<a href="https://unsplash.com/@freestocks?utm_content=creditCopyText&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_source=unsplash%22%3efreestocks%3c/a%3e%20on%20%3ca%20href=%22https://unsplash.com/photos/woman-holding-stomach-ux53SGpRAHU?utm_content=creditCopyText&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_source=unsplash">Photo by Unsplash</a>Pre-eclampsia is a complication of pregnancy that affects about&nbsp;<a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.18.22275250v1.full">5–8%&nbsp;</a>of all pregnant women in Nigeria and Africa. It is a leading cause of maternal and infant morbidity and mortality in Nigeria and Africa.The International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy&nbsp;<a href="https://isshp.org/the-definition-of-severe-and-early-onset-preeclampsia-statements-from-the-isshp/">defines</a> pre-eclampsia as hypertension that occurs after 20 weeks of pregnancy with one or more of proteinuria (protein in the urine) and abnormalities in organ function.&nbsp;The symptoms of pre-eclampsia can be subtle and may not appear until late in pregnancy, which is why it is often referred to as the&nbsp;“silent killer” of pregnant women.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Causes of pre-eclampsia</h2>The exact cause of pre-eclampsia is unknown. However, research suggests that pre-eclampsia may result from problems with the blood vessels in the placenta may cause it.&nbsp;The placenta is the organ that connects the baby to the mother's blood supply. In pre-eclampsia, the blood vessels in the placenta become narrowed, which can&nbsp;decrease blood flow to the baby.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Signs and symptoms of pre-eclampsia</h2>Pregnant women with pre-eclampsia may present with:<ul><li>High blood pressure</li><li>Protein in the urine</li><li>Swelling in the face, hands, and feet</li><li>Sudden weight gain</li><li>Headaches</li><li>Vision changes</li><li>Abdominal pain (you can say epigastric pain)</li><li>Nausea and vomiting</li></ul>It is important to note that these symptoms may not always be present, and some women may not experience any symptoms at all. That is why&nbsp;pregnant women should attend all their antenatal appointments and have their blood pressure and urine checked regularly.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Pre-eclampsia may hurt the mother and baby</h2>Untreated pre-eclampsia can lead to premature birth, low birth weight, and even stillbirth. In addition, pre-eclampsia can cause&nbsp;severe damage to the mother's organs, such as the liver and kidneys, and increase the risk of stroke and other complications such as eclampsia.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Who is at risk of pre-eclampsia?</h2>Several risk factors can increase a woman's chances of developing pre-eclampsia. These include:<ul><li>First-time pregnancy</li><li>Age (women over 40 are at higher risk)</li><li>Multiple pregnancies (i.e., women carrying multiple babies like twins, triplets etc.)</li><li>Obesity</li><li>A family history of pre-eclampsia</li><li>Chronic hypertension</li><li>Diabetes</li><li>Kidney disease</li><li>Lupus</li></ul>Also, a woman is more likely to get pre-eclampsia again if she has had it during a previous pregnancy.&nbsp;Studies have shown that pre-eclampsia happens more often in Africa than in other parts of the world. This is likely due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Diagnosis and treatment of pre-eclampsia</h2>Pre-eclampsia is diagnosed through routine antenatal care. If your care provider suspects that you have pre-eclampsia is suspected, you may be referred to a specialist for further testing.The treatment for pre-eclampsia depends on the severity of the condition and how far along you are in your pregnancy. In some cases, early delivery may be necessary to protect the health of the mother and the baby. But if the baby isn't ready, your doctor may suggest medicines to control blood pressure, bed rest, and other treatments to help&nbsp;support the pregnancy.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Importance of early detection and treatment of pre-eclampsia</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_87a8c767ff_567cb3a7da.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/woman-expecting-child-doing-examination-with-medic-medical-office-general-practitioner-consulting-pregnant-patient-check-pregnancy-healthcare-physician-helping-mother_22298434.htm#fromView=search&amp;page=1&amp;position=0&amp;uuid=b8b72d1a-9e29-4363-8da2-20a11cdf9aab">Image by DC Studio on Freepik</a>Early detection and treatment of pre-eclampsia are crucial&nbsp;to preventing serious complications. This is why pregnant women should attend regular antenatal care appointments, where their blood pressure and other vital signs will be monitored.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Preventing&nbsp;pre-eclampsia</h2>While it is not always possible and there is no surefre way to prevent pre-eclampsia, there are steps you can take to reduce your risk of developing pre-eclampsia. Here are a few tips to help ensure a healthy pregnancy:<ol><li>Visit your healthcare provider regularly: Early and regular antenatal care is essential for detecting and managing potential complications, including pre-eclampsia.</li><li>Eating a balanced and healthy diet:&nbsp;enrich your diet&nbsp;with fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins.</li><li>Stay active: Regular exercise, such as walking or&nbsp;pelvic floor exercises, can help improve circulation and prevent hypertension.</li><li>Maintain a healthy weight: Eat small portions of food, drink plenty of water, and curb your desire to binge on foods</li><li>Control any pre-existing medical conditions: If you have diabetes or kidney disease,&nbsp;see a doctor to manage them before or during pregnancy.</li><li>Avoid smoking and alcohol intake:&nbsp;both can increase your risk of pre-eclampsia.</li></ol><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">A final word</h2>Pre-eclampsia is a serious pregnancy complication that can have serious consequences for both the mother and baby. However, the outcome can be positive if it's detected and managed early.By understanding the risk factors, signs and symptoms, and ways to reduce your risk, you can take steps to protect yourself and your baby. So, always be informed and proactive about your health during pregnancy.

