<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Proteins build your body</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_afab21adb3_ed688afd00.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/grilled-vegetables-and-fried-egg-with-beans-and-sausage-4552980/">Photo by Roman Odintsov</a>Proteins are essential for the growth and repair of our body tissues. They are the building blocks of our muscles, skin and tissues. Proteins can be found in foods such as meat, poultry, fish, dairy products, beans, nuts, and tofu.<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">Types of Proteins</h3>There are many different types of proteins, each with its own unique structure and function. Some examples include hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the blood, and enzymes, which help to digest food.<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">How to Incorporate More Proteins into Your Diet</h3>Start with lean protein sources and meats, such as chicken and fish, in your meals. Then add plant-proteins or dairy products to provide you with the essential amino acids.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Can Fats make you fat?</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_88c4bf7ba0_c15c9db95b.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/real-food-pyramid-assortment-top-view_39205167.htm">Image by&nbsp;Freepik</a>No, Fats will not make you fat if you take the right type of fats in the right proportion. A small amount of Fat in your diet is enough to keep you healthy, without being at risk of the many complications that come with excess fat.&nbsp;Fats&nbsp;help our body to produce essential amino acids and absorb fat-soluble vitamins. They are found in a variety of foods, including oils, butter, nuts, cheese, and fatty cuts of meat.&nbsp;<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">Types of Fats</h3>There are two main types of fats: unsaturated fats and saturated fats.<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Unsaturated fats found in foods such as olive oil, nuts, and avocados. They can be benefcial to health when consumed in moderation. These types of fats can help lower cholesterol levels and improve heart health.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Saturated fats&nbsp;are found in animal products and processed foods such as butter, lard, and fatty meats. Saturated fats have been linked to increased cholesterol levels and raise the risk of heart disease, and as such, should be consumed in moderation.</li></ul><h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">How to incorporate more good fats into your diet</h3>At all times, choose unsaturated fats over saturated ones. Evidence from nutritionists and doctors suggest that moderate levels of unsaturated fats have better health benefits and less risks than saturated ones.&nbsp;Unsaturated fats are found in food items such as nuts, seeds, avocados, and olive oil.&nbsp;Also, limit your intake of saturated fats from animal products and processed foods, and opt for lean cuts of meat instead.

Proteins Build Your Body, Eat it!

Health News and Research

<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Diagnosis of blindness</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_c0e5f444ad_94270667ec.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/a-person-in-white-shirt-having-an-eye-examination-5201879/">Photo by Photo By: Kaboompics.com</a>The diagnosis of blindness can only be done at a clinic. While you may be able to tell whether you can see or not, only an eye doctor can help you determine whether it is actually blindness and educate you on what you can do about it.Your doctor will do a comprehensive eye examination, which may involve:<ul><li>Testing your visual acuity</li><li>Measuring your eyes’ pressure or doing a tonometry</li><li>Dilating your eyes with eye drops</li></ul>You may need an MRI or a CT scan if the examination reveals any abnormalities.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Prevention of blindness</h2>Unfortunately, some types of blindness cannot be prevented. Blindness due to macular degeneration or optic atrophy, for instance, is unavoidable and a natural consequence of old age. But most types are preventable.The goals of prevention are to:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Protect your eyes from any disease</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Prevent your vision from getting worse if you’re already having trouble with your vision</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Minimize the difficulties you may face as someone with visual impairment</li></ul>So, how can you prevent blindness?<ol><li style="text-align:justify;">Go for regular eye checks at least once a year</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Maintain proper eye hygiene</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Use protective eyewear such as glasses and safety goggles</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Manage underlying diseases like hypertension and diabetes</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Get treated against blindness-causing infections such as Trachoma&nbsp;</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Go for genetic counselling to know your risk for developing eye diseases</li></ol><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Treatment of blindness</h2>The treatment of blindness depends on the underlying cause.&nbsp;Some causes may&nbsp;require drugs, others may require surgery or transplants.&nbsp;<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Drugs:&nbsp;Antibiotics and anti-worm medications can help treat blindness caused by bacteria and worms.&nbsp;</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Supplements:&nbsp;Vitamin A supplements may help restore vision loss in individuals with xerophthalmia.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Surgery: Refractive errors, cataracts, glaucoma, and other eye structural eye diseases can be resolved through surgery.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Corneal transplant:&nbsp;transplanting corneal tissues from a healthy donor helps improve vision loss or impairment caused by corneal damage.</li></ul>Individuals with irreversible vision loss can use adaptive devices and technologies to help them navigate their environment and perform daily tasks. These may include braille devices, talking computers, and mobility aids like canes and guide dogs.Note&nbsp;that treatment for blindness&nbsp;is best delivered by ophthalmologists who are readily available in most Nigerian hospitals. You may need to visit specialist centres, or contact your local clinics to access ophthalmologists who will treat you.<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Conclusion</h3><blockquote>Blindness is the loss of sight, either completely or partially, and it can affect people of all ages, including children. Common causes include infections, injuries, untreated eye diseases, and lack of proper eye care.&nbsp;</blockquote>&nbsp;

Can you diagnose blindness?

Disease prevention and management

<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Management of hypertension in children</h2>Management depends on the severity of the condition, the age of the child, and any underlying medical conditions. It also involves several approaches:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Lifestyle changes</li></ul>Adjusting a child’s diet and exercise habits is key. Reducing their sodium intake, increasing fruits and vegetables, encouraging regular physical activity, and helping them manage weight are essential to controlling blood pressure. These changes are often the first step in treating primary hypertension.<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Medications</li></ul>If lifestyle changes are not enough, a child will need medications. Blood pressure-lowering drugs, such as ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, or calcium channel blockers, are commonly used. Medication use depends on the child’s age, the severity of the hypertension, and individual health needs.<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Treatment of underlying conditions</li></ul>For secondary hypertension, managing the root cause, such as kidney disease or hormonal disorders, is essential. Treating these underlying conditions helps to control high blood pressure and prevent complications like organ damage or stroke in the long term.<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Specialist care</li></ul>A doctor should always supervise paediatric hypertension management, preferably a specialist such as a paediatrician or paediatric cardiologist. A specialist will ensure treatment is tailored to the child’s condition and adjusted for optimal care.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How to protect your child from having hypertension</h2><ul><li>Encourage kids to have a salt- and&nbsp;fibre-free, fruit- and vegetable-rich, well-balanced diet. Avoid&nbsp;consuming processed and packaged foods that are heavy in added sugars, saturated fats, and salt. Instead of noodles, biscuits, chips, and fries, try fruits, nuts, dairy, milk, and whole grain meals.</li><li>Set aside at least an hour each day for kids to play or move about. Outdoor games, sports, dancing, and other physical pursuits fall into this category.</li><li>Regular blood pressure checks at well-child visits can help&nbsp;detect hypertension early on and enable early intervention.&nbsp;Get a home blood pressure monitor and then take the child to the hospital for regular checks.</li><li>Limit the time children spend on screens and encourage other activities that promote physical activity and social interaction.</li><li>Encourage children to develop healthy coping mechanisms such as meditation, deep breathing, or other relaxation techniques.</li></ul>Hypertension affects children and adults, and&nbsp;they have similar prevention strategies.&nbsp;By encouraging good practices from a young age, you can reduce your child's risk of hypertension and improve their general health and well-being.

