Do you know that, according to a report, 35% of all NICU admissions were made for Neonatal Jaundice? A global survey estimates that each year, 1.1 million newborns experience severe jaundice, with the bulk of those cases occurring in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. In Africa, particularly in West Africa, neonatal jaundice is the major condition that affects and kills newborns.

Jaundice in Newborns

Neonatal jaundice

David is a bright and active eight-year-old boy who loved playing in the compound and discovering new things around him. One day, while playing with his toys under the shade of a tree in front of his house, he suddenly fell to the ground and started shaking uncontrollably.His mom was terrified and quickly called out for help. The neighbours came together, and one of them offered his bike. David’s father quickly got on the bike, and with the help of his mother and a neighbour, they carefully placed David on the bike. With David held between his parents, they rushed to the clinic, hoping he would get better soon.At the clinic, the doctors ran a series of tests before diagnosing David with a seizure disorder, often referred to as epilepsy.&nbsp; This meant that he would be at risk for future seizures. For&nbsp;David and&nbsp;his family, this diagnosis was life-changing.&nbsp;If you have a child like David, this article will help you learn about seizure disorders in children and how to manage&nbsp;similar cases.&nbsp; It provides an overview of seizure disorders in paediatrics, including the definition of seizures, common causes, diagnosis, and treatment options. Additionally, it provides coping strategies for parents and caregivers to manage seizures in children and ensure their safety.<h1 style="margin-left:0cm;">What is a seizure?</h1>A seizure is a disorder in which brain cells malfunction and transmit electrical impulses involuntarily, resulting in symptoms that impact other areas of the brain and body. In this case, seizures often cause loss of consciousness and abnormal movements, usually immediately.&nbsp;It can result in unexpected, abrupt changes in a child's movements, sensations, cognition, and&nbsp;behaviour. Neurons in the child's brain may&nbsp;freeze excessively during a seizure,&nbsp;resulting in odd feelings, emotions, or behaviours. The seizure may be minor or severe, lasting between a few seconds and several minutes.Paediatric seizure disorder&nbsp;occurs in approximately 4 to 10 out of every 1,000 children.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Causes of seizure disorders in children</h2>Several possible causes of seizure disorder in&nbsp;children may include the following:<ul><li>Genetic factors - some forms of epilepsy may be inherited.</li><li>Brain injury or damage - can occur during birth from infections, head injuries, or strokes.</li><li>Brain malformations - when the brain does not develop properly before birth.</li><li>Infections - such as meningitis, encephalitis, or abscesses in the brain.</li><li>Metabolic disorders - including low blood sugar, electrolyte imbalances, or kidney or liver failure.</li><li>Brain tumours - both benign and malignant&nbsp;tumours can cause seizures.</li><li>Febrile seizures - which occur during high fever in young children.</li><li>Unknown causes - in some cases, no&nbsp;specific cause of the seizure disorder can be&nbsp;identified.</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Types of seizure disorders</h2>A seizure can come in different forms, depending on the cause and the part of the brain affected. The common types include:<ul><li>Generalised seizures&nbsp;</li></ul>They affect the entire brain and can render a child unconscious. They can be atonic or tonic-clonic seizures if they affect the child’s muscles and movement or absence seizures if the child just stares into space or blanks out for a few seconds. Absence seizures were once called petit mal&nbsp;seizures.<ul><li>Focal or partial seizures</li></ul>These seizures might originate in one&nbsp;specific location and result in a limited range of symptoms. If the child does not lose consciousness, the seizure could be simplepartial seizures. Complex partial seizures result in altered consciousness.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Symptoms of a seizure in children&nbsp;</h2>The symptoms of a seizure vary depending on the type. Common symptoms include:<ul><li>Abnormal movements:&nbsp;The seizure may include jerking or twitching the arms, legs, or face.</li><li>Loss of consciousness: The child may appear to&nbsp;stare blankly, become unresponsive or confused, or even fall to the ground.</li><li>Convulsions:&nbsp;The severity of convulsion can range from mild to severe and can include shaking stiffness, and loss of muscle control.</li><li>Change in mood or&nbsp;behaviour: Children may experience sudden changes in mood or&nbsp;behaviour,&nbsp;and may become irritable, aggressive, or anxious.</li><li>Changes in sensations: Children may complain of hearing unusual sounds or seeing&nbsp;flashing lights.</li><li>Loss of bladder or bowel control:&nbsp;A child with a seizure may find it difficult to hold her pee or poop.</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Diagnosis of seizures in children</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_7ae6bc1cca_eb49f243f9.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-ai-image/man-working-as-paediatrician_262780334.htm#fromView=search&amp;page=1&amp;position=0&amp;uuid=3751e076-8a39-4cda-8e30-00aa555908bf">Image by freepik</a>Seizures in children combine medical history, physical exam, neurological assessment, and diagnostic testing.&nbsp;<ul><li>Medical history: The doctor will&nbsp;ask about the child's symptoms and medical history from the parents or other primary caregivers</li><li>Neurological assessment.&nbsp;This involves a comprehensive neurological examination comprising tests for nerve and sensory functions, gait and balance, etc.&nbsp;</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Management options for seizure disorders</h2>The primary goal of treatment of&nbsp;a seizure disorder is to stop the seizure and, if it can’t be stopped, to control or reduce the frequency and severity of the seizure. These goals may be achieved through:&nbsp;<ul><li>Anti-seizure drugs: Anti-seizure drugs are the mainstay of treatment for children with seizure disorders. The drugs reduce the abnormal electrical activity in the brain.&nbsp;</li><li>Nutritional therapy:&nbsp;There have been reports of some epileptic children experiencing fewer seizures while following a high-fat, low-carb ketogenic diet.</li><li>Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) is a&nbsp;form of treatment that can be used with other therapies to help children with seizure disorders manage their disease's emotional and psychological aspects.</li><li>Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS)&nbsp;is a noninvasive medical procedure that involves implanting a device beneath the skin of the chest and connecting it to the vagus nerve in the neck. VNS stimulates the brain with electrical impulses, which lessen the frequency and intensity of seizures.</li><li>Surgery: For kids with seizure disorders, surgery may occasionally be advised to remove the portion of the brain producing the seizures&nbsp;without causing greater harm to the healthy brain tissue.</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Coping strategies for parents and caregivers of children&nbsp; having a seizure disorder</h2>Having a child with a seizure disorder can be challenging and stressful for a parent or caregiver.&nbsp; To help you cope, try:<ul><li>Working closely with a paediatric neurologist to create a personalised treatment plan for children with seizure disorders. Identifying and addressing any sign of seizure disorder early can improve treatment outcomes and reduce the risk of complications.</li><li>Ask for help:&nbsp;Connect with other parents and caregivers&nbsp;whose children have similar challenges. Join a support group, attend seminars or conferences, or consult a therapist or&nbsp;counsellor who focuses on helping families dealing with seizure disorders.</li><li>Make self-care a priority: Make time for leisurely pursuits like reading, jogging, and&nbsp;socialising with friends. These activities can help you unwind. When you need a break, take one, and if you require assistance, ask friends or family for assistance.</li><li>Create an action plan for seizures: Consult with your child's doctor to create an action plan that&nbsp;specifies what to do during a seizure. If you have a strategy, you may feel more prepared and&nbsp;confident in controlling your child's seizures.</li><li>Create a safe space for your child.&nbsp;This may entail clearing your child's room of sharp or harmful things, setting up safety equipment like bed rails or epilepsy helmets, and instructing other family members and caregivers on handling seizures.</li></ul>

Early diagnosis and treatment can ease the burden of seizures, but reducing stigma is just as important.