What Every Woman Should Know Pre-eclampsia

Health News and Research

Women's Health

<a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/man-in-white-and-yellow-stripe-polo-shirt-8173269/">Photo by Kindel Media</a>It is usual for anyone sometimes to forget their keys at home, need help remembering minor details, or do basic things. These are part of the daily realities of living that become increasingly common as a person ages. When such realities become so significant as to affect our ability to survive on our own, it is often a sign of something worse… like dementia, for instance.Dementia is a progressive condition that affects a person's ability to think, reason, and remember. It is a leading cause of disability and dependency among older adults, and the number of people affected is expected to rise&nbsp;significantly in the coming years.&nbsp;More than 50 million people are estimated to have dementia worldwide in 2019. The number is set to almost triple by 2030. Although dementia is seen as a disease of people in Western countries, 60% of people with dementia are in poor countries in Africa and Asia.&nbsp;Despite the youthful African population, more elderly people are expected to develop dementia, with Nigeria being one of the most affected countries on the continent.&nbsp;Knowing&nbsp;about the disease can encourage you to tackle the common risk factors of the disease.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors of dementia</h2>Your risk of having dementia depends on the factors you can control and the ones you cannot control. Some factors, like old age and the genes you inherit, are beyond your control, so they are ‘non-modifiable.’On the other hand, there are factors you can control as an individual or with government policies that can help reduce your risk of developing dementia. These factors are ‘modifiable,’ and a 2024 global&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)01296-0/abstract">report</a> shows that controlling these factors can prevent 45% of dementia cases.The modifiable risk factors include:<ol><li>Social isolation</li><li>Poor education</li><li>Air pollution</li><li>Unresolved hearing loss</li><li>Depression</li><li>Brain injury</li><li>Hypertension</li><li>Diabetes&nbsp;</li><li>Obesity</li><li>Low level of physical activity</li><li>Excessive alcohol intake</li><li>Smoking</li><li>Uncontrolled vision loss</li><li>High serum cholesterol</li></ol>Controlling these factors requires personal effort combined with government policies and intervention.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Reversible and irreversible causes of dementia</h2>Dementia is often a consequence of advanced age. However, it may also be caused by some reversible and irreversible factors.Reversible causes of dementia produce short-lived impairment in memory and thinking, which resolve as soon as the cause is treated or removed. Such reversible causes include:<ul><li>Severe head injury</li><li>Multiple strokes</li><li>HIV</li><li>Neurosyphilis</li><li>Meningitis</li><li>Alcohol</li><li>Heavy metal poisoning</li><li>Brain tumors</li><li>Multiple sclerosis</li><li>Liver and kidney failure</li><li>Low or high thyroid function</li></ul>Irreversible causes of dementia are neurodegenerative disorders or diseases that occur as the brain loses its neurons. They include:<ul><li>Alzheimer’s disease</li><li>Parkinson’s disease</li><li>Prion’s disease</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Dementia may not be inheritable</h2>Some scholars suggest a link between genetic factors and dementia because people who have dementia often have family members with a history of dementia. However, the current understanding is that you cannot inherit or transmit the disease.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What are the early signs of dementia?</h2>Dementia develops slowly but progressively. The earliest signs are subtle and easy to pass off as regular forgetfulness. However, these are some common signs and symptoms:<ul><li>Progressive short-term memory loss</li><li>Disorientation</li><li>Difficulty in performing regular tasks</li><li>Changes in mood or personality</li><li>Language difficulty</li><li>Difficulties with abstract thinking</li><li>Difficulty in remembering names and faces</li><li>Increased suspicion&nbsp;</li><li>Getting lost and misplacing items</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How is dementia diagnosed?</h2>The diagnosis of dementia is based on five criteria, as outlined in the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10). These criteria include:<ol><li>A decline in memory and thinking must be evident and sufficient enough to impair personal activities of daily living</li><li>Memory impairment must affect the individual’s activity to register, store, and retrieve new information, while previously stored information may be lost</li><li>Thinking impairment must reduce the flow of ideas and reasoning capacity</li><li>The person must have clear consciousness</li><li>The signs and symptoms must last at least six months</li></ol>A person suspected of having dementia must meet these five criteria for their diagnosis to be confirmed.Other investigations include:<ul><li>Lumbar puncture for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis&nbsp;</li><li>Electrolyte, urea, and creatinine</li><li>Urinalysis</li><li>Thyroid function test</li><li>Liver function tests</li><li>Brain imaging&nbsp;</li><li>Serum vitamin B12 and folate levels</li><li>Electroencephalography</li></ul>Unfortunately, the diagnosis of dementia in developing nations can be challenging because many people do not know about the disease. Signs and symptoms of dementia are often misinterpreted as spiritual problems or downplayed as natural rites of old age.&nbsp;Besides, very few brain specialists are available to manage dementia, and facilities may need to be more readily available across the country.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Prevention of dementia</h2>While there is no known cure for dementia, it is very preventable. Preventing dementia means managing the modifiable risk factors we mentioned earlier. You can&nbsp;<ul><li>Maintain a healthy lifestyle</li></ul>This involves adequate sleep, eating high-quality fruits and vegetables, and quitting smoking and alcohol.&nbsp;<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Challenge your brain</li></ul>Mental exercises such as solving puzzles, building new projects, reading, or painting engage different parts of the brain, thus strengthening them. This can prevent or delay the onset of dementia.<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Manage underlying conditions</li></ul>Chronic diseases such diabetes, hypertension, and diabetes increases your risk of developing dementia. Managing them–with drugs and lifestyle and dietary adjustments–may protect your brain against dementia.<ul><li>Maintain social connections</li></ul>Social isolation is the new epidemic, and it is not helped by the Covid-19 pandemic which forced everyone indoors, and social media which seems to mask the need for physical need for physical interactions.&nbsp;Still, venturing outdoors and engaging people physically could benefit brain health. The richness of our social experience provides emotional support, excites our minds, and improves our mental health.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Treatment</h2>There is currently no known cure for dementia, but many treatment options are available to:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">preserve any remaining ability to think and perform daily tasks</li><li style="text-align:justify;">relieve distressing symptoms</li><li style="text-align:justify;">accommodate the immediate needs of the patient</li><li style="text-align:justify;">treat any complications</li></ul>Treatment may also involve psychological treatment such as music therapy, art therapy, memory training, and medications.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Conclusion</h2>The number of people with dementia is rising, and our aging population is at risk of adding to the number. While some of the factors are not modifiable, managing the modifiable ones can help improve our brain function and prevent dementia. Still, this is not a job for one person. Government intervention is needed, too.

Dementia is rising in Africa. Here’s how you can protect your brain

Vaccination: A Vital Tool in the Fight Against Diseases in Nigeria

Disease prevention and management

<a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/a-man-using-braille-book-7265314/">Photo by Thirdman</a>If you can read this, congratulations: you can see. It doesn’t matter whether you are reading through eyeglasses or not. What matters is that you're here, reading this.That you're here now may also suggest you’re worried about your eyes. Perhaps your vision is getting blurry, and you wonder if you’re going blind. Your fears are understandable.The World Health Organization (WHO)&nbsp;<a href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/blindness-and-visual-impairment">estimates</a> that more than 250 million people worldwide are visually impaired. This figure is predicted to increase to 703 million by 2050. In Nigeria, experts estimate that&nbsp;<a href="https://guardian.ng/news/world-sight-day-why-over-4-25m-adult-nigerians-are-blind-by-ophthalmologists/">4.25 million people</a> are blind. These statistics are enough to make anyone jittery.But what does it mean to be blind? Is it when you can’t see at all and your vision is pitch black, or is it when you need glasses and other visual aids to read and do basic activities? Blindness&nbsp;can be that and more.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">What is blindness?</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_a17647e314_1_7b47500477.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/man-sitting-on-a-bench-with-his-dog-8327844/">Photo by MART&nbsp; PRODUCTION</a>Blindness is a condition&nbsp;in which a person cannot see anything or has extremely poor vision. Clinically, blindness is defined as visual acuity of less than 3/60 or a visual field of less than 10 degrees in your better eye, with the best correction.Eye doctors, or ophthalmologists, define vision in terms of visual acuity and visual field. Visual acuity measures the eye’s ability to see things clearly and in detail, whether near or far away. The visual field is how much of a space your eyes can see with a steady gaze.Vision acuity is expressed as a fraction. The top number is the distance that your vision is tested. This is usually 6 metres or 20 feet. The bottom number is the distance at which a person with normal vision is expected to see the image or text. It’s also 6 metres or 20 feet.If your eyes are okay, you should be able to see an object clearly from six metres away, so you’ll score 6/6 or 20/20. The 6/6 records visual acuity in metres, while 20/20 is recorded in feet. We use 6/6 in Nigeria. A visual acuity lower than 6/6 often suggests a problem with your vision.&nbsp;Glasses and contact lenses can correct mild and moderate vision problems. If, after correction, the vision is less than 3/60 (20/400) in the better eye, an individual will be considered blind.&nbsp;Blindness can occur due to injury, infections, or genetic disorders. Whatever the cause, blindness can affect your ability to perform basic tasks.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">What are the causes of blindness?</h2>The most common cause of blindness worldwide is age-related macular degeneration. The macula is a thin layer behind the eyes that helps us to note the tiny details of an object and focus effectively.&nbsp;It deteriorates as we age, leading to vision loss.&nbsp;However, in Nigeria and Africa, the leading causes are cataracts, glaucoma, and corneal opacity.&nbsp;Other causes include:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Injury from heavy blows, penetrating objects, toxic chemicals, or radiation&nbsp;exposure.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Genetic disorders like retinitis pigmentosa and&nbsp;albinism</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Diabetes</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Hypertension</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Stroke</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Vitamin A deficiency</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Trachoma</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Onchocerciasis</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Symptoms of blindness</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_7e37a7114e_ecad38fb11.webp"></figure>Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@nate_dumlao?utm_content=creditCopyText&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_source=unsplash">Nathan Dumlao</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/man-holding-eyeglasses-VJHb4QPBgV4?utm_content=creditCopyText&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_source=unsplash">Unsplash</a>One early symptom&nbsp;of deteriorating vision is blurry or hazy vision. Objects may appear fuzzy to you. You may struggle to identify figures and shapes at a distance or squint to read texts with regular font sizes and lighting conditions.&nbsp;It could also be that you find it more challenging to move around at home, recognize faces, or function outdoors.Other symptoms include:<ul><li>Difficulty seeing at night or in low-light conditions</li><li>Increased sensitivity to&nbsp;light or glare</li><li>Narrowed visual field</li><li>Loss of peripheral vision, or the ability to see side objects</li><li>Total loss of vision,&nbsp;or the ability to see light</li></ul>Depending on the cause, you may experience frequent headaches, eye pain or discomfort, and light sensitivity.&nbsp;Pay attention to these symptoms and seek medical attention if you experience them.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Diagnosis of blindness</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_c0e5f444ad_94270667ec.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/a-person-in-white-shirt-having-an-eye-examination-5201879/">Photo by Photo By: Kaboompics.com</a>The diagnosis of blindness can only be done at a clinic. While you may be able to tell whether you can see or not, only an eye doctor can help you determine whether it is actually blindness and educate you on what you can do about it.Your doctor will do a comprehensive eye examination, which may involve:<ul><li>Testing your visual acuity</li><li>Measuring your eyes’ pressure or doing a tonometry</li><li>Dilating your eyes with eye drops</li></ul>You may need an MRI or a CT scan if the examination reveals any abnormalities.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Prevention of blindness</h2>Unfortunately, some types of blindness cannot be prevented. Blindness due to macular degeneration or optic atrophy, for instance, is unavoidable and a natural consequence of old age. But most types are preventable.The goals of prevention are to:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Protect your eyes from any disease</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Prevent your vision from getting worse if you’re already having trouble with your vision</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Minimize the difficulties you may face as someone with visual impairment</li></ul>So, how can you prevent blindness?<ol><li style="text-align:justify;">Go for regular eye checks at least once a year</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Maintain proper eye hygiene</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Use protective eyewear such as glasses and safety goggles</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Manage underlying diseases like hypertension and diabetes</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Get treated against blindness-causing infections such as Trachoma&nbsp;</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Go for genetic counselling to know your risk for developing eye diseases</li></ol><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Treatment of blindness</h2>The treatment of blindness depends on the underlying cause.&nbsp;Some causes may&nbsp;require drugs, others may require surgery or transplants.&nbsp;<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Drugs:&nbsp;Antibiotics and anti-worm medications can help treat blindness caused by bacteria and worms.&nbsp;</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Supplements:&nbsp;Vitamin A supplements may help restore vision loss in individuals with xerophthalmia.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Surgery: Refractive errors, cataracts, glaucoma, and other eye structural eye diseases can be resolved through surgery.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Corneal transplant:&nbsp;transplanting corneal tissues from a healthy donor helps improve vision loss or impairment caused by corneal damage.</li></ul>Individuals with irreversible vision loss can use adaptive devices and technologies to help them navigate their environment and perform daily tasks. These may include braille devices, talking computers, and mobility aids like canes and guide dogs.Note&nbsp;that treatment for blindness&nbsp;is best delivered by ophthalmologists who are readily available in most Nigerian hospitals. You may need to visit specialist centres, or contact your local clinics to access ophthalmologists who will treat you.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Conclusion</h2>If you suspect your vision is getting poor, keep calm and visit a doctor. Your symptoms could be a sign of a mild eye disease or something more. Your doctor will tell you what they are.&nbsp;Symptoms of blindness are often innocent. Except in cases of direct injury to your eyes, blindness often starts with blurry or hazy vision, then to&nbsp;partial or total vision loss if they are not treated.&nbsp;Good eye care can protect you from common causes of blindness, while regular eye examination helps you detect eye diseases very early. Drugs, surgery, and transplants can resolve some of these causes; some other causes are irreversible.&nbsp;