How to manage your child's hypertension

Children's Health

How to check your blood genotype.<blockquote>To check your blood genotype, visit a certified medical laboratory or hospital where a blood sample will be collected and analyzed through a hemoglobin electrophoresis test.&nbsp;</blockquote><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_9733d01a9d_6529e34d3e.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-vector/blood-testing-set-background_4029984.htm#query=blood%20test&amp;position=24&amp;from_view=search&amp;track=ais&amp;uuid=28a71caa-6918-461d-a4fb-9ac315f9520d">Image by macro vector on Freepik</a>Blood genotype is often tested using the haemoglobin electrophoresis method. This method separates the blood based on the type of haemoglobin molecules present. The molecules spread out as bands on special paper, and the bands are compared with standard haemoglobin bands to identify abnormal ones like HbS or HbC.A scientist will collect a small volume of blood from you for the test, which usually lasts a few minutes to an hour.&nbsp; The results are usually ready in hours or days.It is important to check your blood genotype at a registered and reliable laboratory, or at different laboratories to ensure the accuracy of your results. There have been few reported cases of error in blood genotype testing.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Genotype compatibility for marriage</h2>Knowing one’s genotype is essential for a happy marriage, particularly where hereditary diseases such as sickle cell disease are common. Genotype compatibility describes how well the genes for particular traits match.&nbsp;Parents who have incompatible genotypes, such AS and SS or AS and AS, run the risk of passing on sickle cell disease to their offspring. To avoid these consequences, couples should get genetic testing done before getting married.&nbsp;Here is a table illustrating genotype compatibility for marriage:<figure class="table"><table><thead><tr><th style="border:1.0pt solid black;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:159.2pt;">Parent Genotype</th><th style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-color:black;border-left-style:none;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-width:1.0pt;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:144.1pt;">Offsprings</th><th style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-color:black;border-left-style:none;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:solid;border-width:1.0pt;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:164.6pt;">Compatibility</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-color:black;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:none;border-width:1.0pt;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:159.2pt;">AA + AA</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:144.1pt;">AA, AA, AA, AA</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:164.6pt;">Compatible (Excellent)</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-color:black;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:none;border-width:1.0pt;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:159.2pt;">AA + AS</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:144.1pt;">AA, AS, AA, AS</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:164.6pt;">Compatible (Good)</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-color:black;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:none;border-width:1.0pt;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:159.2pt;">AA + SS</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:144.1pt;">AS, AS, AS, AS</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:164.6pt;">Compatible (Fair)</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-color:black;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:none;border-width:1.0pt;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:159.2pt;">AA + SC</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:144.1pt;">AS, AC, AS, AC</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:164.6pt;">Compatible (Fair)</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-color:black;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:none;border-width:1.0pt;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:159.2pt;">AA + AC</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:144.1pt;">AA, AA, AA, AC</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:164.6pt;">Compatible (Good)</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-color:black;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:none;border-width:1.0pt;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:159.2pt;">AS + AS</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:144.1pt;">AA, AS, AS, SS</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:164.6pt;">Incompatible (very bad)</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-color:black;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:none;border-width:1.0pt;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:159.2pt;">AA + CC</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:144.1pt;">AC, AC, AC, AC</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:164.6pt;">Compatible (Good)</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-color:black;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:none;border-width:1.0pt;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:159.2pt;">AS + SS</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:144.1pt;">AS, SS, SS, SS</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:164.6pt;">Incompatible (very bad)</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-color:black;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:none;border-width:1.0pt;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:159.2pt;">AS + AC</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:144.1pt;">AA, AC, AS, SC/SS</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:164.6pt;">Incompatible (very bad)</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-color:black;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:none;border-width:1.0pt;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:159.2pt;">AS + SC</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:144.1pt;">AS, AC, SS, SC</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:164.6pt;">Incompatible (very bad)</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-color:black;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:none;border-width:1.0pt;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:159.2pt;">SS + SS</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:144.1pt;">SS, SS, SS, SS,</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:164.6pt;">Incompatible (very bad)</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-color:black;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:none;border-width:1.0pt;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:159.2pt;">SS + SC</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:144.1pt;">SS, SC, SS, SC</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:164.6pt;">Incompatible (very bad)</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-color:black;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:none;border-width:1.0pt;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:159.2pt;">AC + SS</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:144.1pt;">AS, AS, SS, SS</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:164.6pt;">Incompatible (very bad)</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-color:black;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:none;border-width:1.0pt;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:159.2pt;">SS + AC</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:144.1pt;">AS, SC, AS, SC</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:164.6pt;">Incompatible (very bad)</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-color:black;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:none;border-width:1.0pt;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:159.2pt;">AC + AC</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:144.1pt;">AA, AC, AC, SS/CC</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:164.6pt;">Incompatible (very bad)</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-color:black;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:none;border-width:1.0pt;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:159.2pt;">SS + CC</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:144.1pt;">SC, SC, SC, SC</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:164.6pt;">Incompatible (very bad)</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-color:black;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:none;border-width:1.0pt;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:159.2pt;">SC + AC</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:144.1pt;">AS, SC, AC, CC</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:164.6pt;">Incompatible (very bad)</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-color:black;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:none;border-width:1.0pt;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:159.2pt;">AC + CC</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:144.1pt;">AC, AC, CC, CC</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:164.6pt;">Incompatible (very bad)</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-color:black;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-top-style:none;border-width:1.0pt;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:159.2pt;">SC + SC</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:144.1pt;">SS, SC, SC, CC</td><td style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;border-left-style:none;border-right:1.0pt solid black;border-top-style:none;height:26.25pt;padding:6.0pt;vertical-align:bottom;width:164.6pt;">Incompatible (very bad)</td></tr></tbody></table></figure>Notes:<ul><li>Compatible (Excellent): No risk of genetic disorders</li><li>Compatible (Good): Low risk of genetic disorders</li><li>Compatible (Fair): Moderate risk of genetic disorders</li><li>Incompatible (Very Bad): High risk of genetic disorders</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Conclusion</h2>The blood is more than just a means of transporting oxygen and nutrients within the body. Understanding your blood genotype is a powerful way to take charge of your health, avoiding potentially life-threatening disorders, and even finding compatible partners.

How to check your blood genotype before marriage.