Seizure Disorders in Children

Children's Health

<a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-ai-image/human-blood-globulins_97747193.htm#fromView=search&amp;page=1&amp;position=9&amp;uuid=0a1d6c78-ecf9-4134-a9b7-52c8d3847ea2">Image by frimufilms on Freepik</a>Anaemia is when haemoglobin (Hb) concentration and red blood cell (RBC) numbers are lower than expected and insufficient to meet the amount you need to function effectively. This means that the RBCs will not be able to carry enough oxygen.&nbsp;<ul><li>Anaemia affects roughly one-third of the world’s population, with more than 60% of them in Africa</li><li>It’s often a sign of nutritional deficiency and ill health</li><li>Anaemia is also associated with death and disease in women and children.</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Anaemia symptoms</h2>Anaemia is subtle at the earliest. The body tries to compensate for the inadequacy initially, but symptoms may appear as the anaemia continues or worsens. The symptoms may include:<ul><li>Pale skin (pallor)</li><li>Cold hands and feet</li><li>Tiredness or weakness</li><li>Dizziness, lightheadedness, or feeling like you are about to pass out</li><li>Fast or unusual heartbeat</li><li>Shortness of breath</li><li>Headache&nbsp;</li><li>Pain</li><li>Poor growth&nbsp;</li></ul>The severity of the symptoms depends on the level of anaemia, the persistence of the cause, and how well the body compensates for the inadequacy.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What are the causes of anaemia in Africa</h2>Anaemia occurs either because:<ol><li>the body does not produce enough blood or</li><li>an excess number of red cells are destroyed, or</li><li>the body is losing blood at a faster rate than it produces</li></ol>These three mechanisms result from many causes. The common causes of anaemia in Nigeria include&nbsp;<ul><li>genetic conditions (e.g., thalassemia in parts of the Mediterranean, sickle cell in Africa)</li><li>nutritional deficiencies other than iron deficiency (i.e., folic acid, vitamins A and B-12)</li><li>factors related to reproduction (e.g., high fertility, obstetric complications, contraceptives)</li><li>infections (e.g., HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, diarrhoea) that increase requirements for iron and other micronutrients</li><li>parasitic infections such as malaria and worm infestation</li></ul>Malaria is a leading cause of anaemia in Sub-Saharan Africa, as is iron deficiency.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Risk factors</h2>The following factors place you at increased risk of anaemia, they include:<ul><li>Nutritional deficiency: low intake of minerals and vitamins, such as iron, copper, vitamin B-12, and folate&nbsp;</li><li>Intestinal disorders: intestinal disorders such as Crohn’s disease and celiac disease affect the absorption of nutrients in your small intestine and increase your risk of developing anaemia</li><li>Menstrual disorders: excess blood loss during menstruation is a risk factor</li><li>Pregnancy: Increased energy and nutrient demands and fluid retention during pregnancy can lead to anaemia</li><li>Chronic conditions: Chronic conditions like cancer or longstanding infections deplete your iron stores, while kidney failure can affect the release of the hormone that controls blood production.&nbsp;</li></ul>Chronic blood loss from an ulcer or other sources within the body can deplete the body's store of iron, leading to iron deficiency anaemia.<ul><li>Family history:&nbsp;inherited conditions, such as sickle cell anaemia, make you vulnerable to becoming anaemic due to increased destruction of red cells</li><li>Old age: People over age 65 are at increased risk of anaemia</li></ul>Other factors include blood diseases like haemophilia, autoimmune disorders, alcoholism, exposure to toxic chemicals like camphor, and the use of some medications can affect red blood cell production and lead to anaemia.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Diagnosis</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_48e230bd77_d369ff77c3.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/coronavirus-blood-samples-arrangement-lab_18684532.htm#fromView=search&amp;page=1&amp;position=18&amp;uuid=dd6f9a27-a349-4831-a0aa-e91ec4f1f230">Image by freepik</a>Diagnosis of anaemia is a combination of clinical presentation and laboratoryLaboratory tests for anaemia generally include the following:<ul><li>Packed cell volume (PCV) estimation: involves spinning your blood in a tube to see how much of it is red blood cells</li><li>Complete blood count (CBC): also called full blood count, this test estimates the levels of individual components of your blood, including white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets, reticulocytes, haemoglobin, differential cells, etc.</li><li>Peripheral blood smear: involves using a microscope to examine your blood for its colour, shape, size</li><li>Haemoglobin estimation</li><li>Serum iron estimation</li><li>Serum bilirubin</li><li>Haemoglobin electrophoresis</li><li>Reticulocyte count</li><li>Urinalysis</li><li>Liver function tests</li><li>Renal function test</li><li>Bone marrow biopsy</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Treatment</h2>Treatment for anaemia depends on the cause or type of anaemia. Treatments for common forms of anaemia include:<ul><li>Iron-deficiency anaemia: iron supplements and dietary changes.</li><li>Vitamin deficiency anaemia: vitamins and dietary supplements.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Thalassemia: folic acid supplements, iron chelation, and, for some people, blood transfusions and bone marrow transplants.</li><li>Anaemia of chronic disease: treatment of underlying disease.</li><li>Aplastic anaemia: blood transfusion or bone marrow transplant.</li><li>Sickle cell anaemia: oxygen therapy, pain relief medication, and intravenous fluids: antibiotics, folic acid supplements, blood transfusions, and hydroxyurea may be added.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Haemolytic anaemia: treatment of the underlying cause</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Prevention</h2>Prevention can be&nbsp;achieved by enforcing individual/family and government policies.On individual levelIron deficiency and vitamin-deficiency anaemia can be prevented by consuming the right diet. Suchnutrient can be gotten from the following sources:<ul><li>Iron:&nbsp;from red meat, dark-green leafy vegetables, beans and lentils, dried-fruits and iron-fortified cereals.</li><li>Folate/folic acid:&nbsp;from dark-green leafy vegetables, whole fruits or fruit juices, kidney beans, green peas, peanuts and fortified products such as bread, cereal, pasta, and rice.</li><li>Vitamin B-12:&nbsp;sources include dairy products, meat, soy products and fortified cereal.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Vitamin C: citrus fruits – whole or juiced, strawberries, peppers, broccoli, melons and tomatoes.</li></ul>On Governmental levelThe three major causes of anaemia (iron deficiency, malaria and helminth infections) can be addressed during contacts with vulnerable groups using a combination of key interventions, as needed.Five Key Interventions<ul><li>Iron supplements targeted to at-risk groups</li><li>Fortification of staple foods with iron and other micronutrients that cause anaemia for the general population&nbsp;</li><li>Supply of iron-fortified foods targeted to at-risk groups</li><li>Prevent and treat malaria</li><li>Use of insecticide-treated materials and bed nets to prevent anaemia</li><li>Deworming (anthelmintics) in at-risk groups</li></ul>Other important interventions to decrease anaemia:<ul><li>Expand immunization coverage</li><li>Prevent and manage obstetric complications, particularly excessive bleeding</li><li>Promote birth spacing through use of modern contraceptives and exclusive breastfeeding</li><li>Promote use of contraceptives that decrease blood loss</li><li>Improve water and sanitation facilities/practices</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Conclusion</h2>Anaemia is a huge problem in Africa, but it is manageable with interventions at the individual and government levels. The primary cause of anaemia in the continent include iron deficiency, malaria, and complications of pregnancy and delivery. These causes are controllable.&nbsp;

Anaemia is on the rise in Africa, driven by malaria, sickle cell disease, and poor nutrition. Learn the causes, risks, and how to prevent it.