Help! I think I’m going blind

<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/de/deed.en">High Contrast, CC BY 3.0 DE</a>, via Wikimedia CommonsAs an individual, you are bound to feel a slight headache now and then or a slight cough after a long, tiring day. Do you always rush to the hospital or walk to the nearest patent medicine store or pharmacy around you? Many of us go to the neighbourhood pharmacy for a pack of paracetamol or cough syrup, both of which belong to a class of medications called over-the-counter (OTC) drugs.OTC drugs are easily accessed,&nbsp; most often leading to self-medication (taking drugs without a doctor's prescription). But using them wisely is important. Knowing when to stop self-medicating and see a doctor can make all the difference between treating a simple issue and overlooking something serious. In this article, we will explore more information on OTC drugs, their benefits, side effects, and other interesting details.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What are over-the-counter drugs?</h2>Over-the-counter drugs, also known as OTC drugs, are drugs you can buy&nbsp; without a prescription from a doctor. You can buy OTC drugs at a chemist’s shop, pharmacy, drug store, or supermarket. They are often used to treat minor health conditions.&nbsp;There's an OTC drug for almost any complaint, whether it’s body pain, a runny nose, or an upset stomach. Need something for that fever? Paracetamol is your go-to. Got a scratchy throat? The storekeeper will recommend a lozenge.&nbsp;While these drugs can work wonders for minor symptoms, we often forget the fine print that guides us on how to use them. We pop a pill, take a syrup, and move on without thinking about things like dosage, potential side effects, or when actually to seek professional medical advice.Imagine this typical scenario&nbsp;Tunde wakes up with a pounding headache after a late night. He’s got a busy day ahead, so he grabs some painkillers from the cabinet. He’s done this before, so it feels like no big deal. But what if Tunde’s headache keeps returning? Or worse, what if he starts relying on painkillers every time his head hurts without figuring out the root cause?Before using over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, it's important to exercise caution. Because OTCs are affordable and easily accessible, many people use them even when they don't need them. This can lead to overuse, masking underlying health issues, or developing dependency. Some medications, like certain cough syrups, can be misused for their sedative effects.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Common classes of OTC drugs&nbsp;</h2>1. Pain Relievers/AnalgesicsPain relievers are among the most widely used OTC drugs in Nigeria. They are commonly used for mild to moderate pain, such as headaches, menstrual cramps, or toothaches. Examples include Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like Aspirin, Ibuprofen (Brufen, Ibuprin), and Paracetamol (Panadol).&nbsp;<figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_ccfa7918b1_1008d285fd.webp"></figure><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/br/deed.en">Mateus Hidalgo, CC BY-SA 2.5 BR,</a> via Wikimedia Commons&nbsp;NSAIDs block certain enzymes in the body, reducing inflammation and relieving pain. However, long-term or excessive use can lead to liver damage (especially with Paracetamol) or stomach ulcers (with NSAIDs).&nbsp;NSAIDs are not suitable for people with a history of stomach ulcers, asthma, or kidney issues. Pregnant women should also consult a doctor before use.2. Topical AnalgesicsTopical analgesics are gels you apply to the skin to relieve pain or inflammation in specific body areas. Examples include NeuroGesic Extra, Deep Heat, and Voltaren Gel.&nbsp;They provide a cooling or heating effect to soothe pain. However, overuse can irritate the skin or cause allergic reactions. Therefore, they should not be applied to broken or irritated skin.3. DecongestantsDecongestants help relieve nasal congestion caused by colds, flu, or allergies. Examples include Actifed, Sudafed, Otrivine, and Olbas Oil. They work by narrowing blood vessels in the nasal passages, reducing swelling and congestion.&nbsp;Overusing nasal sprays can cause rebound congestion, worsening symptoms after stopping the drug. Oral decongestants can raise blood pressure, so they are not recommended for individuals with high blood pressure, heart disease, or glaucoma.4. AntacidsAntacids neutralize stomach acid and relieve heartburn and acid reflux. Examples include Gaviscon, Jawasil, Danacid, and Gestid. They usually reduce stomach acidity, which helps relieve symptoms of indigestion.Certain antacids can interfere with other medications, like antibiotics, so it's recommended to consult a healthcare professional before using them.&nbsp;Some antacids may cause side effects such as constipation or diarrhea, depending on the active ingredients. For example, calcium carbonate and aluminum hydroxide can lead to constipation, while magnesium-based antacids may cause diarrhea.Overuse of antacids can lead to electrolyte imbalances or affect the absorption of other medications. In addition, people with kidney disease, heart failure, or those taking medications for hypertension should be cautious when using antacids, as certain types can lead to complications such as electrolyte imbalances or worsen pre-existing conditions.5. Anti-inflammatory MedicationsThese medications help to reduce inflammation and are often used to treat conditions like arthritis, back pain, and sports injuries. Examples also include<ol><li>Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs include diclofenac (Voltaren), Ibuprofen (Ibrufen), and Naproxen. These drugs usually block the production of chemicals that cause inflammation in the body, and long-term use can increase the risk of heart disease, stomach ulcers, and kidney damage. The medication is not suitable for individuals with heart disease, hypertension, or those prone to gastrointestinal issues.</li><li>Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, and prednisolone, are used to reduce inflammation, swelling, and itching, commonly for skin conditions like eczema, rashes, or allergic reactions. Although they are effective for inflammation, prolonged or inappropriate use can lead to skin thinning, hormonal imbalances, and other side effects. People with infections or certain skin conditions should avoid corticosteroids unless prescribed by a doctor, as they can worsen infections.</li></ol>6. Cough and Cold MedicationsCough and cold medications help alleviate symptoms like coughing, congestion, and sore throat. Popular brands include Benylin and Tutolin. These medications contain a mix of antihistamines, decongestants, and cough suppressants.Some cough syrups can cause drowsiness or be abused for their sedative effects. For this reason, it is advisable to avoid using these drugs for more than a few days. Also, they are usually not recommended for children under six years, pregnant women, or individuals with high blood pressure or asthma without consulting a doctor.7. Allergy Medications/AntihistaminesAntihistamines help relieve allergy symptoms such as sneezing, itching, and a runny nose. Examples include popular piriton (chlorpheniramine), loratadine, and cetirizine.The drug works by blocking histamine, which usually causes allergic reactions. Some antihistamines can cause drowsiness and affect daily functioning. Use is not recommended for individuals with glaucoma or an enlarged prostate. It is also important to consult a medical doctor before use during pregnancy.8. Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS) and Antidiarrheal DrugsOral rehydration salts treat dehydration from diarrhea or vomiting, while antidiarrheal drugs manage diarrhea symptoms.&nbsp;Examples of ORS include Emzolyte, Oralyt, Walyte, and many other brands. Antidiarrheal drugs include Imodium, Lomotil, and Diastop.ORS replaces lost fluids and electrolytes, while antidiarrheal drugs slow down bowel movements.&nbsp;Overuse of antidiarrheal drugs can lead to constipation or mask more serious infections.Antidiarrheal medications are not recommended for young children or people with a high fever.9. Vitamins and SupplementsVitamins and supplements are widely used to boost nutrient intake. Common examples include vitamin C, vitamin D, and iron supplements such as ferrous sulphate.&nbsp;Moderate doses of vitamins and supplements provide essential nutrients to improve general health. However, very high doses can be toxic, leading to complications such as liver damage.&nbsp;Before using vitamins and other supplements, consult a medical doctor especially for individuals with kidney or liver conditions, or those on medication for chronic diseases.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Conclusion</h2>Over-the-counter drugs can be a quick and convenient way to treat minor health conditions, but it is important to use them safely and to know when to seek medical attention. Always read the label, follow the recommended dosage, and use them for short-term relief only. If symptoms persist beyond a few days, consult a doctor. Avoid combining multiple medications without professional advice, and be mindful of potential side effects.