Mental Health and Well-being

Weight Management

<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What are the causes of cerebral palsy?</h2>Cerebral palsy is caused by abnormal brain development or injury to the developing brain. The brain starts developing in the fetus and completes development at mid-age. Abnormality or injury to the developing brain, whether inside or outside the fetus, can make it difficult for a child to control their muscles.Some of the causes responsible for the abnormality include:<ul><li>Genetic disorders</li><li>Enzyme deficiencies</li><li>Hormone disorders</li><li>Maternal infections such as gonorrhoea, urinary tract infections, etc.</li><li>Maternal diabetes</li></ul>These factors are thought to cause an abnormality or damage the brain before a child is born. Hence, they are called congenital&nbsp;factors. More than 80% of cerebral palsy cases are thought to be congenital.&nbsp;Other abnormalities occur after birth, and they are linked to conditions such as:<ul><li>Severe perinatal asphyxia</li><li>Bilirubin encephalopathy&nbsp;</li><li>Intracranial infections like meningitis</li><li>Prematurity</li><li>Prolonged labour</li><li>Traumatic birth</li><li>Brain injury or bleeding</li></ul>In some cases, the exact cause of cerebral palsy is not known.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How to prevent Cerebral Palsy</h2>While complete prevention is not possible, expectant mothers can reduce the risk of their children having cerebral palsy by:<ul><li>Getting adequate antenatal care</li><li>Avoiding exposure to non-vaccine preventable infections</li><li>Receiving vaccination against common infections</li><li>Treating any underlying infection or disease</li><li>Avoiding smoking, alcohol, and psychoactive drugs</li></ul>These steps manage the risk factors and lessen the chance of developing cerebral palsy.Doctors can also help prevent cerebral palsy by:<ul><li>Monitoring fetal health&nbsp;</li><li>Monitoring the heart rate of mother and child</li><li>Screening for Rhesus compatibility between mother and child</li><li>Ensuring timely delivery</li><li>Ensuring adequate oxygenation at birth&nbsp;</li><li>Resuscitating baby as appropriate</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Diagnosis of Cerebral Palsy</h2>Diagnosing cerebral palsy can be challenging because the symptoms can be similar to those of other conditions that affect movement and posture. However, early diagnosis is important because it allows for early intervention, which can improve outcomes for children with CP.&nbsp;Here are some of the methods used to diagnose cerebral palsy:<ul><li>Medical history containing&nbsp;detailed information about a child’s pregnancy, delivery, and the developmental milestones helps to evaluate symptoms to aid diagnosis</li><li>Physical examination&nbsp;of muscle tone, reflexes, posture, and movement that may&nbsp;reveal abnormalities to suggest cerebral palsy</li><li>Neurological examination can help detect underlying brain problems such as seizures or abnormal brain activity</li><li>Imaging tests such as MRI or CT scans can help identify any brain abnormalities that may be causing cerebral palsy. These tests can also help identify the type and severity of cerebral palsy.</li><li>Developmental&nbsp;monitoring helps&nbsp;to identify any delays or abnormalities in the child's development, such as motor or cognitive development delays.</li><li>Genetic&nbsp;screening is useful in detecting mutations or chromosomal&nbsp;disorders that are associated with cerebral palsy.</li><li>An electromyography (EMG) measures the electrical activity in muscles; it detects any abnormalities in muscle function that may indicate cerebral palsy.</li></ul><h2>Treatment for Cerebral Palsy</h2>There’s no cure for cerebral palsy. However, treatments are available to manage the symptoms and improve outcomes for&nbsp;children with cerebral palsy.&nbsp;The treatments are tailored to the needs of the person and may include the following:<ul><li>Physical therapy to improve&nbsp;movement,&nbsp;flexibility, and muscle strength</li><li>Occupational therapy to help develop fine motor skills&nbsp;or learn new ways to perform daily tasks.</li><li>Speech therapy&nbsp;to improve a child’s the ability to speak and swallow</li><li>Medications&nbsp;to relieve the symptoms such as seizures and contractions</li><li>Surgery may be recommended to correct skeletal abnormalities, such as scoliosis or hip dislocation.</li><li>Assistive&nbsp; devices,&nbsp;such&nbsp; as&nbsp; braces,&nbsp;walkers,&nbsp; or wheelchairs, can help individuals with CP improve their mobility and independence</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Caring for a Child with Cerebral Palsy</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_472132a290_6091b34e98.webp"></figure>It can be challenging caring&nbsp;for a child with cerebral palsy, but with the right resources and support,&nbsp;parents can give a child the care and attention they need without burning out.&nbsp;Here are some tips for caring for a child with cerebral palsy:<ul><li>Build a strong support system of family, friends, support groups, and other caregivers to help you through the process</li><li>Understand&nbsp;a child’s physical, emotional, and cognitive needs so you can provide the appropriate care and support</li><li>Find alternative ways to communicate, such as using pictures, gestures, or assistive technology, especially for children with speaking difficulties</li><li>Make sure the child's environment is safe and accessible, with plenty of space for them to move around and play</li><li>Encourage&nbsp;the child to participate therapy exercises or adapted sports; you can join in too</li><li>Make their food ease to chew and swallow</li><li>Advocate for their needs within your community and help to empower other families</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Bottom Line</h2><blockquote>Cerebral palsy affects a number of children in Nigeria,&nbsp;and it limits their chances of living high quality lives or living to the best of their potentials. Many of them dropout of&nbsp; treatment&nbsp;due to the cost and difficulty in accessing care.&nbsp;Thankfully, the situation is improving, as more hospitals have specialists to manage the cases, and families get better informed to take care of their child.&nbsp;<ul><li>Knowing the risk factors and prevention options can help parents reduce the risks of having a child with cerebral palsy.&nbsp;</li></ul></blockquote>

Causes of Cerebral Palsy in Nigerian Children

Early detection of cervical cancer is key to effective treatment, making regular Pap smear screenings essential.The HPV vaccine, now available in three different versions, provides crucial protection against the virus that often leads to cervical cancer.<h3>Early Stages</h3>In its early stages, cervical cancer typically does not present any symptoms, making early detection challenging. Symptoms often emerge only after the cancer has progressed.When early-stage cervical cancer symptoms do manifest, they may include:<ul><li>Irregular vaginal bleeding or heavier menstrual periods</li><li>Vaginal bleeding after menopause</li><li>Vaginal bleeding post-intercourse</li><li>Unusual vaginal discharge that may be watery, foul-smelling, or blood-stained</li><li>Pelvic pain or discomfort during intercourse</li></ul>As cervical cancer advances, symptoms may encompass those of early-stage cancer, along with:<ul><li>Painful or difficult bowel movements</li><li>Bleeding from the anus during bowel movements</li><li>Painful urination</li><li>Blood in the urine</li><li>Persistent lower back pain</li><li>Swelling in the legs</li><li>Abdominal pain</li><li>Fatigue</li></ul>These symptoms can also be found in other conditions other than cervical cancer. Consulting a Doctor is essential for an accurate diagnosis. Delaying treatment for cervical cancer due to ignored symptoms can lead to less effective management.<h2>Stages of cervical cancer</h2>The staging of cervical cancer indicates the degree of spread.There are 4 stages of cervical cancer progression and they are:<ul><li>Stage I: Cancer is confined to the cervix.</li><li>Stage II: Cancer has spread beyond the cervix and uterus but not to the pelvic wall or vagina.</li><li>Stage III: Cancer has spread to the lower vagina and possibly the pelvic wall and nearby lymph nodes.</li><li>Stage IV: Cancer has spread to the bladder, rectum, or other distant parts of the body.</li></ul><h2>Treatment</h2>Treatment of cervical cancer depends on:<ul><li>The stage of the cancer</li><li>The size and shape of the tumor</li><li>The woman's age and general health</li><li>Her desire to have children in the future</li></ul>Early cervical cancer can be cured by removing or destroying the precancerous or cancerous tissue. There are surgical ways to do this without removing the uterus or seriously damaging the cervix, so that a woman can still have children in the future.The following treatment options are available depending on the stage of the cancer:<ul><li>Laser therapy</li><li>Cryotherapy</li><li>Hysterectomy</li><li>Radiation therapy</li><li>Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure(LEEP)</li><li>Chemotherapy</li><li>&nbsp;</li></ul><h3>HPV vaccine</h3>The HPV vaccine is designed to protect against the specific strains of HPV responsible for nearly all cervical cancer cases. Gardasil 9 is effective against nine HPV types, which together account for about 90% of cervical cancers. For optimal efficacy, the second dose should be administered six to twelve months after the first.Receiving the HPV vaccine does not eliminate the need for regular cervical cancer screening. Women vaccinated against HPV should have their first screening at age 25 and continue every five years thereafter.<blockquote>Recognizing the symptoms of cervical cancer is key to early detection and effective treatment. In its early stages, cervical cancer may not present any noticeable signs, which is why regular screenings are crucial. When symptoms do appear, they can include irregular vaginal bleeding, unusual discharge, pain during intercourse, or pelvic discomfort. As the cancer progresses, additional symptoms such as painful urination, lower back pain, or leg swelling may occur.While these signs can be caused by other conditions, it's important to consult a doctor promptly for proper diagnosis and care.</blockquote>