The Prevalence of Anaemia in Africa

Health News and Research

<a href="https://unsplash.com/@freestocks?utm_content=creditCopyText&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_source=unsplash%22%3efreestocks%3c/a%3e%20on%20%3ca%20href=%22https://unsplash.com/photos/woman-holding-stomach-ux53SGpRAHU?utm_content=creditCopyText&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_source=unsplash">Photo by Unsplash</a>Pre-eclampsia is a complication of pregnancy that affects about&nbsp;<a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.18.22275250v1.full">5–8%&nbsp;</a>of all pregnant women in Nigeria and Africa. It is a leading cause of maternal and infant morbidity and mortality in Nigeria and Africa.The International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy&nbsp;<a href="https://isshp.org/the-definition-of-severe-and-early-onset-preeclampsia-statements-from-the-isshp/">defines</a> pre-eclampsia as hypertension that occurs after 20 weeks of pregnancy with one or more of proteinuria (protein in the urine) and abnormalities in organ function.&nbsp;The symptoms of pre-eclampsia can be subtle and may not appear until late in pregnancy, which is why it is often referred to as the&nbsp;“silent killer” of pregnant women.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Causes of pre-eclampsia</h2>The exact cause of pre-eclampsia is unknown. However, research suggests that pre-eclampsia may result from problems with the blood vessels in the placenta may cause it.&nbsp;The placenta is the organ that connects the baby to the mother's blood supply. In pre-eclampsia, the blood vessels in the placenta become narrowed, which can&nbsp;decrease blood flow to the baby.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Signs and symptoms of pre-eclampsia</h2>Pregnant women with pre-eclampsia may present with:<ul><li>High blood pressure</li><li>Protein in the urine</li><li>Swelling in the face, hands, and feet</li><li>Sudden weight gain</li><li>Headaches</li><li>Vision changes</li><li>Abdominal pain (you can say epigastric pain)</li><li>Nausea and vomiting</li></ul>It is important to note that these symptoms may not always be present, and some women may not experience any symptoms at all. That is why&nbsp;pregnant women should attend all their antenatal appointments and have their blood pressure and urine checked regularly.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Pre-eclampsia may hurt the mother and baby</h2>Untreated pre-eclampsia can lead to premature birth, low birth weight, and even stillbirth. In addition, pre-eclampsia can cause&nbsp;severe damage to the mother's organs, such as the liver and kidneys, and increase the risk of stroke and other complications such as eclampsia.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Who is at risk of pre-eclampsia?</h2>Several risk factors can increase a woman's chances of developing pre-eclampsia. These include:<ul><li>First-time pregnancy</li><li>Age (women over 40 are at higher risk)</li><li>Multiple pregnancies (i.e., women carrying multiple babies like twins, triplets etc.)</li><li>Obesity</li><li>A family history of pre-eclampsia</li><li>Chronic hypertension</li><li>Diabetes</li><li>Kidney disease</li><li>Lupus</li></ul>Also, a woman is more likely to get pre-eclampsia again if she has had it during a previous pregnancy.&nbsp;Studies have shown that pre-eclampsia happens more often in Africa than in other parts of the world. This is likely due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Diagnosis and treatment of pre-eclampsia</h2>Pre-eclampsia is diagnosed through routine antenatal care. If your care provider suspects that you have pre-eclampsia is suspected, you may be referred to a specialist for further testing.The treatment for pre-eclampsia depends on the severity of the condition and how far along you are in your pregnancy. In some cases, early delivery may be necessary to protect the health of the mother and the baby. But if the baby isn't ready, your doctor may suggest medicines to control blood pressure, bed rest, and other treatments to help&nbsp;support the pregnancy.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Importance of early detection and treatment of pre-eclampsia</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_87a8c767ff_567cb3a7da.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/woman-expecting-child-doing-examination-with-medic-medical-office-general-practitioner-consulting-pregnant-patient-check-pregnancy-healthcare-physician-helping-mother_22298434.htm#fromView=search&amp;page=1&amp;position=0&amp;uuid=b8b72d1a-9e29-4363-8da2-20a11cdf9aab">Image by DC Studio on Freepik</a>Early detection and treatment of pre-eclampsia are crucial&nbsp;to preventing serious complications. This is why pregnant women should attend regular antenatal care appointments, where their blood pressure and other vital signs will be monitored.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Preventing&nbsp;pre-eclampsia</h2>While it is not always possible and there is no surefre way to prevent pre-eclampsia, there are steps you can take to reduce your risk of developing pre-eclampsia. Here are a few tips to help ensure a healthy pregnancy:<ol><li>Visit your healthcare provider regularly: Early and regular antenatal care is essential for detecting and managing potential complications, including pre-eclampsia.</li><li>Eating a balanced and healthy diet:&nbsp;enrich your diet&nbsp;with fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins.</li><li>Stay active: Regular exercise, such as walking or&nbsp;pelvic floor exercises, can help improve circulation and prevent hypertension.</li><li>Maintain a healthy weight: Eat small portions of food, drink plenty of water, and curb your desire to binge on foods</li><li>Control any pre-existing medical conditions: If you have diabetes or kidney disease,&nbsp;see a doctor to manage them before or during pregnancy.</li><li>Avoid smoking and alcohol intake:&nbsp;both can increase your risk of pre-eclampsia.</li></ol><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">A final word</h2>Pre-eclampsia is a serious pregnancy complication that can have serious consequences for both the mother and baby. However, the outcome can be positive if it's detected and managed early.By understanding the risk factors, signs and symptoms, and ways to reduce your risk, you can take steps to protect yourself and your baby. So, always be informed and proactive about your health during pregnancy.

No pregnant woman should have to worry about pre-eclampsia. Understanding the risks can help ensure a safe pregnancy.

