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As an individual, you are bound to feel a slight headache now and then or a slight cough after a long, tiring day. Do you always rush to the hospital or walk to the nearest patent medicine store or pharmacy around you? Many of us go to the neighbourhood pharmacy for a pack of paracetamol or cough syrup, both of which belong to a class of medications called over-the-counter (OTC) drugs.
OTC drugs are easily accessed, most often leading to self-medication (taking drugs without a doctor's prescription). But using them wisely is important. Knowing when to stop self-medicating and see a doctor can make all the difference between treating a simple issue and overlooking something serious. In this article, we will explore more information on OTC drugs, their benefits, side effects, and other interesting details.
What are over-the-counter drugs?
Over-the-counter drugs, also known as OTC drugs, are drugs you can buy without a prescription from a doctor. You can buy OTC drugs at a chemist’s shop, pharmacy, drug store, or supermarket. They are often used to treat minor health conditions.
There's an OTC drug for almost any complaint, whether it’s body pain, a runny nose, or an upset stomach. Need something for that fever? Paracetamol is your go-to. Got a scratchy throat? The storekeeper will recommend a lozenge.
While these drugs can work wonders for minor symptoms, we often forget the fine print that guides us on how to use them. We pop a pill, take a syrup, and move on without thinking about things like dosage, potential side effects, or when actually to seek professional medical advice.
Imagine this typical scenario
Tunde wakes up with a pounding headache after a late night. He’s got a busy day ahead, so he grabs some painkillers from the cabinet. He’s done this before, so it feels like no big deal. But what if Tunde’s headache keeps returning? Or worse, what if he starts relying on painkillers every time his head hurts without figuring out the root cause?
Before using over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, it's important to exercise caution. Because OTCs are affordable and easily accessible, many people use them even when they don't need them. This can lead to overuse, masking underlying health issues, or developing dependency. Some medications, like certain cough syrups, can be misused for their sedative effects.
Common classes of OTC drugs
1. Pain Relievers/Analgesics
Pain relievers are among the most widely used OTC drugs in Nigeria. They are commonly used for mild to moderate pain, such as headaches, menstrual cramps, or toothaches. Examples include Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like Aspirin, Ibuprofen (Brufen, Ibuprin), and Paracetamol (Panadol). 
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NSAIDs block certain enzymes in the body, reducing inflammation and relieving pain. However, long-term or excessive use can lead to liver damage (especially with Paracetamol) or stomach ulcers (with NSAIDs).
NSAIDs are not suitable for people with a history of stomach ulcers, asthma, or kidney issues. Pregnant women should also consult a doctor before use.
2. Topical Analgesics
Topical analgesics are gels you apply to the skin to relieve pain or inflammation in specific body areas. Examples include NeuroGesic Extra, Deep Heat, and Voltaren Gel.
They provide a cooling or heating effect to soothe pain. However, overuse can irritate the skin or cause allergic reactions. Therefore, they should not be applied to broken or irritated skin.
3. Decongestants
Decongestants help relieve nasal congestion caused by colds, flu, or allergies. Examples include Actifed, Sudafed, Otrivine, and Olbas Oil. They work by narrowing blood vessels in the nasal passages, reducing swelling and congestion.
Overusing nasal sprays can cause rebound congestion, worsening symptoms after stopping the drug. Oral decongestants can raise blood pressure, so they are not recommended for individuals with high blood pressure, heart disease, or glaucoma.
4. Antacids
Antacids neutralize stomach acid and relieve heartburn and acid reflux. Examples include Gaviscon, Jawasil, Danacid, and Gestid. They usually reduce stomach acidity, which helps relieve symptoms of indigestion.
Certain antacids can interfere with other medications, like antibiotics, so it's recommended to consult a healthcare professional before using them.
Some antacids may cause side effects such as constipation or diarrhea, depending on the active ingredients. For example, calcium carbonate and aluminum hydroxide can lead to constipation, while magnesium-based antacids may cause diarrhea.
Overuse of antacids can lead to electrolyte imbalances or affect the absorption of other medications. In addition, people with kidney disease, heart failure, or those taking medications for hypertension should be cautious when using antacids, as certain types can lead to complications such as electrolyte imbalances or worsen pre-existing conditions.
5. Anti-inflammatory Medications
These medications help to reduce inflammation and are often used to treat conditions like arthritis, back pain, and sports injuries. Examples also include
- Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs include diclofenac (Voltaren), Ibuprofen (Ibrufen), and Naproxen. These drugs usually block the production of chemicals that cause inflammation in the body, and long-term use can increase the risk of heart disease, stomach ulcers, and kidney damage. The medication is not suitable for individuals with heart disease, hypertension, or those prone to gastrointestinal issues.
- Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, and prednisolone, are used to reduce inflammation, swelling, and itching, commonly for skin conditions like eczema, rashes, or allergic reactions. Although they are effective for inflammation, prolonged or inappropriate use can lead to skin thinning, hormonal imbalances, and other side effects. People with infections or certain skin conditions should avoid corticosteroids unless prescribed by a doctor, as they can worsen infections.
6. Cough and Cold Medications
Cough and cold medications help alleviate symptoms like coughing, congestion, and sore throat. Popular brands include Benylin and Tutolin. These medications contain a mix of antihistamines, decongestants, and cough suppressants.
Some cough syrups can cause drowsiness or be abused for their sedative effects. For this reason, it is advisable to avoid using these drugs for more than a few days. Also, they are usually not recommended for children under six years, pregnant women, or individuals with high blood pressure or asthma without consulting a doctor.
7. Allergy Medications/Antihistamines
Antihistamines help relieve allergy symptoms such as sneezing, itching, and a runny nose. Examples include popular piriton (chlorpheniramine), loratadine, and cetirizine.
The drug works by blocking histamine, which usually causes allergic reactions. Some antihistamines can cause drowsiness and affect daily functioning. Use is not recommended for individuals with glaucoma or an enlarged prostate. It is also important to consult a medical doctor before use during pregnancy.
8. Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS) and Antidiarrheal Drugs
Oral rehydration salts treat dehydration from diarrhea or vomiting, while antidiarrheal drugs manage diarrhea symptoms.
Examples of ORS include Emzolyte, Oralyt, Walyte, and many other brands. Antidiarrheal drugs include Imodium, Lomotil, and Diastop.
ORS replaces lost fluids and electrolytes, while antidiarrheal drugs slow down bowel movements.
Overuse of antidiarrheal drugs can lead to constipation or mask more serious infections.
Antidiarrheal medications are not recommended for young children or people with a high fever.
9. Vitamins and Supplements
Vitamins and supplements are widely used to boost nutrient intake. Common examples include vitamin C, vitamin D, and iron supplements such as ferrous sulphate.
Moderate doses of vitamins and supplements provide essential nutrients to improve general health. However, very high doses can be toxic, leading to complications such as liver damage.
Before using vitamins and other supplements, consult a medical doctor especially for individuals with kidney or liver conditions, or those on medication for chronic diseases.
Conclusion
Over-the-counter drugs can be a quick and convenient way to treat minor health conditions, but it is important to use them safely and to know when to seek medical attention. Always read the label, follow the recommended dosage, and use them for short-term relief only. If symptoms persist beyond a few days, consult a doctor. Avoid combining multiple medications without professional advice, and be mindful of potential side effects.
