><li>Underweight (defined as low weight-for-age)</li><li>Deficiencies in essential vitamins and minerals</li></ul>Each of these conditions can have a profound impact on a child's health and development.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Why are children unable to access nutritious food?</h2>Dietary practices&nbsp;Unlike adults that can choose what they want to eat, children often take what they are fed. For the first months of life, most children are on breastmilk. Family food such as pap, rice, and “swallows” like eba, amala, and pounded yam, come much later.&nbsp;However, children may be left malnourished due to practices that undermine adequate nutrition. For instance, some mothers think that breastmilk alone is insufficient for their baby's growth and feel compelled to introduce other traditional foods too early.&nbsp;Additionally, there are misconceptions that colostrum—the first milk produced after childbirth—is not healthy for children, and may even be harmful, which leads some mothers to discard it.&nbsp;Breastmilk, especially colostrum, is one of the most nutritious foods a child can take. It is rich in nutrients and easy to digest. It also contains proteins that protect the child from diseases, plus growth factors to support the child’s maturation.&nbsp;Caregiver Ignorance&nbsp;Caregivers, especially first-time mothers are sometimes unaware of how frequently a child needs to be fed. Children’s meals do not follow adult timetables. They need to eat as soon as they are hungry, which is often many times.&nbsp;Young children grow rapidly in the first years of life,&nbsp; and this consumes their energy. Their energy comes from food. So they use more nutrients than adults, necessitating frequent meals that are balanced&nbsp;However, many first-time mothers mistakenly adhere to the adult routine of three square meals a day, which can result in the child not receiving the necessary nutrients.Illness&nbsp;&nbsp;Frequent or severe illnesses can cause a child to become malnourished. For instance, malaria, pneumonia, and measles causes the child to lose energy, or increase their energy demand, leading to malnutrition.&nbsp;An ill child may have poor appetite such that they don’t eat even when food is available. Such child may vomit their food, or lose all their nutrients through to diarrhoea. Some children with short gut may also not be able to absorb the foods they eat, whether the food is adequate or not.&nbsp;Besides, when their parents are ill and there’s other caregiver to take care of the child, the child may suffer malnutrition. This is often true for children of mothers with chronic illnesses, or mothers that had surgery or complications during delivery.&nbsp;Cost of quality mealThe high cost of nutritious meals is a major reason why many children under five in Nigeria suffer from malnutrition. Families, especially those in poorer areas, often can't afford the balanced diets that young children need.This issue is particularly severe in low income communities where many families don’t have a stable source of income, or the income is too low to provide enough food for the family.&nbsp;Moreover, factors like inflation, climate change, and economic instability are driving up food prices, making it even more difficult for low-income families to secure essential nutrients for their children.Conflict and Drought&nbsp;In northeastern Nigeria, the combination of drought and conflict has led to significant food shortages. Displacement of families means that parents often struggle to secure food, as they no longer have a reliable supply. When livelihoods are compromised, food insecurity becomes a pressing issue.&nbsp;According to a June 2024 report by UNICEF on food insecurity in Nigeria, around 11 million children, or one in every three children under five years of age, in Nigeria are experiencing severe child food poverty, making them up to 50 per cent more likely to experience wasting, a life-threatening form of malnutrition.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Signs and symptoms of malnutrition&nbsp;</h2>Signs of malnutrition can vary but often include:<ul><li>Unintentional weight loss</li><li>Reduced appetite or disinterest in food</li><li>Fatigue and irritability</li><li>Difficulty concentrating</li><li>Dry, pale skin</li><li>Easy bruising or rashes</li><li>Changes in hair texture and growth</li><li>Swollen or cracked tongue</li><li>Increased sensitivity to cold</li><li>Prolonged wounds healing&nbsp;</li><li>Higher likelihood of infections</li><li>Night blindness or sensitivity to light</li></ul>Sometimes, a child is given the right amount of food, but essential micronutrients like Zinc, Vitamin D etc are lacking, which would result in a term known as hidden hunger.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How can you prevent malnutrition?</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_78240af50f_8f9bda4a8e.webp"></figure>&nbsp;The key to preventing malnutrition is to maintain a balanced diet that includes a variety of foods from all major food groups. This should include:<ul><li>An abundance of fruits and vegetables, like oranges, watermelon, pumpkin leaves&nbsp;</li><li>Sufficient starchy foods such as bread, rice, yam flour, wheat flour, cassava flour (aka, garri) and pasta</li><li>Adequate dairy or dairy alternatives</li><li>Protein sources like meat, fish, crayfish, eggs, and legumes</li></ul>If you don’t know what a balance diet looks like in your local diet, discuss with a dietitians or a pediatrician to guide you.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How malnutrition is treated</h2>Malnutrition is a medical condition that requires care of specialists like dietitians and pediatricians. Treatment strategies will differ based on the severity of the condition and any underlying health issues. Approaches may include:<ul><li>Correcting life-threatening deficiencies</li><li>Stabilizing the child’s body temperature and fluid levels</li><li>Continuous monitoring and assessment</li><li>Developing a dietary plan that may include nutritional supplements</li><li>Addressing specific symptoms, such as vomiting and diarrhea&nbsp;</li><li>Treating any existing infections</li><li>Evaluating and managing swallowing difficulties</li><li>Following up on the child’s recovery</li></ul>In severe cases where a child cannot eat through the mouth, tolerate enough food, or absorb nutrients on their own, the physician may resort to feeding the child through intravenous (parenteral) or tube (enteral) methods to ensure adequate nutrient delivery.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Conclusion</h2>The complexities surrounding malnutrition are significant, with its most common causes linked to poor dietary quality, inadequate caregiving practices, and recurrent infections among children.&nbsp;The repercussions of malnutrition can lead to both immediate and long-term health challenges, including slower recovery from illnesses and an increased risk of infections.Therefore, it is vital for parents to priorities prevention strategies and recognize the signs of malnutrition to enable timely interventions and restore health in affected children.