What Every Woman Should Know Pre-eclampsia

Women's Health

<a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/a-man-using-braille-book-7265314/">Photo by Thirdman</a>If you can read this, congratulations: you can see. It doesn’t matter whether you are reading through eyeglasses or not. What matters is that you're here, reading this.That you're here now may also suggest you’re worried about your eyes. Perhaps your vision is getting blurry, and you wonder if you’re going blind. Your fears are understandable.The World Health Organization (WHO)&nbsp;<a href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/blindness-and-visual-impairment">estimates</a> that more than 250 million people worldwide are visually impaired. This figure is predicted to increase to 703 million by 2050. In Nigeria, experts estimate that&nbsp;<a href="https://guardian.ng/news/world-sight-day-why-over-4-25m-adult-nigerians-are-blind-by-ophthalmologists/">4.25 million people</a> are blind. These statistics are enough to make anyone jittery.But what does it mean to be blind? Is it when you can’t see at all and your vision is pitch black, or is it when you need glasses and other visual aids to read and do basic activities? Blindness&nbsp;can be that and more.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">What is blindness?</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_a17647e314_1_7b47500477.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/man-sitting-on-a-bench-with-his-dog-8327844/">Photo by MART&nbsp; PRODUCTION</a>Blindness is a condition&nbsp;in which a person cannot see anything or has extremely poor vision. Clinically, blindness is defined as visual acuity of less than 3/60 or a visual field of less than 10 degrees in your better eye, with the best correction.Eye doctors, or ophthalmologists, define vision in terms of visual acuity and visual field. Visual acuity measures the eye’s ability to see things clearly and in detail, whether near or far away. The visual field is how much of a space your eyes can see with a steady gaze.Vision acuity is expressed as a fraction. The top number is the distance that your vision is tested. This is usually 6 metres or 20 feet. The bottom number is the distance at which a person with normal vision is expected to see the image or text. It’s also 6 metres or 20 feet.If your eyes are okay, you should be able to see an object clearly from six metres away, so you’ll score 6/6 or 20/20. The 6/6 records visual acuity in metres, while 20/20 is recorded in feet. We use 6/6 in Nigeria. A visual acuity lower than 6/6 often suggests a problem with your vision.&nbsp;Glasses and contact lenses can correct mild and moderate vision problems. If, after correction, the vision is less than 3/60 (20/400) in the better eye, an individual will be considered blind.&nbsp;Blindness can occur due to injury, infections, or genetic disorders. Whatever the cause, blindness can affect your ability to perform basic tasks.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">What are the causes of blindness?</h2>The most common cause of blindness worldwide is age-related macular degeneration. The macula is a thin layer behind the eyes that helps us to note the tiny details of an object and focus effectively.&nbsp;It deteriorates as we age, leading to vision loss.&nbsp;However, in Nigeria and Africa, the leading causes are cataracts, glaucoma, and corneal opacity.&nbsp;Other causes include:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Injury from heavy blows, penetrating objects, toxic chemicals, or radiation&nbsp;exposure.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Genetic disorders like retinitis pigmentosa and&nbsp;albinism</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Diabetes</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Hypertension</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Stroke</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Vitamin A deficiency</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Trachoma</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Onchocerciasis</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Symptoms of blindness</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_7e37a7114e_ecad38fb11.webp"></figure>Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@nate_dumlao?utm_content=creditCopyText&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_source=unsplash">Nathan Dumlao</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/man-holding-eyeglasses-VJHb4QPBgV4?utm_content=creditCopyText&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_source=unsplash">Unsplash</a>One early symptom&nbsp;of deteriorating vision is blurry or hazy vision. Objects may appear fuzzy to you. You may struggle to identify figures and shapes at a distance or squint to read texts with regular font sizes and lighting conditions.&nbsp;It could also be that you find it more challenging to move around at home, recognize faces, or function outdoors.Other symptoms include:<ul><li>Difficulty seeing at night or in low-light conditions</li><li>Increased sensitivity to&nbsp;light or glare</li><li>Narrowed visual field</li><li>Loss of peripheral vision, or the ability to see side objects</li><li>Total loss of vision,&nbsp;or the ability to see light</li></ul>Depending on the cause, you may experience frequent headaches, eye pain or discomfort, and light sensitivity.&nbsp;Pay attention to these symptoms and seek medical attention if you experience them.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Diagnosis of blindness</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_c0e5f444ad_94270667ec.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/a-person-in-white-shirt-having-an-eye-examination-5201879/">Photo by Photo By: Kaboompics.com</a>The diagnosis of blindness can only be done at a clinic. While you may be able to tell whether you can see or not, only an eye doctor can help you determine whether it is actually blindness and educate you on what you can do about it.Your doctor will do a comprehensive eye examination, which may involve:<ul><li>Testing your visual acuity</li><li>Measuring your eyes’ pressure or doing a tonometry</li><li>Dilating your eyes with eye drops</li></ul>You may need an MRI or a CT scan if the examination reveals any abnormalities.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Prevention of blindness</h2>Unfortunately, some types of blindness cannot be prevented. Blindness due to macular degeneration or optic atrophy, for instance, is unavoidable and a natural consequence of old age. But most types are preventable.The goals of prevention are to:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Protect your eyes from any disease</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Prevent your vision from getting worse if you’re already having trouble with your vision</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Minimize the difficulties you may face as someone with visual impairment</li></ul>So, how can you prevent blindness?<ol><li style="text-align:justify;">Go for regular eye checks at least once a year</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Maintain proper eye hygiene</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Use protective eyewear such as glasses and safety goggles</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Manage underlying diseases like hypertension and diabetes</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Get treated against blindness-causing infections such as Trachoma&nbsp;</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Go for genetic counselling to know your risk for developing eye diseases</li></ol><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Treatment of blindness</h2>The treatment of blindness depends on the underlying cause.&nbsp;Some causes may&nbsp;require drugs, others may require surgery or transplants.&nbsp;<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Drugs:&nbsp;Antibiotics and anti-worm medications can help treat blindness caused by bacteria and worms.&nbsp;</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Supplements:&nbsp;Vitamin A supplements may help restore vision loss in individuals with xerophthalmia.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Surgery: Refractive errors, cataracts, glaucoma, and other eye structural eye diseases can be resolved through surgery.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Corneal transplant:&nbsp;transplanting corneal tissues from a healthy donor helps improve vision loss or impairment caused by corneal damage.</li></ul>Individuals with irreversible vision loss can use adaptive devices and technologies to help them navigate their environment and perform daily tasks. These may include braille devices, talking computers, and mobility aids like canes and guide dogs.Note&nbsp;that treatment for blindness&nbsp;is best delivered by ophthalmologists who are readily available in most Nigerian hospitals. You may need to visit specialist centres, or contact your local clinics to access ophthalmologists who will treat you.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Conclusion</h2>If you suspect your vision is getting poor, keep calm and visit a doctor. Your symptoms could be a sign of a mild eye disease or something more. Your doctor will tell you what they are.&nbsp;Symptoms of blindness are often innocent. Except in cases of direct injury to your eyes, blindness often starts with blurry or hazy vision, then to&nbsp;partial or total vision loss if they are not treated.&nbsp;Good eye care can protect you from common causes of blindness, while regular eye examination helps you detect eye diseases very early. Drugs, surgery, and transplants can resolve some of these causes; some other causes are irreversible.&nbsp;

Blindness can be preventable or unavoidable, but early detection and proper care can make a difference. Learn how to protect your vision.