Your Guide to Over-the-Counter Drugs

Lifestyle and Wellness

<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Boy_in_standing_frame.jpg">AnikaMeyer</a>, <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0">CC BY-SA 4.0</a>,&nbsp;via Wikimedia CommonsA healthy child should be able to control their neck at 3 months, sit without support at 6 to 8 months, and walk by one year and above. However, diseases affecting the brain and muscle control can delay or prevent all these from happening. Cerebral is one such disease.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What is cerebral palsy?</h2>Cerebral palsy is a group of disorders affecting a child’s ability to move, coordinate, or maintain balance and posture. It results from a problem in the brain that occurs during pregnancy, delivery, or soon after birth.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How common is cerebral palsy in Nigeria?</h2>The exact number of children living with cerebral palsy is not known. However, some research estimates that about 3 out of 1,000 children in Nigeria have cerebral palsy. Parents often discover the condition when the child is about 6 to 16 months old, affecting males slightly more often than females.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What are the symptoms of cerebral palsy?</h2>Cerebral palsy symptoms emerge as soon as a child is born, but they are often not noticeable until the child ages. After the child’s first few weeks of life, the parents may notice symptoms such as:<ul><li>Delayed motor development, such as sitting, crawling, standing, and walking</li><li>Muscle stiffness and rigidity</li><li>Floppiness&nbsp;</li><li>Weak arms and legs</li><li>Difficulty with speech and swallowing</li><li>Seizures</li><li>Muscle paralysis</li><li>Intellectual disabilities</li><li>Behavioral and emotional problems</li><li>Uncontrolled jerky movements</li></ul>The symptoms vary according to the severity of the condition. Some children with cerebral palsy may have minor difficulties with movement, while others could be severely impaired.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">When to see the doctor</h2>The symptoms above are not exclusive to cerebral palsy. While they are typical of brain diseases, they are not necessarily signs of trouble.&nbsp;However, you should watch out for the early signs of cerebral palsy and visit a doctor if you have concerns about your child’s health and development.The doctor will help you understand your child’s condition and, if necessary, refer you to a specialist.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What are the causes of cerebral palsy?</h2>Cerebral palsy is caused by abnormal brain development or injury to the developing brain. The brain starts developing in the fetus and completes development at mid-age. Abnormality or injury to the developing brain, whether inside or outside the fetus, can make it difficult for a child to control their muscles.Some of the causes responsible for the abnormality include:<ul><li>Genetic disorders</li><li>Enzyme deficiencies</li><li>Hormone disorders</li><li>Maternal infections such as gonorrhoea, urinary tract infections, etc.</li><li>Maternal diabetes</li></ul>These factors are thought to cause an abnormality or damage the brain before a child is born. Hence, they are called congenital&nbsp;factors. More than 80% of cerebral palsy cases are thought to be congenital.&nbsp;Other abnormalities occur after birth, and they are linked to conditions such as:<ul><li>Severe perinatal asphyxia</li><li>Bilirubin encephalopathy&nbsp;</li><li>Intracranial infections like meningitis</li><li>Prematurity</li><li>Prolonged labour</li><li>Traumatic birth</li><li>Brain injury or bleeding</li></ul>In some cases, the exact cause of cerebral palsy is not known.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How to prevent cerebral palsy</h2>While complete prevention is not possible, expectant mothers can reduce the risk of their children having cerebral palsy by:<ul><li>Getting adequate antenatal care</li><li>Avoiding exposure to non-vaccine preventable infections</li><li>Receiving vaccination against common infections</li><li>Treating any underlying infection or disease</li><li>Avoiding smoking, alcohol, and psychoactive drugs</li></ul>These steps manage the risk factors and lessen the chance of developing cerebral palsy.Doctors can also help prevent cerebral palsy by:<ul><li>Monitoring fetal health&nbsp;</li><li>Monitoring the heart rate of mother and child</li><li>Screening for Rhesus compatibility between mother and child</li><li>Ensuring timely delivery</li><li>Ensuring adequate oxygenation at birth&nbsp;</li><li>Resuscitating baby as appropriate</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Diagnosis of cerebral palsy</h2>Diagnosing cerebral palsy can be challenging because the symptoms can be similar to those of other conditions that affect movement and posture. However, early diagnosis is important because it allows for early intervention, which can improve outcomes for children with CP.&nbsp;Here are some of the methods used to diagnose cerebral palsy:<ul><li>Medical history containing&nbsp;detailed information about a child’s pregnancy, delivery, and the developmental milestones helps to evaluate symptoms to aid diagnosis</li><li>Physical examination&nbsp;of muscle tone, reflexes, posture, and movement that may&nbsp;reveal abnormalities to suggest cerebral palsy</li><li>Neurological examination can help detect underlying brain problems such as seizures or abnormal brain activity</li><li>Imaging tests such as MRI or CT scans can help identify any brain abnormalities that may be causing cerebral palsy. These tests can also help identify the type and severity of cerebral palsy.</li><li>Developmental&nbsp;monitoring helps&nbsp;to identify any delays or abnormalities in the child's development, such as motor or cognitive development delays.</li><li>Genetic&nbsp;screening is useful in detecting mutations or chromosomal&nbsp;disorders that are associated with cerebral palsy.</li><li>An electromyography (EMG) measures the electrical activity in muscles; it detects any abnormalities in muscle function that may indicate cerebral palsy.</li></ul><h2>Treatment for Cerebral Palsy</h2>There’s no cure for cerebral palsy. However, treatments are available to manage the symptoms and improve outcomes for&nbsp;children with cerebral palsy.&nbsp;The treatments are tailored to the needs of the person and may include the following:<ul><li>Physical therapy to improve&nbsp;movement,&nbsp;flexibility, and muscle strength</li><li>Occupational therapy to help develop fine motor skills&nbsp;or learn new ways to perform daily tasks.</li><li>Speech therapy&nbsp;to improve a child’s the ability to speak and swallow</li><li>Medications&nbsp;to relieve the symptoms such as seizures and contractions</li><li>Surgery may be recommended to correct skeletal abnormalities, such as scoliosis or hip dislocation.</li><li>Assistive&nbsp; devices,&nbsp;such&nbsp; as&nbsp; braces,&nbsp;walkers,&nbsp; or wheelchairs, can help individuals with CP improve their mobility and independence</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Caring for a Child with Cerebral Palsy</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_472132a290_6091b34e98.webp"></figure>It can be challenging caring&nbsp;for a child with cerebral palsy, but with the right resources and support,&nbsp;parents can give a child the care and attention they need without burning out.&nbsp;Here are some tips for caring for a child with cerebral palsy:<ul><li>Build a strong support system of family, friends, support groups, and other caregivers to help you through the process</li><li>Understand&nbsp;a child’s physical, emotional, and cognitive needs so you can provide the appropriate care and support</li><li>Find alternative ways to communicate, such as using pictures, gestures, or assistive technology, especially for children with speaking difficulties</li><li>Make sure the child's environment is safe and accessible, with plenty of space for them to move around and play</li><li>Encourage&nbsp;the child to participate therapy exercises or adapted sports; you can join in too</li><li>Make their food ease to chew and swallow</li><li>Advocate for their needs within your community and help to empower other families</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Bottom Line</h2>Cerebral palsy affects a number of children in Nigeria,&nbsp;and it limits their chances of living high quality lives or living to the best of their potentials. Many of them dropout of&nbsp; treatment&nbsp;due to the cost and difficulty in accessing care.&nbsp;Thankfully, the situation is improving, as more hospitals have specialists to manage the cases, and families get better informed to take care of their child. Knowing the risk factors and prevention options can help parents reduce the risks of having a child with cerebral palsy.&nbsp;