Stages and Prevention of Cervical Cancer in Nigerian Women

Women's Health

We look into Seizures - what Nigerians call Epilepsy.&nbsp;<ul><li>If you have a child with epilepsy, this article will help you learn about seizure disorders in children and how to manage similar cases. &nbsp;</li><li>It will teach you about epilepsy in children, including the definition, common causes, how it is tested and diagnosed, and how to treat it.</li><li>It will also teach you how to cope with the situation as a parent and caregiver to manage seizures in children and ensure their safety.</li></ul>&nbsp;David is a bright and active eight-year-old boy who loved playing in the compound and discovering new things around him. One day, while playing with his toys under the shade of a tree in front of his house, he suddenly fell to the ground and started shaking uncontrollably.His mom was terrified and quickly called out for help. The neighbors came together, and one of them offered his bike. David’s father quickly got on the bike, and with the help of his mother and a neighbor, they carefully placed David on the bike. With David held between his parents, they rushed to the clinic, hoping he would get better soon.At the clinic, the doctors ran a series of tests before diagnosing David with a seizure disorder, what Nigerians call Epilepsy. For David and his family, this diagnosis was life-changing. It was very possible that it would happen again.“What do we do?” David's father asked the Doctor.&nbsp;<h1>What is a Epilepsy?</h1>A seizure (epilepsy) is a disorder in which the brain cells malfunction and transmit electrical impulses involuntarily, resulting in symptoms that impact other areas of the brain and body.nIn this case, seizures often cause loss of consciousness and abnormal movements, usually immediately.<ul><li>It can result in unexpected, abrupt changes in a child's movements, sensations, cognition, and behavior.&nbsp;</li><li>Neurons in the child's brain may freeze excessively during a seizure, resulting in odd feelings, emotions, or behaviors.&nbsp;</li><li>The seizure may be minor or severe, lasting between a few seconds and several minutes.</li><li>Pediatric seizure disorder occurs in approximately 4 to 10 out of every 1,000 children.</li></ul><h2>What causes seizure disorder in children?</h2>Several possible causes of seizure disorder in children may include the following:<ul><li>Genetic factors - some forms of epilepsy may be inherited.</li><li>Brain injury or damage - can occur during birth from infections, head injuries, or strokes.</li><li>Brain malformations - when the brain does not develop properly before birth.</li><li>Infections - such as meningitis, encephalitis, or abscesses in the brain.</li><li>Metabolic disorders - including low blood sugar, electrolyte imbalances, or kidney or liver failure.</li><li>Brain tumors - both benign and malignant tumors can cause seizures.</li><li>Febrile seizures - which occur during high fever in young children.</li><li>Unknown causes - in some cases, no specific cause of the seizure disorder can be identified.</li></ul><h2>Types of seizure disorders</h2>A seizure can come in different forms, depending on the cause and the part of the brain affected. The common types include:<ul><li>Generalized seizures</li></ul>They affect the entire brain and can render a child unconscious. They can be atonic or tonic-clonic seizures if they affect the child’s muscles and movement or absence seizures if the child just stares into space or blanks out for a few seconds. Absence seizures were once called petit mal seizures.<ul><li>Focal or partial seizures</li></ul>These seizures might originate in one specific location and result in a limited range of symptoms. If the child does not lose consciousness, the seizure could be simple partial seizures. Complex partial seizures result in altered consciousness.<h2>Symptoms of a seizure in children</h2>The symptoms of a seizure vary depending on the type. Common symptoms include:<ul><li>Abnormal movements: The seizure may include jerking or twitching the arms, legs, or face.</li><li>Loss of consciousness: The child may appear to stare blankly, become unresponsive or confused, or even fall to the ground.</li><li>Convulsions: The severity of convulsion can range from mild to severe and can include shaking stiffness, and loss of muscle control.</li><li>Change in mood or behavior: Children may experience sudden changes in mood or behavior, and may become irritable, aggressive, or anxious.</li><li>Changes in sensations: Children may complain of hearing unusual sounds or seeing flashing lights.</li><li>Loss of bladder or bowel control: A child with a seizure may find it difficult to hold her pee or poop.</li></ul><h4>&nbsp;</h4><blockquote>A seizure (epilepsy) is a disorder in which the brain cells malfunction and transmit electrical impulses (signals) they shouldn't, causing sudden changes in how a person moves, feels, or acts. It can result in unexpected, abrupt changes in a child's movements, sensations, cognition, and behavior. The seizure may be minor or severe, lasting between a few seconds and several minutes.</blockquote>

Seizure Disorders in Nigerian Children

<a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/close-up-shot-of-a-glucometer-7653102/">Photo by Pavel Danilyuk</a>Rising Prevalence Of Diabetes: Over 24 million adults had diabetes in 2021, with projections reaching 55 million by 2045 — and more than half are unaware they have it.Severe Complications: Diabetes can lead to serious health issues, including heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, blindness, and sexual or urinary problems.Awareness Matters: Understanding diabetes empowers individuals to make informed choices, reduce risks, and manage the condition effectively.The numbers are scary: about&nbsp;<a href="https://www.idf.org/our-network/regions-members/africa/diabetes-in-africa.html#:~:text=14/12/2021-,24%20million%20adults,-(20%2D79)">24 million</a> adults who are 18 and older had diabetes in 2021; the number is set to increase to 55 million by 2045, and more than half of people living with diabetes do not know that they have the disease.While diabetes is not a death sentence, it is a significant cause of life-threatening complications such as heart diseases, stroke, blindness, kidney disease, foot ulcers, urinary tract infections in women, erectile dysfunction in men, and so on.&nbsp;<blockquote>Knowing what diabetes is all about can help you make safe choices to protect yourself and perhaps manage the risks.</blockquote><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Diabetes is a Chronic Disease</h2>Diabetes is a chronic condition that develops when the body cannot&nbsp;control blood sugar, either because it cannot use the insulin the pancreas makes or because&nbsp;the pancreas does not&nbsp;produce enough&nbsp;insulin.Uncontrolled diabetes frequently causes hyperglycaemia, or elevated blood sugar, which over time seriously harms many bodily systems, including the&nbsp;nerves and blood vessels. Diabetes caused&nbsp;<a href="https://www.idf.org/our-network/regions-members/africa/diabetes-in-africa.html#:~:text=is%20responsible%20for-,416%2C000%20deaths,-in%20the%20IDF">416,000 deaths across the</a> world in 2021.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Type 1 versus Type 2 Diabetes</h2>The primary&nbsp;difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes is that type 1 is a genetic illness that&nbsp;usually occurs in childhood. When you have type 1 diabetes, your immune system attacks and kills the cells in your pancreas that&nbsp;make insulin. In contrast, type 2 is primarily a result of lifestyle choices and develops over time.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Type 1 Diabetes</h2>Deficient insulin production is a hallmark of type 1 diabetes, sometimes&nbsp;called insulin-dependent, juvenile, or childhood-onset. This condition requires daily insulin injections.&nbsp;In type 1 diabetes, the body attacks the pancreatic beta cells, impairing their capacity to make insulin. High blood sugar levels result from the cells' inability to absorb glucose in the absence of sufficient insulin.&nbsp;Children are most frequently affected by type 1 diabetes.Symptoms of type 1 diabetes include:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">frequent urination (polyuria)&nbsp;</li><li style="text-align:justify;">excessive thirst (polydipsia)</li><li style="text-align:justify;">persistent hunger&nbsp;</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Weight loss</li><li style="text-align:justify;">poor vision</li><li style="text-align:justify;">exhaustion</li></ul>These signs&nbsp;often appear suddenly and worsen over time if the high blood sugar is not well controlled.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Type 2 diabetes</h2>Type 2 diabetes, also known as non-insulin-dependent or adult-onset diabetes,&nbsp;occurs when the body cannot use insulin adequately. Most&nbsp;people with diabetes worldwide suffer from type 2 diabetes, and the common risk factors include being overweight and&nbsp;physically inactive.&nbsp;The disease is more common in adults.&nbsp;Insulin Resistance, which is a complication of type 2 diabetes, affects how well your body recognizes insulin. Without a sufficient insulin response, it becomes more difficult for your cells to absorb glucose, which causes blood sugar levels to increase.&nbsp;While symptoms are frequently less severe than those of&nbsp;type 1 diabetes, they may be comparable. As a result, the condition may not be discovered until after its onset, when complications have already developed. This particular type of diabetes was previously only observed in adults, but it is becoming increasingly seen in kids.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Is it true that black people are more likely to have diabetes?</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_3a34b0752f_cd476a55c5.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/high-angle-diabetic-woman-checking-her-glucose-level_65609368.htm#fromView=search&amp;page=1&amp;position=18&amp;uuid=59225968-f83e-4428-bf10-e35698027a57">Image by freepik</a>One reason millions of Africans have diabetes is that black people are more likely to have the disease than non-blacks. This increased risk are linked to:<ul><li>Gene-dependent factors</li></ul>Some researchers suggest that the “thrifty gene”, which helps certain groups to conserve energy and nutrients during scarcity, is a potential reason why black Americans had higher diabetes rates than other ethnic groups.<ul><li>Health-related factors</li></ul>Obesity and reduced physical activity are linked to increased emergence of type 2 diabetes among blacks.<ul><li>Social factors</li></ul>Poverty is a significant risk factor for diabetes. In a 2014 study, researchers studying the relationship between diabetes prevalence and poverty found that the rates of diabetes were greater among blacks but particularly higher in poor folks.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">&nbsp;</h2>