Help! I think I’m going blind

<a href="https://pixabay.com/photos/vegetable-stand-vegetables-market-5149444/">Photo by Helmut_kroiss</a>Food is more than just something that tastes good and fills you up. It is an essential part of our lives and plays a critical role in maintaining good health and fueling our bodies.But not all foods are the same. Understanding the different classes of food and what they contain will help you decide on what to eat, what they do, and how you should eat to introduce and maintain your body in its best shape.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What are Classes of Food?</h2>Classes of food are groups of foods that have similar nutrients and work in the body in similar ways. There are six major classes of food: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Carbohydrates give you energy</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_fccbab762c_08e6cc4383.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/assortment-common-food-allergens-people_33757336.htm#query=carbohydrates&amp;position=1&amp;from_view=keyword&amp;track=sph&amp;uuid=f0919fbe-c696-4808-b971-d6a506938a8d">Image by&nbsp;Freepik</a>While carbohydrates have gotten a bad reputation for contributing to diabetes and weight gain, they are essential in keeping you fit and energized. Foods such as yams, bread, rice, potatoes, and some fruits are chief sources of carbohydrates, which are a type of macronutrient that&nbsp;serves as body fuel. This is why you should include carbohydrates in your diet.<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Types of carbohydrates</h3>There are two main types of carbohydrates: simple carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates.<ul><li>Simple carbohydrates&nbsp;are a type of carbohydrate that undergo no further processing to produce energy. They are found in sugary foods and provide a quick burst of energy.&nbsp;</li><li>Complex carbohydrates, on the other hand, need to be broken down to provide a slower release of energy. They are found in starchy foods like rice, yam, and whole grains,&nbsp;which are metabolised to provide sustained energy.</li></ul>&nbsp;<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">How to incorporate carbohydrates into your diet</h3>Choose whole grain products, such as wheat bread and brown rice, instead of refined grain products, such as white bread and white rice.&nbsp;Supplement these with a collection&nbsp;of fruits and vegetables to make your diet for a healthy source of carbohydrates.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Proteins build your body</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_afab21adb3_ed688afd00.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/grilled-vegetables-and-fried-egg-with-beans-and-sausage-4552980/">Photo by Roman Odintsov</a>Proteins are essential for the growth and repair of our body tissues. They are the building blocks of our muscles, skin and tissues. Proteins can be found in foods such as meat, poultry, fish, dairy products, beans, nuts, and tofu.<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">Types of Proteins</h3>There are many different types of proteins, each with its own unique structure and function. Some examples include hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the blood, and enzymes, which help to digest food.<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">How to Incorporate More Proteins into Your Diet</h3>Start with lean protein sources and meats, such as chicken and fish, in your meals. Then add plant-proteins or dairy products to provide you with the essential amino acids.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Can Fats make you fat?</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_88c4bf7ba0_c15c9db95b.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/real-food-pyramid-assortment-top-view_39205167.htm">Image by&nbsp;Freepik</a>No, Fats will not make you fat if you take the right type of fats in the right proportion. A small amount of Fat in your diet is enough to keep you healthy, without being at risk of the many complications that come with excess fat.&nbsp;Fats&nbsp;help our body to produce essential amino acids and absorb fat-soluble vitamins. They are found in a variety of foods, including oils, butter, nuts, cheese, and fatty cuts of meat.&nbsp;<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">Types of Fats</h3>There are two main types of fats: unsaturated fats and saturated fats.<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Unsaturated fats found in foods such as olive oil, nuts, and avocados. They can be benefcial to health when consumed in moderation. These types of fats can help lower cholesterol levels and improve heart health.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Saturated fats&nbsp;are found in animal products and processed foods such as butter, lard, and fatty meats. Saturated fats have been linked to increased cholesterol levels and raise the risk of heart disease, and as such, should be consumed in moderation.</li></ul><h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">How to incorporate more good fats into your diet</h3>At all times, choose unsaturated fats over saturated ones. Evidence from nutritionists and doctors suggest that moderate levels of unsaturated fats have better health benefits and less risks than saturated ones.&nbsp;Unsaturated fats are found in food items such as nuts, seeds, avocados, and olive oil.&nbsp;Also, limit your intake of saturated fats from animal products and processed foods, and opt for lean cuts of meat instead.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Vitamins and Minerals for Vitality</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_9ae6c6e784_bab1b60ee4.webp"></figure><a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/kiwis-and-oranges-1cWZgnBhZRs">Photo by Luke Michael</a>The body needs vitamins and minerals in small amounts to function properly.&nbsp;Vitamins and minerals have a vital role in everything from building strong bones and maintaining good health to boosting our immune system.&nbsp;Some of the most important vitamins and minerals include vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, and iron. You can get these nutrients from a variety of foods, including fruits, vegetables, dairy products, whole grains, and lean protein sources.<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">Types of Vitamins and Minerals</h3>There are 13 essential vitamins, including vitamins A, C, D, and E. Each vitamin has its unique function, such as maintaining healthy skin and supporting the immune system.There are also many different types of minerals, including calcium, iron, and magnesium. Each mineral has its unique function in the body, such as building strong bones and helping regulate the heart's rhythm.&nbsp;<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">Role of Vitamins and Minerals in the Body</h3>Vitamins and minerals play a crucial role in many processes in the body, including growth, metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, building strong bones, regulating heart function, transmitting nerve impulses, and disease prevention.&nbsp;&nbsp;They also help to protect cells and tissues, maintain&nbsp;fluid balance, and support the maintenance of a healthy immune system.<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">How to incorporate more vitamins and minerals into your diet</h3>Fruits and veggies are the chief source of vitamins and minerals. For instance, leafy greens, such as spinach and kale, are a good source of calcium and iron.&nbsp;Orange is rich in vitamin C.&nbsp;Additionally, meat, poultry, and dairy products, such as milk and yogurt, are rich in iron and calcium and are a good source of Vitamin D. Seafood is a good source of magnesium and iodine. Nuts, seeds, and legumes are good sources of magnesium, phosphorus, and potassium.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Water</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_421b6c4d19_f1a96d46fb.webp"></figure><a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/pouring-water-on-persons-hands-YpZ2cj4s0oo">Photo by mrjn Photography</a>Our body is made up of 70% water, so it’s only natural for water to be very essential to play a central role in our diet, digestion, and wellbeing.&nbsp; Water helps to regulate our body temperature, lubricates joints, removes or flushes out waste products and toxins, and helps transport nutrients throughout the body. It is also important for hydration and maintaining healthy skin and eyes.<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">How to stay hydrated all day</h3>It is recommended to drink at least&nbsp;15 cups or glasses (3 to 4 litres, or 6 to 8 sachets of water) per day.&nbsp;If you’re in a hot environment like Nigeria, you may need to drink more. But the exact amount of water you need can change depending on your age, gender, level of activity, and health in general.&nbsp;&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Bottom Line</h2>A balanced diet is a diet containing a healthy blend of the different classes of food we’ve discussed. Fill your plate with a variety of components from each food group.&nbsp;<figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_62c94a4d33_b13866549b.webp"></figure><a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/fruit-salad-on-gray-bowls-HlNcigvUi4Q">Photo by Brooke Lark</a>Personalise your diet and ensure your health is at the top of your scale when selecting what food to eat.&nbsp;&nbsp;While several dietary guidelines recommend different daily dietary regimens for individuals, there are no universal diet guidelines. So it’s helpful to tailor the guidelines to your individual needs and circumstances.&nbsp;&nbsp;Remember that everyone's nutritional needs are different and may change throughout their lives, depending on factors like age, gender, specific health conditions and physical activity levels.&nbsp;&nbsp;Speaking with a registered dietitian or healthcare provider can help you determine what a healthy and balanced diet looks like for you.

From proteins to carbohydrates, understanding food classes helps you make better dietary choices for a balanced and healthy life.