What you need to know about cerebral palsy

Children's Health

<a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/close-up-shot-of-a-glucometer-7653102/">Photo by Pavel Danilyuk</a>The numbers are scary: about&nbsp;<a href="https://www.idf.org/our-network/regions-members/africa/diabetes-in-africa.html#:~:text=14/12/2021-,24%20million%20adults,-(20%2D79)">24 million</a> adults who are 18 and older had diabetes in 2021; the number is set to increase to 55 million by 2045, and more than half of people living with diabetes do not know that they have the disease.While diabetes is not a death sentence, it is a significant cause of life-threatening complications such as heart diseases, stroke, blindness, kidney disease, foot ulcers, urinary tract infections in women, erectile dysfunction in men, and so on. Knowing what diabetes is all about can help you make safe choices to protect yourself and perhaps manage the risks.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Diabetes is a chronic disease</h2>Diabetes is a chronic condition that develops when the body cannot&nbsp;control blood sugar, either because it cannot use the insulin the pancreas makes or because&nbsp;the pancreas does not&nbsp;produce enough&nbsp;insulin.Uncontrolled diabetes frequently causes hyperglycaemia, or elevated blood sugar, which over time seriously harms many bodily systems, including the&nbsp;nerves and blood vessels. Diabetes caused&nbsp;<a href="https://www.idf.org/our-network/regions-members/africa/diabetes-in-africa.html#:~:text=is%20responsible%20for-,416%2C000%20deaths,-in%20the%20IDF">416,000 deaths across the</a> world in 2021.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Type 1 versus type 2 diabetes</h2>The primary&nbsp;difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes is that type 1 is a genetic illness that&nbsp;usually occurs in childhood. When you have type 1 diabetes, your immune system attacks and kills the cells in your pancreas that&nbsp;make insulin. In contrast, type 2 is primarily a result of lifestyle choices and develops over time.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Type 1 diabetes</h2>Deficient insulin production is a hallmark of type 1 diabetes, sometimes&nbsp;called insulin-dependent, juvenile, or childhood-onset. This condition requires daily insulin injections.&nbsp;In type 1 diabetes, the body attacks the pancreatic beta cells, impairing their capacity to make insulin. High blood sugar levels result from the cells' inability to absorb glucose in the absence of sufficient insulin.&nbsp;Children are most frequently affected by type 1 diabetes.Symptoms of type 1 diabetes include:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">frequent urination (polyuria)&nbsp;</li><li style="text-align:justify;">excessive thirst (polydipsia)</li><li style="text-align:justify;">persistent hunger&nbsp;</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Weight loss</li><li style="text-align:justify;">poor vision</li><li style="text-align:justify;">exhaustion</li></ul>These signs&nbsp;often appear suddenly and worsen over time if the high blood sugar is not well controlled.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Type 2 diabetes</h2>Type 2 diabetes, also known as non-insulin-dependent or adult-onset diabetes,&nbsp;occurs when the body cannot use insulin adequately. Most&nbsp;people with diabetes worldwide suffer from type 2 diabetes, and the common risk factors include being overweight and&nbsp;physically inactive.&nbsp;The disease is more common in adults.&nbsp;Insulin resistance, which is a complication of type 2 diabetes, affects how well your body recognizes insulin. Without a sufficient insulin response, it becomes more difficult for your cells to absorb glucose, which causes blood sugar levels to increase.&nbsp;While symptoms are frequently less severe than those of&nbsp;type 1 diabetes, they may be comparable. As a result, the condition may not be discovered until after its onset, when complications have already developed. This particular type of diabetes was previously only observed in adults, but it is becoming increasingly seen in kids.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Is it true that black people are more likely to have diabetes?</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_3a34b0752f_cd476a55c5.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/high-angle-diabetic-woman-checking-her-glucose-level_65609368.htm#fromView=search&amp;page=1&amp;position=18&amp;uuid=59225968-f83e-4428-bf10-e35698027a57">Image by freepik</a>One reason millions of Africans have diabetes is that black people are more likely to have the disease than non-blacks. This increased risk are linked to:<ul><li>Gene-dependent factors</li></ul>Some researchers suggest that the “thrifty gene”, which helps certain groups to conserve energy and nutrients during scarcity, is a potential reason why black Americans had higher diabetes rates than other ethnic groups.<ul><li>Health-related factors</li></ul>Obesity and reduced physical activity are linked to increased emergence of type 2 diabetes among blacks.<ul><li>Social factors</li></ul>Poverty is a significant risk factor for diabetes. In a 2014 study, researchers studying the relationship between diabetes prevalence and poverty found that the rates of diabetes were greater among blacks but particularly higher in poor folks.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Diabetes during pregnancy</h2>Gestational diabetes is a type of hyperglycemia that develops during pregnancy. It may cause the child to die before birth, and make the child grow so big that delivery may be difficult.Prenatal screening is used to determine gestational diabetes rather than patient complaints of symptoms.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Diabetic neuropathy</h2>Persistent increase in blood glucose levels can damage nerves, leading to diabetic neuropathy.&nbsp;&nbsp;This condition is common to both type 1 and&nbsp;type 2 diabetes.Nerve damage numbs some parts of the body, especially the feet, causing loss of sensation and sometimes pain. People who lose sensation are most likely to get ulcers on their feet, which, if not detected early, can lead to foot amputation.&nbsp;However, you can reduce your risk of developing nerve damage by keeping your blood sugar level at your target range or as close to normal as possible and practicing careful foot care.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How do you reduce your chances of developing diabetes?</h2>Type 1 diabetes is not preventable. On the other hand, you can minimize your chance of having type 2 diabetes even if you have a higher risk than average for the condition by:<ul><li>Modifying your diet</li></ul>Eat a well-balanced diet&nbsp;with less sugars, reduced fats, and more fresh fruits and vegetables. Fill your plate with whole meals, including whole grains, lean meats, and healthy fats. Avoid eating food that is heavy in calories and fat.<ul><li>Exercising regularly</li></ul>Aim to get at least 30 minutes of physical exercise. Commit to taking 6,000 steps per day. Walk around the house or jog a few hundred metres. Skip a rope or do what you can to keep your heart pumping or make you break a sweat for a moment. Doing these will help you shed excess blood sugar and keep the level low.<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Going for regular medical checkups</li></ul>See your doctor at least twice a year. Diabetes raises your odds of heart disease. So learn your numbers: cholesterol, blood pressure, and A1c (average blood sugar over&nbsp;three months). Get a&nbsp;complete eye exam every year. Visit a foot doctor to check for problems like foot ulcers and nerve damage.<ul><li>Managing stress</li></ul>Stress causes your body to release hormones that increase blood sugar levels. Relieve that stress by seeking help where necessary, delegating your tasks, saying no to stressful commitments, or engaging in hobbies that help you relax.Other steps that can reduce your risk include:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Reducing your alcohol intake</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Quit smoking</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Managing your body weight</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How can you tell if you have diabetes?</h2>Symptoms of diabetes take time to appear, and by that time, complications might have set in. A safer way to know your diabetes status is to monitor your blood sugar level.Blood sugar testing is an important part of early diabetes diagnosis and diabetes care. If you have diabetes, commit to checking your blood glucose levels. It will help you manage diabetes and prevent complications.&nbsp;There is no fixed number of times you should check your blood sugar level. The frequency of testing will depend on the type of diabetes and your treatment goals.&nbsp;The different types of tests that could tell if you have diabetes are:Fasting blood glucose testAn 8–12 hour fast is required for a fasting blood glucose test, and the results could show:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Less than 100 mg/dL shows a normal range</li><li>From 100 to 125 mg/dL shows signs of prediabetes</li><li>Greater than 125 mg/dL on two occasions is a sign of diabetes</li></ul>Oral glucose tolerance testAn oral glucose tolerance test measures your blood sugar levels over two hours following the consumption of a sweet beverage. Test results for oral glucose tolerance may show:<ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li>Standard range: blood glucose level less than 140 mg/dL</li><li>Prediabetes: blood glucose level between 140 and 199 mg/dL</li><li>Diabetes: blood glucose level greater than 200 mg/dL</li></ul>A1C testAn A1C test measures your average blood sugar control over the previous two to three months. It may show:<ul><li>Standard range: less than 5.7%</li><li>Prediabetes: 5.7% to 6.4% of the total</li><li>Diabetes: above 6.4%</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Treatment of diabetes</h2>Diabetes is treated by a balance of healthy diet, regular exercise,&nbsp;and other steps to reduce blood sugar levels, and&nbsp;manages the risk factors for&nbsp;complications. Interventions that are both practical and affordable in developing nations include<ul><li>Blood glucose management with lifestyle and dietary adjustment, insulin, and oral medications</li><li>Blood lipid management&nbsp;</li><li>Screening and management of&nbsp;diabetes complications</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Final words</h2>Millions of people in Africa have diabetes, and many more millions are set to have the disease. Many people do not know their diabetes status because they do not check their blood sugar levels regularly and because diabetes symptoms do not appear early. You can protect yourself by adjusting your diet and lifestyle.