Are Black People More Susceptible to Diabetes?

<a href="https://unsplash.com/@freestocks?utm_content=creditCopyText&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_source=unsplash%22%3efreestocks%3c/a%3e%20on%20%3ca%20href=%22https://unsplash.com/photos/woman-holding-stomach-ux53SGpRAHU?utm_content=creditCopyText&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_source=unsplash">Photo by Unsplash</a>Pre-eclampsia is a complication of pregnancy that affects about&nbsp;<a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.18.22275250v1.full">5–8%&nbsp;</a>of all pregnant women in Nigeria and Africa. It is a leading cause of maternal and infant morbidity and mortality in Nigeria and Africa.The International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy&nbsp;<a href="https://isshp.org/the-definition-of-severe-and-early-onset-preeclampsia-statements-from-the-isshp/">defines</a> pre-eclampsia as hypertension that occurs after 20 weeks of pregnancy with one or more of proteinuria (protein in the urine) and abnormalities in organ function.&nbsp;The symptoms of pre-eclampsia can be subtle and may not appear until late in pregnancy, which is why it is often referred to as the&nbsp;“silent killer” of pregnant women.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Causes of pre-eclampsia</h2>The exact cause of pre-eclampsia is unknown. However, research suggests that pre-eclampsia may result from problems with the blood vessels in the placenta may cause it.&nbsp;The placenta is the organ that connects the baby to the mother's blood supply. In pre-eclampsia, the blood vessels in the placenta become narrowed, which can&nbsp;decrease blood flow to the baby.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Signs and symptoms of pre-eclampsia</h2>Pregnant women with pre-eclampsia may present with:<ul><li>High blood pressure</li><li>Protein in the urine</li><li>Swelling in the face, hands, and feet</li><li>Sudden weight gain</li><li>Headaches</li><li>Vision changes</li><li>Abdominal pain (you can say epigastric pain)</li><li>Nausea and vomiting</li></ul>It is important to note that these symptoms may not always be present, and some women may not experience any symptoms at all. That is why&nbsp;pregnant women should attend all their antenatal appointments and have their blood pressure and urine checked regularly.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Pre-eclampsia may hurt the mother and baby</h2>Untreated pre-eclampsia can lead to premature birth, low birth weight, and even stillbirth. In addition, pre-eclampsia can cause&nbsp;severe damage to the mother's organs, such as the liver and kidneys, and increase the risk of stroke and other complications such as eclampsia.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Who is at risk of pre-eclampsia?</h2>Several risk factors can increase a woman's chances of developing pre-eclampsia. These include:<ul><li>First-time pregnancy</li><li>Age (women over 40 are at higher risk)</li><li>Multiple pregnancies (i.e., women carrying multiple babies like twins, triplets etc.)</li><li>Obesity</li><li>A family history of pre-eclampsia</li><li>Chronic hypertension</li><li>Diabetes</li><li>Kidney disease</li><li>Lupus</li></ul>Also, a woman is more likely to get pre-eclampsia again if she has had it during a previous pregnancy.&nbsp;Studies have shown that pre-eclampsia happens more often in Africa than in other parts of the world. This is likely due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Diagnosis and treatment of pre-eclampsia</h2>Pre-eclampsia is diagnosed through routine antenatal care. If your care provider suspects that you have pre-eclampsia is suspected, you may be referred to a specialist for further testing.The treatment for pre-eclampsia depends on the severity of the condition and how far along you are in your pregnancy. In some cases, early delivery may be necessary to protect the health of the mother and the baby. But if the baby isn't ready, your doctor may suggest medicines to control blood pressure, bed rest, and other treatments to help&nbsp;support the pregnancy.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Importance of early detection and treatment of pre-eclampsia</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_87a8c767ff_567cb3a7da.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/woman-expecting-child-doing-examination-with-medic-medical-office-general-practitioner-consulting-pregnant-patient-check-pregnancy-healthcare-physician-helping-mother_22298434.htm#fromView=search&amp;page=1&amp;position=0&amp;uuid=b8b72d1a-9e29-4363-8da2-20a11cdf9aab">Image by DC Studio on Freepik</a>Early detection and treatment of pre-eclampsia are crucial&nbsp;to preventing serious complications. This is why pregnant women should attend regular antenatal care appointments, where their blood pressure and other vital signs will be monitored.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Preventing&nbsp;pre-eclampsia</h2>While it is not always possible and there is no surefre way to prevent pre-eclampsia, there are steps you can take to reduce your risk of developing pre-eclampsia. Here are a few tips to help ensure a healthy pregnancy:<ol><li>Visit your healthcare provider regularly: Early and regular antenatal care is essential for detecting and managing potential complications, including pre-eclampsia.</li><li>Eating a balanced and healthy diet:&nbsp;enrich your diet&nbsp;with fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins.</li><li>Stay active: Regular exercise, such as walking or&nbsp;pelvic floor exercises, can help improve circulation and prevent hypertension.</li><li>Maintain a healthy weight: Eat small portions of food, drink plenty of water, and curb your desire to binge on foods</li><li>Control any pre-existing medical conditions: If you have diabetes or kidney disease,&nbsp;see a doctor to manage them before or during pregnancy.</li><li>Avoid smoking and alcohol intake:&nbsp;both can increase your risk of pre-eclampsia.</li></ol><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">A final word</h2><blockquote>Pre-eclampsia is a serious pregnancy complication that can have serious consequences for both the mother and baby. However, the outcome can be positive if it's detected and managed early.By understanding the risk factors, signs and symptoms, and ways to reduce your risk, you can take steps to protect yourself and your baby. So, always be informed and proactive about your health during pregnancy.</blockquote>