The ABCs of Food and Why Food Classes Matter

Hypertension by&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nyphotographic.com/">Nick Youngson</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">CC BY-SA 3.0</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://pix4free.org/">Pix4free</a>As parents, we often worry about our children's health and well-being, from ensuring they eat healthy foods to getting&nbsp;the best medical attention that we can afford whenever they are ill. But have you ever considered their blood pressure?&nbsp;While&nbsp;hypertension is often thought of as a condition that affects adults, it can also impact children and adolescents, and its prevalence is on the&nbsp; rise.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How common is hypertension in children?</h2>Although less common than in adults, hypertension in children is increasingly recognized as a significant health issue.&nbsp;It can result from underlying conditions, such as kidney disease or heart abnormalities, or develop as primary hypertension, often linked to obesity, poor diet, and lack of physical activity. Increased rates of childhood obesity have contributed to a rise in hypertension among children.&nbsp;A&nbsp;<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589537021005101">review&nbsp;</a>of studies on hypertension in Africa finds that about 7% of African children are hypertensive and that the number is rising due to an increase in the number of children who are overweight or obese.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Types of hypertension in children</h2>Hypertension could be primary or secondary.&nbsp;Primary hypertension, or essential hypertension, is&nbsp;a condition of high blood pressure&nbsp;in which the cause is unknown.&nbsp;Primary hypertension runs in families and is the most&nbsp;common type of&nbsp;hypertension in children.&nbsp;Secondary&nbsp;hypertension&nbsp;is high blood pressure with a known cause, such as renal disease, heart disease, or endocrine disorders.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What are the causes of hypertension in children?</h2>There are many genetic, environmental, lifestyle, and medical&nbsp;factors responsible for hypertension in children.&nbsp;They include:<ul><li>Having a hypertensive parent</li><li>Obesity</li><li>Poor diet</li><li>Sedentary lifestyle</li><li>Chronic medical conditions like diabetes, kidney disease, and sleep apnea</li><li>Medications, including NSAIDs, steroids, and over-the-counter cold remedies</li></ul><h2>Signs and symptoms of hypertension in children?</h2>Here are some signs&nbsp;that may suggest your child has hypertension:<ul><li>Headaches</li><li>Fatigue</li><li>Dizziness</li><li>Blurry vision</li><li>Chest pain</li><li>Difficulty breathing</li><li>Blood in urine</li></ul>It is important to note that many children with&nbsp;hypertension do not experience any symptoms,&nbsp;so regular blood pressure checks are essential for early detection and treatment.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How can you know if your child has hypertension?</h2>Diagnosing hypertension in children requires multiple blood pressure measurements taken over time and a thorough evaluation of&nbsp;your child’s medical history, family history, and physical exam.&nbsp;The diagnostic criteria for&nbsp;hypertension in&nbsp;children use average blood pressure values for age, sex, and height. The doctor must measure a child’s blood pressure multiple times to establish a diagnosis of hypertension.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Management of hypertension in children</h2>Management depends on the severity of the condition, the age of the child, and any underlying medical conditions. It also involves several approaches:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Lifestyle changes</li></ul>Adjusting a child’s diet and exercise habits is key. Reducing their sodium intake, increasing fruits and vegetables, encouraging regular physical activity, and helping them manage weight are essential to controlling blood pressure. These changes are often the first step in treating primary hypertension.<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Medications</li></ul>If lifestyle changes are not enough, a child will need medications. Blood pressure-lowering drugs, such as ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, or calcium channel blockers, are commonly used. Medication use depends on the child’s age, the severity of the hypertension, and individual health needs.<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Treatment of underlying conditions</li></ul>For secondary hypertension, managing the root cause, such as kidney disease or hormonal disorders, is essential. Treating these underlying conditions helps to control high blood pressure and prevent complications like organ damage or stroke in the long term.<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Specialist care</li></ul>A doctor should always supervise paediatric hypertension management, preferably a specialist such as a paediatrician or paediatric cardiologist. A specialist will ensure treatment is tailored to the child’s condition and adjusted for optimal care.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How to protect your child from having hypertension</h2><ul><li>Encourage kids to have a salt- and&nbsp;fibre-free, fruit- and vegetable-rich, well-balanced diet. Avoid&nbsp;consuming processed and packaged foods that are heavy in added sugars, saturated fats, and salt. Instead of noodles, biscuits, chips, and fries, try fruits, nuts, dairy, milk, and whole grain meals.</li><li>Set aside at least an hour each day for kids to play or move about. Outdoor games, sports, dancing, and other physical pursuits fall into this category.</li><li>Regular blood pressure checks at well-child visits can help&nbsp;detect hypertension early on and enable early intervention.&nbsp;Get a home blood pressure monitor and then take the child to the hospital for regular checks.</li><li>Limit the time children spend on screens and encourage other activities that promote physical activity and social interaction.</li><li>Encourage children to develop healthy coping mechanisms such as meditation, deep breathing, or other relaxation techniques.</li></ul>Hypertension affects children and adults, and&nbsp;they have similar prevention strategies.&nbsp;By encouraging good practices from a young age, you can reduce your child's risk of hypertension and improve their general health and well-being.

Poor diet, obesity, and genetics are causing a rise in childhood hypertension, leading to lifelong health risks.

Hypertension in Children

<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/de/deed.en">High Contrast, CC BY 3.0 DE</a>, via Wikimedia CommonsAs an individual, you are bound to feel a slight headache now and then or a slight cough after a long, tiring day. Do you always rush to the hospital or walk to the nearest patent medicine store or pharmacy around you? Many of us go to the neighbourhood pharmacy for a pack of paracetamol or cough syrup, both of which belong to a class of medications called over-the-counter (OTC) drugs.OTC drugs are easily accessed,&nbsp; most often leading to self-medication (taking drugs without a doctor's prescription). But using them wisely is important. Knowing when to stop self-medicating and see a doctor can make all the difference between treating a simple issue and overlooking something serious. In this article, we will explore more information on OTC drugs, their benefits, side effects, and other interesting details.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What are over-the-counter drugs?</h2>Over-the-counter drugs, also known as OTC drugs, are drugs you can buy&nbsp; without a prescription from a doctor. You can buy OTC drugs at a chemist’s shop, pharmacy, drug store, or supermarket. They are often used to treat minor health conditions.