Should I be worried about diabetes?

<a href="https://pixabay.com/photos/vegetable-stand-vegetables-market-5149444/">Photo by Helmut_kroiss</a>Food is more than just something that tastes good and fills you up. It is an essential part of our lives and plays a critical role in maintaining good health and fueling our bodies.But not all foods are the same. Understanding the different classes of food and what they contain will help you decide on what to eat, what they do, and how you should eat to introduce and maintain your body in its best shape.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What are Classes of Food?</h2>Classes of food are groups of foods that have similar nutrients and work in the body in similar ways. There are six major classes of food: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Carbohydrates give you energy</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_fccbab762c_08e6cc4383.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/assortment-common-food-allergens-people_33757336.htm#query=carbohydrates&amp;position=1&amp;from_view=keyword&amp;track=sph&amp;uuid=f0919fbe-c696-4808-b971-d6a506938a8d">Image by&nbsp;Freepik</a>While carbohydrates have gotten a bad reputation for contributing to diabetes and weight gain, they are essential in keeping you fit and energized. Foods such as yams, bread, rice, potatoes, and some fruits are chief sources of carbohydrates, which are a type of macronutrient that&nbsp;serves as body fuel. This is why you should include carbohydrates in your diet.<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Types of carbohydrates</h3>There are two main types of carbohydrates: simple carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates.<ul><li>Simple carbohydrates&nbsp;are a type of carbohydrate that undergo no further processing to produce energy. They are found in sugary foods and provide a quick burst of energy.&nbsp;</li><li>Complex carbohydrates, on the other hand, need to be broken down to provide a slower release of energy. They are found in starchy foods like rice, yam, and whole grains,&nbsp;which are metabolised to provide sustained energy.</li></ul>&nbsp;<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">How to incorporate carbohydrates into your diet</h3>Choose whole grain products, such as wheat bread and brown rice, instead of refined grain products, such as white bread and white rice.&nbsp;Supplement these with a collection&nbsp;of fruits and vegetables to make your diet for a healthy source of carbohydrates.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Proteins build your body</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_afab21adb3_ed688afd00.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/grilled-vegetables-and-fried-egg-with-beans-and-sausage-4552980/">Photo by Roman Odintsov</a>Proteins are essential for the growth and repair of our body tissues. They are the building blocks of our muscles, skin and tissues. Proteins can be found in foods such as meat, poultry, fish, dairy products, beans, nuts, and tofu.<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">Types of Proteins</h3>There are many different types of proteins, each with its own unique structure and function. Some examples include hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the blood, and enzymes, which help to digest food.<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">How to Incorporate More Proteins into Your Diet</h3>Start with lean protein sources and meats, such as chicken and fish, in your meals. Then add plant-proteins or dairy products to provide you with the essential amino acids.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Can Fats make you fat?</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_88c4bf7ba0_c15c9db95b.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/real-food-pyramid-assortment-top-view_39205167.htm">Image by&nbsp;Freepik</a>No, Fats will not make you fat if you take the right type of fats in the right proportion. A small amount of Fat in your diet is enough to keep you healthy, without being at risk of the many complications that come with excess fat.&nbsp;Fats&nbsp;help our body to produce essential amino acids and absorb fat-soluble vitamins. They are found in a variety of foods, including oils, butter, nuts, cheese, and fatty cuts of meat.&nbsp;<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">Types of Fats</h3>There are two main types of fats: unsaturated fats and saturated fats.<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Unsaturated fats found in foods such as olive oil, nuts, and avocados. They can be benefcial to health when consumed in moderation. These types of fats can help lower cholesterol levels and improve heart health.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Saturated fats&nbsp;are found in animal products and processed foods such as butter, lard, and fatty meats. Saturated fats have been linked to increased cholesterol levels and raise the risk of heart disease, and as such, should be consumed in moderation.</li></ul><h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">How to incorporate more good fats into your diet</h3>At all times, choose unsaturated fats over saturated ones. Evidence from nutritionists and doctors suggest that moderate levels of unsaturated fats have better health benefits and less risks than saturated ones.&nbsp;Unsaturated fats are found in food items such as nuts, seeds, avocados, and olive oil.&nbsp;Also, limit your intake of saturated fats from animal products and processed foods, and opt for lean cuts of meat instead.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Vitamins and Minerals for Vitality</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_9ae6c6e784_bab1b60ee4.webp"></figure><a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/kiwis-and-oranges-1cWZgnBhZRs">Photo by Luke Michael</a>The body needs vitamins and minerals in small amounts to function properly.&nbsp;Vitamins and minerals have a vital role in everything from building strong bones and maintaining good health to boosting our immune system.&nbsp;Some of the most important vitamins and minerals include vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, and iron. You can get these nutrients from a variety of foods, including fruits, vegetables, dairy products, whole grains, and lean protein sources.<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">Types of Vitamins and Minerals</h3>There are 13 essential vitamins, including vitamins A, C, D, and E. Each vitamin has its unique function, such as maintaining healthy skin and supporting the immune system.There are also many different types of minerals, including calcium, iron, and magnesium. Each mineral has its unique function in the body, such as building strong bones and helping regulate the heart's rhythm.&nbsp;<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">Role of Vitamins and Minerals in the Body</h3>Vitamins and minerals play a crucial role in many processes in the body, including growth, metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, building strong bones, regulating heart function, transmitting nerve impulses, and disease prevention.&nbsp;&nbsp;They also help to protect cells and tissues, maintain&nbsp;fluid balance, and support the maintenance of a healthy immune system.<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">How to incorporate more vitamins and minerals into your diet</h3>Fruits and veggies are the chief source of vitamins and minerals. For instance, leafy greens, such as spinach and kale, are a good source of calcium and iron.&nbsp;Orange is rich in vitamin C.&nbsp;Additionally, meat, poultry, and dairy products, such as milk and yogurt, are rich in iron and calcium and are a good source of Vitamin D. Seafood is a good source of magnesium and iodine. Nuts, seeds, and legumes are good sources of magnesium, phosphorus, and potassium.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Water</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_421b6c4d19_f1a96d46fb.webp"></figure><a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/pouring-water-on-persons-hands-YpZ2cj4s0oo">Photo by mrjn Photography</a>Our body is made up of 70% water, so it’s only natural for water to be very essential to play a central role in our diet, digestion, and wellbeing.&nbsp; Water helps to regulate our body temperature, lubricates joints, removes or flushes out waste products and toxins, and helps transport nutrients throughout the body. It is also important for hydration and maintaining healthy skin and eyes.<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">How to stay hydrated all day</h3>It is recommended to drink at least&nbsp;15 cups or glasses (3 to 4 litres, or 6 to 8 sachets of water) per day.&nbsp;If you’re in a hot environment like Nigeria, you may need to drink more. But the exact amount of water you need can change depending on your age, gender, level of activity, and health in general.&nbsp;&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Bottom Line</h2>A balanced diet is a diet containing a healthy blend of the different classes of food we’ve discussed. Fill your plate with a variety of components from each food group.&nbsp;<figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_62c94a4d33_b13866549b.webp"></figure><a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/fruit-salad-on-gray-bowls-HlNcigvUi4Q">Photo by Brooke Lark</a>Personalise your diet and ensure your health is at the top of your scale when selecting what food to eat.&nbsp;&nbsp;While several dietary guidelines recommend different daily dietary regimens for individuals, there are no universal diet guidelines. So it’s helpful to tailor the guidelines to your individual needs and circumstances.&nbsp;&nbsp;Remember that everyone's nutritional needs are different and may change throughout their lives, depending on factors like age, gender, specific health conditions and physical activity levels.&nbsp;&nbsp;Speaking with a registered dietitian or healthcare provider can help you determine what a healthy and balanced diet looks like for you.