What Every Nigerian Woman should know about Pre-eclampsia

<a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/man-in-white-and-yellow-stripe-polo-shirt-8173269/">Photo by Kindel Media</a>It is usual for anyone sometimes to forget their keys at home, need help remembering minor details, or do basic things. These are part of the daily realities of living that become increasingly common as a person ages. When such realities become so significant as to affect our ability to survive on our own, it is often a sign of something worse… like dementia, for instance.Dementia is a progressive condition that affects a person's ability to think, reason, and remember. It is a leading cause of disability and dependency among older adults, and the number of people affected is expected to rise&nbsp;significantly in the coming years.&nbsp;More than 50 million people are estimated to have dementia worldwide in 2019. The number is set to almost triple by 2030. Although dementia is seen as a disease of people in Western countries, 60% of people with dementia are in poor countries in Africa and Asia.&nbsp;Despite the youthful African population, more elderly people are expected to develop dementia, with Nigeria being one of the most affected countries on the continent.&nbsp;Knowing&nbsp;about the disease can encourage you to tackle the common risk factors of the disease.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors of dementia</h2>Your risk of having dementia depends on the factors you can control and the ones you cannot control. Some factors, like old age and the genes you inherit, are beyond your control, so they are ‘non-modifiable.’On the other hand, there are factors you can control as an individual or with government policies that can help reduce your risk of developing dementia. These factors are ‘modifiable,’ and a 2024 global&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)01296-0/abstract">report</a> shows that controlling these factors can prevent 45% of dementia cases.The modifiable risk factors include:<ol><li>Social isolation</li><li>Poor education</li><li>Air pollution</li><li>Unresolved hearing loss</li><li>Depression</li><li>Brain injury</li><li>Hypertension</li><li>Diabetes&nbsp;</li><li>Obesity</li><li>Low level of physical activity</li><li>Excessive alcohol intake</li><li>Smoking</li><li>Uncontrolled vision loss</li><li>High serum cholesterol</li></ol>Controlling these factors requires personal effort combined with government policies and intervention.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Reversible and irreversible causes of dementia</h2>Dementia is often a consequence of advanced age. However, it may also be caused by some reversible and irreversible factors.Reversible causes of dementia produce short-lived impairment in memory and thinking, which resolve as soon as the cause is treated or removed. Such reversible causes include:<ul><li>Severe head injury</li><li>Multiple strokes</li><li>HIV</li><li>Neurosyphilis</li><li>Meningitis</li><li>Alcohol</li><li>Heavy metal poisoning</li><li>Brain tumors</li><li>Multiple sclerosis</li><li>Liver and kidney failure</li><li>Low or high thyroid function</li></ul>Irreversible causes of dementia are neurodegenerative disorders or diseases that occur as the brain loses its neurons. They include:<ul><li>Alzheimer’s disease</li><li>Parkinson’s disease</li><li>Prion’s disease</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Dementia may not be inheritable</h2>Some scholars suggest a link between genetic factors and dementia because people who have dementia often have family members with a history of dementia. However, the current understanding is that you cannot inherit or transmit the disease.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What are the early signs of dementia?</h2>Dementia develops slowly but progressively. The earliest signs are subtle and easy to pass off as regular forgetfulness. However, these are some common signs and symptoms:<ul><li>Progressive short-term memory loss</li><li>Disorientation</li><li>Difficulty in performing regular tasks</li><li>Changes in mood or personality</li><li>Language difficulty</li><li>Difficulties with abstract thinking</li><li>Difficulty in remembering names and faces</li><li>Increased suspicion&nbsp;</li><li>Getting lost and misplacing items</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How is dementia diagnosed?</h2>The diagnosis of dementia is based on five criteria, as outlined in the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10). These criteria include:<ol><li>A decline in memory and thinking must be evident and sufficient enough to impair personal activities of daily living</li><li>Memory impairment must affect the individual’s activity to register, store, and retrieve new information, while previously stored information may be lost</li><li>Thinking impairment must reduce the flow of ideas and reasoning capacity</li><li>The person must have clear consciousness</li><li>The signs and symptoms must last at least six months</li></ol>A person suspected of having dementia must meet these five criteria for their diagnosis to be confirmed.Other investigations include:<ul><li>Lumbar puncture for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis&nbsp;</li><li>Electrolyte, urea, and creatinine</li><li>Urinalysis</li><li>Thyroid function test</li><li>Liver function tests</li><li>Brain imaging&nbsp;</li><li>Serum vitamin B12 and folate levels</li><li>Electroencephalography</li></ul>Unfortunately, the diagnosis of dementia in developing nations can be challenging because many people do not know about the disease. Signs and symptoms of dementia are often misinterpreted as spiritual problems or downplayed as natural rites of old age.&nbsp;Besides, very few brain specialists are available to manage dementia, and facilities may need to be more readily available across the country.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Prevention of dementia</h2>While there is no known cure for dementia, it is very preventable. Preventing dementia means managing the modifiable risk factors we mentioned earlier. You can&nbsp;<ul><li>Maintain a healthy lifestyle</li></ul>This involves adequate sleep, eating high-quality fruits and vegetables, and quitting smoking and alcohol.&nbsp;<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Challenge your brain</li></ul>Mental exercises such as solving puzzles, building new projects, reading, or painting engage different parts of the brain, thus strengthening them. This can prevent or delay the onset of dementia.<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Manage underlying conditions</li></ul>Chronic diseases such diabetes, hypertension, and diabetes increases your risk of developing dementia. Managing them–with drugs and lifestyle and dietary adjustments–may protect your brain against dementia.<ul><li>Maintain social connections</li></ul>Social isolation is the new epidemic, and it is not helped by the Covid-19 pandemic which forced everyone indoors, and social media which seems to mask the need for physical need for physical interactions.&nbsp;Still, venturing outdoors and engaging people physically could benefit brain health. The richness of our social experience provides emotional support, excites our minds, and improves our mental health.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Treatment</h2>There is currently no known cure for dementia, but many treatment options are available to:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">preserve any remaining ability to think and perform daily tasks</li><li style="text-align:justify;">relieve distressing symptoms</li><li style="text-align:justify;">accommodate the immediate needs of the patient</li><li style="text-align:justify;">treat any complications</li></ul>Treatment may also involve psychological treatment such as music therapy, art therapy, memory training, and medications.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Conclusion</h2>The number of people with dementia is rising, and our aging population is at risk of adding to the number. While some of the factors are not modifiable, managing the modifiable ones can help improve our brain function and prevent dementia. Still, this is not a job for one person. Government intervention is needed, too.