Malnutrition isn’t just about food shortages—it’s about how well a child’s body uses nutrients. Here’s what every parent should know.

Malnutrition in Under 5 Children

<a href="https://pixabay.com/vectors/blood-blood-type-health-medical-1968458/">Image by Pixabay</a>Have you ever been asked “What’s your genotype?” It’s a common question for partners seeking to get married, children seeking to enroll into a school, or individuals looking for a job. Doctors too may ask about your genotype when you go for a checkup or treatment. So what’s genotype and how does it work?<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What’s a genotype?</h2>Genotype refers to an individual’s genetic makeup. It is an entire library of genes that determines height, eye color, blood group, susceptibility to some diseases, and even the ability to roll one's tongue.&nbsp;These traits are contained in units called genes. The traits exist in multiple forms or alleles. The alleles may be identical (homozygous) or different (heterozygous). The genes and alleles are packed tightly into larger units known as chromosomes. We inherit our genes from our parents, one copy from dad and one copy from mum, and they combine to create our unique genotypes.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What's blood genotype?</h2>Blood genotype refers to the genetic makeup of our blood components. It is used interchangeably with haemoglobin genotype (Hb genotype), which refers to the genes that code for haemoglobin. Haemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues.&nbsp;An average adult has the HbA genotype, which produces HbA with two normal globins. A change or mutation in the normal Hb genotype produces abnormal haemoglobins, such as HbS and HbC, which may affect red cell functions.There are several different genotypes:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">AA: normal haemoglobin genotype</li><li style="text-align:justify;">AS: sickle cell trait</li><li style="text-align:justify;">AC: haemoglobin disease</li><li style="text-align:justify;">SS: sickle cell anaemia</li><li style="text-align:justify;">SC: sickle cell disease&nbsp;</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How is the blood genotype inherited?</h2>Like all genotypes, the Hb genotype is inherited from both parents. The two copies of the Hb genes from your parents combine to determine the type of haemoglobin your red cells produce.Haemoglobin has two components: the haem component and the globin component. You can guess this from the name: haem + globin = haemoglobin. The Hb genotype codes for the globin component, which may be an alpha globin or a beta globin.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Why is the blood genotype important?</h2>Blood genotypes play a significant role in determining the risk of developing certain diseases. For instance, an individual with the HbAA genotype is more likely to have malaria, while someone with the HbSS genotype is more vulnerable to infections.&nbsp;Here is why. Malaria parasites survive better in red blood cells with normal haemoglobin than in sickled red cells. Individuals with sickle cell anaemia are likely to have infections because their immune system is weakened by damages caused by sickled red cells.Other importance of blood genotype include:<ol><li style="text-align:justify;">Improved family planning</li></ol>Testing for blood genotype can help you plan your family and ensure that your children are born healthy and without avoidable genetic disorders.<ol><li style="text-align:justify;">Inherited diseases</li></ol>With a genotype test, you can know your risk for certain inherited diseases and know how to manage them proactively.&nbsp;<ol><li style="text-align:justify;">Personalised medicine</li></ol>Knowing your genotype can also help develop personalised medicine. This type of medicine is tailored to the individual and considers their unique genetic makeup.&nbsp;<blockquote>To check your blood genotype, visit a certified medical laboratory or hospital where a blood sample will be collected and analyzed through a hemoglobin electrophoresis test.&nbsp;This test determines your genotype (e.g., AA, AS, SS, or AC) by identifying the types of hemoglobin in your red blood cells. It is important to confirm your genotype at least twice, preferably from reputable labs, as errors can occur.</blockquote><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">&nbsp;</h2>

Knowing your genotype matters for marriage, your health, and future generations. It helps you determine the risk of developing certain diseases. 

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