&nbsp;There's an OTC drug for almost any complaint, whether it’s body pain, a runny nose, or an upset stomach. Need something for that fever? Paracetamol is your go-to. Got a scratchy throat? The storekeeper will recommend a lozenge.&nbsp;While these drugs can work wonders for minor symptoms, we often forget the fine print that guides us on how to use them. We pop a pill, take a syrup, and move on without thinking about things like dosage, potential side effects, or when actually to seek professional medical advice.Imagine this typical scenario&nbsp;Tunde wakes up with a pounding headache after a late night. He’s got a busy day ahead, so he grabs some painkillers from the cabinet. He’s done this before, so it feels like no big deal. But what if Tunde’s headache keeps returning? Or worse, what if he starts relying on painkillers every time his head hurts without figuring out the root cause?Before using over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, it's important to exercise caution. Because OTCs are affordable and easily accessible, many people use them even when they don't need them. This can lead to overuse, masking underlying health issues, or developing dependency. Some medications, like certain cough syrups, can be misused for their sedative effects.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Common classes of OTC drugs&nbsp;</h2>1. Pain Relievers/AnalgesicsPain relievers are among the most widely used OTC drugs in Nigeria. They are commonly used for mild to moderate pain, such as headaches, menstrual cramps, or toothaches. Examples include Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like Aspirin, Ibuprofen (Brufen, Ibuprin), and Paracetamol (Panadol).&nbsp;<figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_ccfa7918b1_1008d285fd.webp"></figure><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/br/deed.en">Mateus Hidalgo, CC BY-SA 2.5 BR,</a> via Wikimedia Commons&nbsp;NSAIDs block certain enzymes in the body, reducing inflammation and relieving pain. However, long-term or excessive use can lead to liver damage (especially with Paracetamol) or stomach ulcers (with NSAIDs).&nbsp;NSAIDs are not suitable for people with a history of stomach ulcers, asthma, or kidney issues. Pregnant women should also consult a doctor before use.2. Topical AnalgesicsTopical analgesics are gels you apply to the skin to relieve pain or inflammation in specific body areas. Examples include NeuroGesic Extra, Deep Heat, and Voltaren Gel.&nbsp;They provide a cooling or heating effect to soothe pain. However, overuse can irritate the skin or cause allergic reactions. Therefore, they should not be applied to broken or irritated skin.3. DecongestantsDecongestants help relieve nasal congestion caused by colds, flu, or allergies. Examples include Actifed, Sudafed, Otrivine, and Olbas Oil. They work by narrowing blood vessels in the nasal passages, reducing swelling and congestion.&nbsp;Overusing nasal sprays can cause rebound congestion, worsening symptoms after stopping the drug. Oral decongestants can raise blood pressure, so they are not recommended for individuals with high blood pressure, heart disease, or glaucoma.4. AntacidsAntacids neutralize stomach acid and relieve heartburn and acid reflux. Examples include Gaviscon, Jawasil, Danacid, and Gestid. They usually reduce stomach acidity, which helps relieve symptoms of indigestion.Certain antacids can interfere with other medications, like antibiotics, so it's recommended to consult a healthcare professional before using them.&nbsp;Some antacids may cause side effects such as constipation or diarrhea, depending on the active ingredients. For example, calcium carbonate and aluminum hydroxide can lead to constipation, while magnesium-based antacids may cause diarrhea.Overuse of antacids can lead to electrolyte imbalances or affect the absorption of other medications. In addition, people with kidney disease, heart failure, or those taking medications for hypertension should be cautious when using antacids, as certain types can lead to complications such as electrolyte imbalances or worsen pre-existing conditions.5. Anti-inflammatory MedicationsThese medications help to reduce inflammation and are often used to treat conditions like arthritis, back pain, and sports injuries. Examples also include<ol><li>Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs include diclofenac (Voltaren), Ibuprofen (Ibrufen), and Naproxen. These drugs usually block the production of chemicals that cause inflammation in the body, and long-term use can increase the risk of heart disease, stomach ulcers, and kidney damage. The medication is not suitable for individuals with heart disease, hypertension, or those prone to gastrointestinal issues.</li><li>Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, and prednisolone, are used to reduce inflammation, swelling, and itching, commonly for skin conditions like eczema, rashes, or allergic reactions. Although they are effective for inflammation, prolonged or inappropriate use can lead to skin thinning, hormonal imbalances, and other side effects. People with infections or certain skin conditions should avoid corticosteroids unless prescribed by a doctor, as they can worsen infections.</li></ol>6. Cough and Cold MedicationsCough and cold medications help alleviate symptoms like coughing, congestion, and sore throat. Popular brands include Benylin and Tutolin. These medications contain a mix of antihistamines, decongestants, and cough suppressants.Some cough syrups can cause drowsiness or be abused for their sedative effects. For this reason, it is advisable to avoid using these drugs for more than a few days. Also, they are usually not recommended for children under six years, pregnant women, or individuals with high blood pressure or asthma without consulting a doctor.7. Allergy Medications/AntihistaminesAntihistamines help relieve allergy symptoms such as sneezing, itching, and a runny nose. Examples include popular piriton (chlorpheniramine), loratadine, and cetirizine.The drug works by blocking histamine, which usually causes allergic reactions. Some antihistamines can cause drowsiness and affect daily functioning. Use is not recommended for individuals with glaucoma or an enlarged prostate. It is also important to consult a medical doctor before use during pregnancy.8. Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS) and Antidiarrheal DrugsOral rehydration salts treat dehydration from diarrhea or vomiting, while antidiarrheal drugs manage diarrhea symptoms.&nbsp;Examples of ORS include Emzolyte, Oralyt, Walyte, and many other brands. Antidiarrheal drugs include Imodium, Lomotil, and Diastop.ORS replaces lost fluids and electrolytes, while antidiarrheal drugs slow down bowel movements.&nbsp;Overuse of antidiarrheal drugs can lead to constipation or mask more serious infections.Antidiarrheal medications are not recommended for young children or people with a high fever.9. Vitamins and SupplementsVitamins and supplements are widely used to boost nutrient intake. Common examples include vitamin C, vitamin D, and iron supplements such as ferrous sulphate.&nbsp;Moderate doses of vitamins and supplements provide essential nutrients to improve general health. However, very high doses can be toxic, leading to complications such as liver damage.&nbsp;Before using vitamins and other supplements, consult a medical doctor especially for individuals with kidney or liver conditions, or those on medication for chronic diseases.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Conclusion</h2>Over-the-counter drugs can be a quick and convenient way to treat minor health conditions, but it is important to use them safely and to know when to seek medical attention. Always read the label, follow the recommended dosage, and use them for short-term relief only. If symptoms persist beyond a few days, consult a doctor. Avoid combining multiple medications without professional advice, and be mindful of potential side effects.