Dementia is rising in Africa. Here’s how you can protect your brain

Chronic Illnesses

<a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/a-man-using-braille-book-7265314/">Photo by Thirdman</a>If you can read this, congratulations: you can see. It doesn’t matter whether you are reading through eyeglasses or not. What matters is that you're here, reading this.That you're here now may also suggest you’re worried about your eyes. Perhaps your vision is getting blurry, and you wonder if you’re going blind. Your fears are understandable.The World Health Organization (WHO)&nbsp;<a href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/blindness-and-visual-impairment">estimates</a> that more than 250 million people worldwide are visually impaired. This figure is predicted to increase to 703 million by 2050. In Nigeria, experts estimate that&nbsp;<a href="https://guardian.ng/news/world-sight-day-why-over-4-25m-adult-nigerians-are-blind-by-ophthalmologists/">4.25 million people</a> are blind. These statistics are enough to make anyone jittery.But what does it mean to be blind? Is it when you can’t see at all and your vision is pitch black, or is it when you need glasses and other visual aids to read and do basic activities? Blindness&nbsp;can be that and more.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">What is blindness?</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_a17647e314_1_7b47500477.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/man-sitting-on-a-bench-with-his-dog-8327844/">Photo by MART&nbsp; PRODUCTION</a>Blindness is a condition&nbsp;in which a person cannot see anything or has extremely poor vision. Clinically, blindness is defined as visual acuity of less than 3/60 or a visual field of less than 10 degrees in your better eye, with the best correction.Eye doctors, or ophthalmologists, define vision in terms of visual acuity and visual field. Visual acuity measures the eye’s ability to see things clearly and in detail, whether near or far away. The visual field is how much of a space your eyes can see with a steady gaze.Vision acuity is expressed as a fraction. The top number is the distance that your vision is tested. This is usually 6 metres or 20 feet. The bottom number is the distance at which a person with normal vision is expected to see the image or text. It’s also 6 metres or 20 feet.If your eyes are okay, you should be able to see an object clearly from six metres away, so you’ll score 6/6 or 20/20. The 6/6 records visual acuity in metres, while 20/20 is recorded in feet. We use 6/6 in Nigeria. A visual acuity lower than 6/6 often suggests a problem with your vision.&nbsp;<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Glasses and contact lenses can correct mild and moderate vision problems. If, after correction, the vision is less than 3/60 (20/400) in the better eye, an individual will be considered blind.&nbsp;</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Blindness can occur due to injury, infections, or genetic disorders. Whatever the cause, blindness can affect your ability to perform basic tasks.&nbsp;</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">What are the causes of blindness?</h2>The most common cause of blindness worldwide is age-related macular degeneration. The macula is a thin layer behind the eyes that helps us to note the tiny details of an object and focus effectively.&nbsp;It deteriorates as we age, leading to vision loss.&nbsp;However, in Nigeria and Africa, the leading causes are cataracts, glaucoma, and corneal opacity.&nbsp;Other causes include:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Injury from heavy blows, penetrating objects, toxic chemicals, or radiation&nbsp;exposure.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Genetic disorders like retinitis pigmentosa and&nbsp;albinism</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Diabetes</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Hypertension</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Stroke</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Vitamin A deficiency</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Trachoma</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Onchocerciasis</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Symptoms of blindness</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_7e37a7114e_ecad38fb11.webp"></figure>Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@nate_dumlao?utm_content=creditCopyText&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_source=unsplash">Nathan Dumlao</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/man-holding-eyeglasses-VJHb4QPBgV4?utm_content=creditCopyText&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_source=unsplash">Unsplash</a>One early symptom&nbsp;of deteriorating vision is blurry or hazy vision. Objects may appear fuzzy to you. You may struggle to identify figures and shapes at a distance or squint to read texts with regular font sizes and lighting conditions.&nbsp;It could also be that you find it more challenging to move around at home, recognize faces, or function outdoors.Other symptoms include:<ul><li>Difficulty seeing at night or in low-light conditions</li><li>Increased sensitivity to&nbsp;light or glare</li><li>Narrowed visual field</li><li>Loss of peripheral vision, or the ability to see side objects</li><li>Total loss of vision,&nbsp;or the ability to see light</li></ul>Depending on the cause, you may experience frequent headaches, eye pain or discomfort, and light sensitivity.&nbsp;Pay attention to these symptoms and seek medical attention if you experience them.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">&nbsp;</h2><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Conclusion</h2>If you suspect your vision is getting poor, keep calm and visit a doctor. Your symptoms could be a sign of a mild eye disease or something more. Your doctor will tell you what they are.&nbsp;Symptoms of blindness are often innocent. Except in cases of direct injury to your eyes, blindness often starts with blurry or hazy vision, then to&nbsp;partial or total vision loss if they are not treated.&nbsp;Good eye care can protect you from common causes of blindness, while regular eye examination helps you detect eye diseases very early. Drugs, surgery, and transplants can resolve some of these causes; some other causes are irreversible.&nbsp;

Help! I think I’m going blind

<a href="https://pixabay.com/vectors/blood-blood-type-health-medical-1968458/">Image by Pixabay</a>Have you ever been asked “What’s your genotype?” It’s a common question for partners seeking to get married, children seeking to enroll into a school, or individuals looking for a job. Doctors too may ask about your genotype when you go for a checkup or treatment. So what’s genotype and how does it work?<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What’s a genotype?</h2>Genotype refers to an individual’s genetic makeup. It is an entire library of genes that determines height, eye color, blood group, susceptibility to some diseases, and even the ability to roll one's tongue.&nbsp;These traits are contained in units called genes. The traits exist in multiple forms or alleles. The alleles may be identical (homozygous) or different (heterozygous). The genes and alleles are packed tightly into larger units known as chromosomes. We inherit our genes from our parents, one copy from dad and one copy from mum, and they combine to create our unique genotypes.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What's blood genotype?</h2>Blood genotype refers to the genetic makeup of our blood components. It is used interchangeably with haemoglobin genotype (Hb genotype), which refers to the genes that code for haemoglobin. Haemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues.&nbsp;An average adult has the HbA genotype, which produces HbA with two normal globins. A change or mutation in the normal Hb genotype produces abnormal haemoglobins, such as HbS and HbC, which may affect red cell functions.There are several different genotypes:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">AA: normal haemoglobin genotype</li><li style="text-align:justify;">AS: sickle cell trait</li><li style="text-align:justify;">AC: haemoglobin disease</li><li style="text-align:justify;">SS: sickle cell anaemia</li><li style="text-align:justify;">SC: sickle cell disease&nbsp;</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How is the blood genotype inherited?</h2>Like all genotypes, the Hb genotype is inherited from both parents. The two copies of the Hb genes from your parents combine to determine the type of haemoglobin your red cells produce.Haemoglobin has two components: the haem component and the globin component. You can guess this from the name: haem + globin = haemoglobin. The Hb genotype codes for the globin component, which may be an alpha globin or a beta globin.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Why is the blood genotype important?</h2>Blood genotypes play a significant role in determining the risk of developing certain diseases. For instance, an individual with the HbAA genotype is more likely to have malaria, while someone with the HbSS genotype is more vulnerable to infections.&nbsp;Here is why. Malaria parasites survive better in red blood cells with normal haemoglobin than in sickled red cells. Individuals with sickle cell anaemia are likely to have infections because their immune system is weakened by damages caused by sickled red cells.Other importance of blood genotype include:<ol><li style="text-align:justify;">Improved family planning</li></ol>Testing for blood genotype can help you plan your family and ensure that your children are born healthy and without avoidable genetic disorders.<ol><li style="text-align:justify;">Inherited diseases</li></ol>With a genotype test, you can know your risk for certain inherited diseases and know how to manage them proactively.&nbsp;<ol><li style="text-align:justify;">Personalised medicine</li></ol>Knowing your genotype can also help develop personalised medicine. This type of medicine is tailored to the individual and considers their unique genetic makeup.&nbsp;<blockquote>To check your blood genotype, visit a certified medical laboratory or hospital where a blood sample will be collected and analyzed through a hemoglobin electrophoresis test.&nbsp;This test determines your genotype (e.g., AA, AS, SS, or AC) by identifying the types of hemoglobin in your red blood cells. It is important to confirm your genotype at least twice, preferably from reputable labs, as errors can occur.</blockquote><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">&nbsp;</h2>

What is Genotype and How Does it Work?