The ABCs of Food and Why Food Classes Matter

<a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/medical-eyeglasses-and-full-of-blood-vials-on-diaper-4230620/">Photo by Karolina Grabowska from Pexels</a>Human blood belongs to one of four main blood groups: A, AB, B, and O. Each of these groups can also be positive or negative for the Rhesus factor, which means you can have an A positive or an A negative blood, just as you can have for AB,&nbsp; B, and O blood groups. But what does this grouping mean to you, and why should you care?<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Blood antigens and antibodies</h2>Blood grouping is based on the presence or absence of antigens and antibodies in your blood. Antigens are proteins found on the red cell surface, while antibodies are natural proteins in plasma.&nbsp;An antigen triggers your immune system to generate antibodies. The antibodies alert your body to destroy the antigens they recognise as foreign.&nbsp;Red blood cells have different types of antigens used to group them. The most commonly recognised blood groups are:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">The ABO blood grouping system&nbsp;</li><li style="text-align:justify;">The Rhesus (Rh) blood grouping system</li></ul><h3 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">ABO system</h3>In the ABO system, the blood group is based on the presence or absence of the A and B antigens. There are four blood groups in this grouping system.<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Group A&nbsp;- has A antigen and anti-B antibody</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Group B - has B antigen and anti-A antibody</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Group AB - has both A and B antigens but no antibodies</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Group O - has no antigens but has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies</li></ul>Group O blood is the most common blood group in Nigeria. More than half of Nigerians (53%) have group O blood. Very few (less than 4%) have group AB blood.&nbsp;According to the ABO grouping system, your body tolerates the antigens in your blood and produces antibodies against the antigens you do not have.<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">ABO blood compatibility&nbsp;</h3>The ABO blood grouping determines who you can donate blood to or receive blood from. This is known as blood compatibility or the capacity of blood from two individuals to combine without destroying each other.Blood transfusion can safely be done only between two compatible blood groups. This means you must only receive blood your body will not react to.&nbsp;For example, if you have blood group A, your safest option is to receive blood group A. If you receive blood from an incompatible blood group, say group B, your anti-B antibodies will attack the B antigens on the donor red cells, which could be life-threatening.A safer option will be to receive group O blood. Because the group O blood has no antigen, it can safely be given to people with any other blood group.The ABO blood grouping compatibility is summarised as follows:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Group A: individuals with this blood group can donate to individuals with group A or AB blood but can receive blood only from individuals with group A or O blood.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Group B: individuals with this blood group can donate to individuals with group B or AB blood but can receive blood only from individuals with group B or group O blood.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Group AB: individuals with this blood group can donate only to individuals with group AB blood but can receive blood from any other blood group.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Group O: individuals with this blood group can donate to individuals with any blood group but can receive blood only from individuals with group O blood..&nbsp;</li></ul><h3 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Rh system</h3>In the Rh blood grouping system, the blood group is classified depending on the presence of the Rhesus (Rh) factor. The Rh factor is coded for by the D antigen. So if your blood has the Rhesus factor, you are Rhesus-D positive (RhD-positive). If it does not, you are Rhesus-D negative (RhD-negative).The ABO and Rhesus grouping systems are often taken together to give your blood type. That means your blood group can be one of the following:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">O-negative (O-)</li><li style="text-align:justify;">O-positive (O+)</li><li style="text-align:justify;">A-negative (A-)</li><li style="text-align:justify;">A-positive (A+)</li><li style="text-align:justify;">B-negative (B-)</li><li style="text-align:justify;">B-positive (B+)</li><li style="text-align:justify;">AB-positive (AB+)</li><li style="text-align:justify;">AB-negative (AB-)</li></ul>Individuals with AB-positive blood are considered universal recipients because they can receive blood from any other blood group, while a person with type O-negative blood is considered a universal donor because their blood can be safely given to anyone.&nbsp;<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Rhesus compatibility&nbsp;</h3>Rhesus compatibility is not often considered in blood group grouping and crossmatching for blood transfusion, but the compatibility between a pregnant woman and the foetus is is very important.&nbsp;A child can inherit the Rhesus-D antigen from either the mother or father. If the mother is RhD-negative but the child is RhD-positive due to inheritance of Rhesus-D antigen from the father, there will be Rhesus incompatibility between the mother and child.&nbsp;The mother may produce anti-D antibodies that react with the child’s RhD antigens, causing severe complications for the child. This is preventable. Speak with your obstetrician or gynaecologist to discuss the preventions if you are a RhD-negative mother.<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">How to check your blood group</h3><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_888d964667_2b79e8c23b.webp"></figure><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ics-codablock-blood-bag_sample.jpg">ICSident at German Wikipedia</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0">CC BY-SA 3.0</a>, via Wikimedia CommonsYou can check your blood group by visiting a registered laboratory. A laboratory scientist will collect your blood and test it for the blood group antigens that we've outlined.&nbsp;The scientist will tie a tourniquet around your wrist or arm and insert a syringe into a vein to collect your blood into a sample bottle or syringe.Your red blood cells will then be mixed with reagents containing antibodies against the common red cell antigens. That is, anti-A and anti-B antibodies—a third reagent containing anti-D antibody test0s for Rhesus-D (RhD) antigen.&nbsp;The nature of the reaction between your red blood cells and the reagents determines your blood group. Remember, blood group antigens will react with their corresponding antibodies.&nbsp;Therefore, if you have A antigens on your red blood cells, they will react with anti-A antibody reagents and clump together. The reaction will appear like pellets. If the antigens on your red blood cell are different from the antibodies in the reagent, they will not react; your blood will remain fluid.If your blood reacts to anti-A and anti-B antibody reagents, it means you have blood group AB. Individuals with blood group O do not have antigens on their red blood cells, so their blood does not react with anti-A and anti-B antibodies.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Conclusion</h2>Knowing your blood group is important for safe blood transfusion and pregnancy. It helps you to avoid or prevent severe complications that may affect individuals receiving blood transfusion or newborns. It is also important during emergencies as it will ensure timely treatment. Your knowledge could help you determine your susceptibility to certain diseases and your ancestry. Check your blood group today.