OTC medications offer quick relief for common ailments, but they also come with risks. Learn how to use them safely.

Your Guide to Over-the-Counter Drugs

Lifestyle and Wellness

<a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-ai-image/portrait-adorable-newborn-baby_66108984.htm#fromView=search&amp;page=3&amp;position=17&amp;uuid=a59ddb6d-4d72-41b9-a5e1-b0ec18ec572d">Image by freepik</a><h2>Introduction</h2>Do you know that, according to a&nbsp;<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228478123_Neonatal_jaundice_Prevalence_and_associated_factors_as_seen_in_Federal_Medical_Centre_Abakaliki_Southeast_Nigeria">report</a>, 35% of all NICU admissions were made for Neonatal Jaundice? A global survey estimates that each year,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.njcponline.com/article.asp?issn=1119-3077;year=2016;volume=19;issue=1;spage=1;epage=17;aulast=Olusanya#:~:text=every%20year%2C%20roughly-,1.1%20million%20babies,-would%20develop%20severe">1.1 million newborns</a> experience severe jaundice, with the bulk of those cases occurring in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. In Africa, particularly in West Africa, neonatal jaundice is the major condition that affects and kills newborns. Hence, it requires priority attention from the international community. In these areas, newborn mortality due to jaundice complications occurred in almost 75% of cases. There are a lot of misconceptions about neonatal jaundice in developing countries, and it is imperative we talk about it. Nigeria is one of the nations with one of the highest neonatal mortality rates, with almost one-third (32%) of the estimated 1 million children under the age of five who pass away each year dying during the newborn period. Between 5 and 14% of these neonatal deaths, severe neonatal jaundice (SNNJ) is to blame. The prevalence of neonatal jaundice in Africa is partially caused by a genetic predisposition brought on by a high prevalence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, system flaws, and delays in the care of newborns who have jaundice. Infants with severe neonatal jaundice who survive develop varying neurological problems, including sensory-neural hearing loss, language processing issues, and cerebral palsy, now known as a kernicterus spectrum disorder (KSD). Nigeria and the entire of Africa have insufficient research on the prevalence and regional characteristics linked to newborn jaundice. However, we have put together some pertinent information regarding neonatal jaundice as it concerns us in West Africa. Let’s go on this ride, shall we?<h2>Outlook of Neonatal Jaundice in Low and Middle-Income Countries</h2>Numerous studies conducted throughout the years have identified newborn jaundice as a significant cause of infant morbidity and mortality. It has been challenging to compare jaundice across different regions due to the absence of standardised guidelines for the care and classification of the condition in low- and middle-income nations.The high prevalence of acute bilirubin encephalopathy (ABE) or kernicterus in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) has been linked to three levels of delay in the pathway to care for neonates with neonatal jaundice. Specifically, a delay in seeking care, a delay in showing up at the proper facility, and a delay in receiving sufficient and appropriate care at a medical facility. Due to these delays, bilirubin levels can rise to risky levels, and the newborn's brain is exposed to high bilirubin levels over an extended period, which results in both acute and chronic neurotoxicity. In many LMICs, parents of newborns who fail to seek immediate and appropriate care for a sick newborn outside the home setting may do so due to poverty, a lack of access to medical care, sociocultural perceptions and practices related to newborn illness, such as the use of traditional medicine, and living in rural areas.&nbsp;In Nigeria and Africa as a whole, septicemia and prematurity were the main aetiological causes of NNJ. Significantly more outborn than inborn babies experienced substantial bilirubinemia, septicemia, and contact with clothing contaminated by naphthalene balls. Also, unbooked women were more likely to use herbal pregnancy remedies than mothers of unborn children.<h2>What is Jaundice</h2>Jaundice is defined as the yellowish discolouration of the skin and sclera (the white part of the eye) due to high levels of a pigment known as bilirubin in the skin and mucous membranes. Neonatal Jaundice, aka NNJ, is jaundice in a neonate (a child 28 days old and less). Neonatal jaundice is one of the most prevalent illnesses that require medical attention in newborns. It is a liver condition that causes the yellowing of a newborn baby’s skin and eyes. 60% of term and 80% of preterm newborns experience neonatal jaundice worldwide. Neonatal jaundice occurs because of an imbalance between bilirubin production and its removal from the bloodstream. The mother assists in the placenta's function throughout pregnancy to help the foetus excrete its bilirubin. Following delivery, the infant must self-adjust and eliminate blood bilirubin. Bilirubin is a by-product of the breakdown of haemoglobin(a pigment in red blood cells). Because newborns have more red blood cells, which also have a short lifespan and an immature liver, there’s usually an imbalance in the rate at which bilirubin is produced and removed from the bloodstream. It is important to know that when this pigment (bilirubin) crosses the barrier separating the blood from the brain, it causes what we call bilirubin encephalopathy or kernicterus.&nbsp; Kernicterus results in permanent brain damage in which the child will have a delay in development, stiffness of the body, and affectation of social interaction. Kernicterus specifically happens in the first 14 days of a newborn (as the blood-brain barrier is most easily penetrated at this time). It is important to know that the damage to the brain is permanent, and no treatment can reverse it. The child can only be managed to limit challenges and complications.&nbsp;<h2>How do I know my child has jaundice?</h2><ul><li>Baby’s skin becomes more yellow.</li><li>The skin on the baby’s abdomen, arms, or legs looks yellow</li><li>The whites of the baby’s eyes look yellow</li><li>Baby seems listless, sick, or is difficult to awaken</li><li>Baby isn’t gaining weight or is feeding poorly</li><li>Baby makes high-pitched cries.</li></ul><h2>Jaundice: What Could Be the Cause?</h2>The appearance of jaundice in a newborn could be a result of certain factors. Below are some of the common causes of jaundice.<ul><li>Hyperbilirubinemia (excess bilirubin): An excessive amount of bilirubin in the blood results in a condition called hyperbilirubinemia. When red blood cells, which carry oxygen throughout the body, are broken down, bilirubin, a yellow material, is created. The bilirubin is transported to the liver by the bloodstream. Bilirubin is transformed by the liver so that it can be eliminated from the body in feces. However, if there is too much bilirubin in the blood or the liver is unable to eliminate it, it will produce jaundice.</li><li>Internal bleeding (hemorrhage): Red blood cell disintegration and the subsequent release of unconjugated bilirubin into the bloodstream can cause jaundice. Therefore, this breakdown of blood cells outside of blood vessels (extravascular hemolysis) will lead to an increase in the amount of unconjugated bilirubin presented to the liver cells (hepatocyte). Thus, unconjugated bilirubin will build up in plasma, increasing total and indirect bilirubin if the hepatocyte's capacity to absorb and conjugate this bilirubin is exceeded.&nbsp;</li><li>Infection in baby’s blood (sepsis): Sepsis is a condition in which there is both an infection and a systemic inflammatory reaction. Jaundice is one of the many symptoms of sepsis. When the body fights an infection due to sepsis, among other reactions, cytokines are released. The regulation of bilirubin by our body is interfered with by these cytokines, which are also the cause of inflammation in sepsis. As a result, bilirubin cannot be properly processed by our bodies, which causes a buildup and jaundice or yellowing of the skin. Both the drugs used to treat sepsis or direct liver damage from sepsis can result in jaundice.</li><li>Incompatibility between the mother’s blood and the baby’s blood: While a mother is pregnant, it is possible for her red blood cells to enter the placenta or fetus. When this happens, the mother's blood cells produce antibodies that can target the newborn's blood cells, resulting in jaundice.</li><li>Liver malfunction Inflammation, various issues involving the liver cells, or clogged bile ducts may all be associated with high levels of bilirubin. In newborns, the early symptoms of liver illness frequently include jaundice.</li><li>Biliary atresia: The flow of bile from the liver to the gut is obstructed in infants who have biliary atresia. The newborn develops jaundice as a result of the bile becoming trapped inside the liver. Babies' trapped bile can damage and scar their livers very quickly (cirrhosis). This typically leads to liver failure, and jaundice often develops in infants with biliary atresia between the ages of 3 and 6 weeks.</li></ul><h2>Myths and Truths Surrounding the Treatment of Neonatal Jaundice in Africa&nbsp;</h2>People are wrongly informed about treatment options regarding neonatal jaundice. Some of the myths and truths about jaundice are listed below.<h3 style="margin-left:0in;">Myths</h3>In Africa, some of the myths and wrong narratives or pieces of advice prevalent and surrounding the treatment of neonatal jaundice include:<ul><li>Putting the child under sunlight&nbsp;</li><li>Putting breast milk in the eyes</li><li>Giving any form of traditional medications</li><li>Giving any form of oral (mouth) medications.</li><li>Wearing yellow clothes causes jaundice.</li><li>Unripe pawpaw/leaf cures jaundice.</li><li>Abidec/ampiclox drops cure/prevent jaundice.</li><li>Untreated malaria in pregnancy causes jaundice.&nbsp;</li></ul><h3 style="margin-left:0in;">Truths</h3>The perfect advice to parents and health workers of every sort is to always make sure to refer newborns with jaundice or suspected case of jaundice to a paediatrician.&nbsp; In doing so, you could just be guaranteeing a normal life!&nbsp;<h2>How Long Does Jaundice Last In A Baby?</h2>If your baby is fed formula, jaundice usually goes away within two weeks. In breastfed babies, it can last longer, up to three weeks or more. If your baby's jaundice persists beyond three weeks, it's best to speak to your healthcare provider.<h2>What Jaundice Treatment Options Are Available?</h2>At birth, jaundice can be discovered by running an SB (serum bilirubin) test. Clinically, jaundice can be discovered in a neonate between 1 and 7 days of birth. The treatment option to be used is dependent on the level of the bilirubin as measured in the lab. In some cases, no intervention is required. The mother would just be counselled to go home, continue breastfeeding and come back for a recheck later. In situations where bilirubin levels are still high after a recheck, the paediatrician decides on any of the following treatment options:<ul><li>Phototherapy: This is a medical treatment that uses a specific type of light, which is not sunlight. It is commonly used to treat newborn jaundice by helping the liver to break down and eliminate bilirubin from the baby's blood. Any level above 15 mg/dL or more calls for immediate phototherapy within the first 72hrs after birth.</li><li>Exchange Blood Transfusion: In some cases, when a person has a serious case of jaundice, or when phototherapy hasn't been effective, a procedure known as a complete blood transfusion or an exchange transfusion may be necessary. The process involves the gradual removal of the individual's blood and replacing it with fresh donor blood or plasma to counteract the high levels of bilirubin in their blood.</li></ul><h2>Complication Of Jaundice</h2>The major/most worrisome complication of jaundice is kernicterus. Kernicterus causes irreversible (permanent) brain damage.&nbsp;<h2>What is the way forward?</h2>To considerably lower newborn morbidity and mortality, social factors that affect health must be taken into consideration. These factors are at the heart of the problems that underlie both of these outcomes. Furthermore, to reduce the prevalence of severe neonatal jaundice, there is a need for continuous education of the general public on the importance of routine antenatal observation of pregnancy and delivery in competent healthcare facilities.In conclusion, always follow the doctor’s recommendation when your child has jaundice. Also, the best thing you can do for your newborn who is jaundiced is to make sure they are getting enough breastmilk. Do not listen to old wives’ fables of alternate methods of ‘curing’ jaundice. Remember, it is your baby and therefore, it is your responsibility to give the best care.

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