Does Your Blood Group Really Matter?

<a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-ai-image/human-blood-globulins_97747193.htm#fromView=search&amp;page=1&amp;position=9&amp;uuid=0a1d6c78-ecf9-4134-a9b7-52c8d3847ea2">Image by frimufilms on Freepik</a>Anaemia is when haemoglobin (Hb) concentration and red blood cell (RBC) numbers are lower than expected and insufficient to meet the amount you need to function effectively. This means that the RBCs will not be able to carry enough oxygen.&nbsp;<ul><li>Anaemia affects roughly one-third of the world’s population, with more than 60% of them in Africa</li><li>It’s often a sign of nutritional deficiency and ill health</li><li>Anaemia is also associated with death and disease in women and children.</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Anaemia symptoms</h2>Anaemia is subtle at the earliest. The body tries to compensate for the inadequacy initially, but symptoms may appear as the anaemia continues or worsens. The symptoms may include:<ul><li>Pale skin (pallor)</li><li>Cold hands and feet</li><li>Tiredness or weakness</li><li>Dizziness, lightheadedness, or feeling like you are about to pass out</li><li>Fast or unusual heartbeat</li><li>Shortness of breath</li><li>Headache&nbsp;</li><li>Pain</li><li>Poor growth&nbsp;</li></ul>The severity of the symptoms depends on the level of anaemia, the persistence of the cause, and how well the body compensates for the inadequacy.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What are the causes of anaemia in Africa</h2>Anaemia occurs either because:<ol><li>the body does not produce enough blood or</li><li>an excess number of red cells are destroyed, or</li><li>the body is losing blood at a faster rate than it produces</li></ol>These three mechanisms result from many causes. The common causes of anaemia in Nigeria include&nbsp;<ul><li>genetic conditions (e.g., thalassemia in parts of the Mediterranean, sickle cell in Africa)</li><li>nutritional deficiencies other than iron deficiency (i.e., folic acid, vitamins A and B-12)</li><li>factors related to reproduction (e.g., high fertility, obstetric complications, contraceptives)</li><li>infections (e.g., HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, diarrhoea) that increase requirements for iron and other micronutrients</li><li>parasitic infections such as malaria and worm infestation</li></ul>Malaria is a leading cause of anaemia in Sub-Saharan Africa, as is iron deficiency.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Risk factors</h2>The following factors place you at increased risk of anaemia, they include:<ul><li>Nutritional deficiency: low intake of minerals and vitamins, such as iron, copper, vitamin B-12, and folate&nbsp;</li><li>Intestinal disorders: intestinal disorders such as Crohn’s disease and celiac disease affect the absorption of nutrients in your small intestine and increase your risk of developing anaemia</li><li>Menstrual disorders: excess blood loss during menstruation is a risk factor</li><li>Pregnancy: Increased energy and nutrient demands and fluid retention during pregnancy can lead to anaemia</li><li>Chronic conditions: Chronic conditions like cancer or longstanding infections deplete your iron stores, while kidney failure can affect the release of the hormone that controls blood production.&nbsp;</li></ul>Chronic blood loss from an ulcer or other sources within the body can deplete the body's store of iron, leading to iron deficiency anaemia.<ul><li>Family history:&nbsp;inherited conditions, such as sickle cell anaemia, make you vulnerable to becoming anaemic due to increased destruction of red cells</li><li>Old age: People over age 65 are at increased risk of anaemia</li></ul>Other factors include blood diseases like haemophilia, autoimmune disorders, alcoholism, exposure to toxic chemicals like camphor, and the use of some medications can affect red blood cell production and lead to anaemia.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Diagnosis</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_48e230bd77_d369ff77c3.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/coronavirus-blood-samples-arrangement-lab_18684532.htm#fromView=search&amp;page=1&amp;position=18&amp;uuid=dd6f9a27-a349-4831-a0aa-e91ec4f1f230">Image by freepik</a>Diagnosis of anaemia is a combination of clinical presentation and laboratoryLaboratory tests for anaemia generally include the following:<ul><li>Packed cell volume (PCV) estimation: involves spinning your blood in a tube to see how much of it is red blood cells</li><li>Complete blood count (CBC): also called full blood count, this test estimates the levels of individual components of your blood, including white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets, reticulocytes, haemoglobin, differential cells, etc.</li><li>Peripheral blood smear: involves using a microscope to examine your blood for its colour, shape, size</li><li>Haemoglobin estimation</li><li>Serum iron estimation</li><li>Serum bilirubin</li><li>Haemoglobin electrophoresis</li><li>Reticulocyte count</li><li>Urinalysis</li><li>Liver function tests</li><li>Renal function test</li><li>Bone marrow biopsy</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Treatment</h2>Treatment for anaemia depends on the cause or type of anaemia. Treatments for common forms of anaemia include:<ul><li>Iron-deficiency anaemia: iron supplements and dietary changes.</li><li>Vitamin deficiency anaemia: vitamins and dietary supplements.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Thalassemia: folic acid supplements, iron chelation, and, for some people, blood transfusions and bone marrow transplants.</li><li>Anaemia of chronic disease: treatment of underlying disease.</li><li>Aplastic anaemia: blood transfusion or bone marrow transplant.</li><li>Sickle cell anaemia: oxygen therapy, pain relief medication, and intravenous fluids: antibiotics, folic acid supplements, blood transfusions, and hydroxyurea may be added.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Haemolytic anaemia: treatment of the underlying cause</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Prevention</h2>Prevention can be&nbsp;achieved by enforcing individual/family and government policies.On individual levelIron deficiency and vitamin-deficiency anaemia can be prevented by consuming the right diet. Suchnutrient can be gotten from the following sources:<ul><li>Iron:&nbsp;from red meat, dark-green leafy vegetables, beans and lentils, dried-fruits and iron-fortified cereals.</li><li>Folate/folic acid:&nbsp;from dark-green leafy vegetables, whole fruits or fruit juices, kidney beans, green peas, peanuts and fortified products such as bread, cereal, pasta, and rice.</li><li>Vitamin B-12:&nbsp;sources include dairy products, meat, soy products and fortified cereal.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Vitamin C: citrus fruits – whole or juiced, strawberries, peppers, broccoli, melons and tomatoes.</li></ul>On Governmental levelThe three major causes of anaemia (iron deficiency, malaria and helminth infections) can be addressed during contacts with vulnerable groups using a combination of key interventions, as needed.Five Key Interventions<ul><li>Iron supplements targeted to at-risk groups</li><li>Fortification of staple foods with iron and other micronutrients that cause anaemia for the general population&nbsp;</li><li>Supply of iron-fortified foods targeted to at-risk groups</li><li>Prevent and treat malaria</li><li>Use of insecticide-treated materials and bed nets to prevent anaemia</li><li>Deworming (anthelmintics) in at-risk groups</li></ul>Other important interventions to decrease anaemia:<ul><li>Expand immunization coverage</li><li>Prevent and manage obstetric complications, particularly excessive bleeding</li><li>Promote birth spacing through use of modern contraceptives and exclusive breastfeeding</li><li>Promote use of contraceptives that decrease blood loss</li><li>Improve water and sanitation facilities/practices</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Conclusion</h2>Anaemia is a huge problem in Africa, but it is manageable with interventions at the individual and government levels. The primary cause of anaemia in the continent include iron deficiency, malaria, and complications of pregnancy and delivery. These causes are controllable.&nbsp;

Okpani-Idam Chinasa