Reproductive Health

<a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-vector/kidney-realistic-organs-anatomy-poster_29875081.htm#query=human%20kidney&amp;position=3&amp;from_view=keyword&amp;track=ais_user&amp;uuid=fb359a69-327f-488e-b1c5-80e2237f8a0e">Image by gstudioimagen1 on Freepik</a><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">What is acute kidney injury?&nbsp;</h2>Acute&nbsp;kidney&nbsp;injury (AKI) is a sudden decrease in the ability of the kidney to filter the blood, resulting in a reduction in urine production. This decrease disturbs the balance of body fluids and electrolytes, causing the body to retain wastes.&nbsp;Although a problem worldwide, acute kidney injury is more common in Africa than elsewhere. Available data indicates that the disease is common among 10 - 40% of adults in sub-Saharan Africa.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Symptoms and signs of AKI</h2>Most patients&nbsp;do not know that they have an acute kidney injury because the condition does not often present with clinical symptoms. However, the following symptoms might be present in some:<ul><li>Decreased urine output&nbsp;</li><li>Edema: generalized body swelling</li><li>Hypertension&nbsp;</li><li>Weakness&nbsp;</li><li>Nausea</li><li>Coma, in severe cases</li></ul><h1 style="margin-left:5.0pt;text-align:justify;">Classification of AKI</h1>Acute kidney injury is classified based on the location of the cause of the injury. The classifications could be:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Pre-renal AKI - if the cause of the injury is before the kidney</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Renal or intrinsic AKI - if the injury is within&nbsp;the kidney</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Post renal AKI - if the injury is caused by factors after&nbsp;the kidney, such as the obstruction of the ureter, a tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder, by a stone.</li></ul>Only the intrinsic acute kidney injury represents true kidney disease.&nbsp;Pre-renal and post-renal forms of the disease are the consequences of non-kidney diseases that lead to a decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR).<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Stages of acute kidney injury&nbsp;</h2>There are four main stages in the development of an acute kidney injury:&nbsp;<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Initiation</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Oligo-anuria&nbsp;</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Polyuria&nbsp;</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Restitution&nbsp;</li></ul>These four stages restore kidney functions and should last a maximum period of three months, if the injury does not cause significant damage to the kidney.&nbsp;However, the injury can progress to a chronic kidney disease if it persists for more than three months.<h1 style="margin-left:5.0pt;text-align:justify;">Causes of AKI in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)</h1>The most common causes of acute kidney injury in Africa include:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Malaria</li><li style="text-align:justify;">HIV</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Nephrotoxic agents such as&nbsp;traditional&nbsp;herbal concoctions&nbsp;</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Envenomation from snakebite&nbsp;</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Chronic conditions like diabetes mellitus and&nbsp;hypertension</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Obstetric complications</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Use of skin&nbsp;lightening (bleaching) creams containing mercury&nbsp;</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Who is at risk of acute kidney injury?</h2>Anyone can come down with acute kidney injury but some classes of people are especially at higher risk. These sets of people include:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">People&nbsp;living with chronic illnesses like&nbsp;diabetes&nbsp;mellitus,&nbsp;hypertension,&nbsp;and sickle&nbsp;cell&nbsp;disease</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Patients with sepsis</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Patients with poorly treated&nbsp;urinary tract infection&nbsp;</li><li style="text-align:justify;">People who abuse nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Elderly&nbsp;patients</li><li style="text-align:justify;">People with blocked urinary tract&nbsp;</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Users of certain antibiotics like&nbsp;aminoglycosides</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Patients with dehydration from&nbsp;diarrhea or exercise&nbsp;</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Patrons of traditional practices&nbsp;that involve lacerations of people with unsterilised tools</li><li style="text-align:justify;">People observing prolonged fasting without water</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Poor people who drink herbal concoctions</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Complications of acute kidney injury</h2>When the kidney cannot filter waste and electrolytes from the blood&nbsp;or&nbsp;maintain the water or electrolytes balance due to an injury, the patient&nbsp;may develop complications such as:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Edema: generalized body swelling</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Arrhythmia: abnormal heart rhythm</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Metabolic acidosis: acid buildup in the blood due to reduced excretion</li></ul>Vomiting, drowsiness and breathlessness also can occur.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Diagnosis and laboratory tests for AKI</h2>Your&nbsp;doctor may order&nbsp;a range of tests to confirm an acute kidney injury or determine its severity These tests include:<ul><li>Urinalysis&nbsp;</li><li>Blood test</li><li>Abdominopelvic ultrasound</li><li>CT scan</li><li>Biopsy of the kidneys in extreme cases</li></ul><h1 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">What next?&nbsp;</h1>The high prevalence of AKI in SSA is not solely due to the nature of the condition, but rather a complex interplay of preventable and treatable causes, poor health-seeking behavior, socioeconomic barriers, and systemic healthcare challenges. Addressing these multifaceted issues is crucial to improving the management and outcomes of AKI in the region. To ensure that AKI incidence is greatly reduced, there’s&nbsp;a need for proper awareness of this disease entity in SSA, especially since a good number of her populace ingest herbal concoctions and the prevalence of malaria with HIV, which are the main&nbsp;culprits of AKI.

The Burden Of Acute Kidney Injury (Aki) In Africa

Tetanus by&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nyphotographic.com/">Nick Youngson</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">CC BY-SA 3.0</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://pix4free.org/">Pix4free</a>Tetanus probably doesn't come to mind when you think of dreadful diseases, and you may not give tetanus injections much thought unless you step on a rusty nail. The symptoms of tetanus can be subtle and may not appear until several days after infection. People may mistake these symptoms for other less severe conditions, such as muscle strain. Yet, tetanus is one of the deadliest conditions on earth.&nbsp;<h2>What is tetanus?</h2>Tetanus, also known as lockjaw, is a severe bacterial infection that damages the neurological system. It causes tightening of neck and jaw muscles, which can make opening the mouth or swallowing difficult.&nbsp;<h2>What is the source of tetanus?</h2>Tetanus is caused by the&nbsp;Clostridium tetani bacterium, which is present in dust, soil, and animal waste. The bacterium enters the body through a wound or cut, producing the tetanus toxin. The toxin affects the nerves, causing the life-threatening symptoms associated with tetanus.&nbsp;<h3>How is tetanus contracted?</h3>Tetanus can be contracted in different ways. Such ways include:<ul><li>Contamination of a wound with dirt or materials containing tetanus bacteria.</li><li>Injury with contaminated blades, needles, and surgical instruments.</li><li>Transmission from an infected mother to a child through the placenta, contaminated cervix, or direct contact with an open wound.</li><li>The mother, who transmits the immunity to her newborn, can be protected against it by receiving an immunization for a few days after birth.&nbsp;</li></ul><h2>What are the symptoms of tetanus?</h2>Depending on the individual, tetanus symptoms might appear days to weeks after infection. The first sign is usually “lockjaw” or muscle spasms in the jaw. Other symptoms of tetanus include:<ul><li>Fever and sweating</li><li>Widespread muscle stiffness and pain</li><li>Seizures characterized by jerking or staring</li><li>Difficulty in swallowing</li><li>Sudden and involuntary muscle contractions&nbsp; often in the abdomen&nbsp;</li><li>Constipation</li><li>Headaches&nbsp;</li><li>Changes in blood pressure and heart rate, etc.</li></ul><h2>What are the complications of tetanus?</h2>Tetanus can readily degenerate into serious complications or death if an infected person does not receive immediate care. Immediate complications include:<ul><li>Aspiration pneumonia</li><li>Pulmonary embolism</li><li>Laryngospasm</li><li>Breathing difficulty</li></ul>In extreme circumstances, tetanus can also result in convulsions and respiratory collapse, which may lead to death.<h2>How to prevent tetanus</h2>Tetanus can be effectively prevented through vaccination. The recommended vaccine is the combination DTP (diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis) or TdaP vaccine, which protects against diphtheria, whooping cough, and tetanus.&nbsp;Babies require three doses of DTaP, administered at ages two, four, and six months, followed by booster shots at ages 15 to 18 months and 4 to 6 years.&nbsp;Preteens should receive a Tdap shot between 11 and 12 years old. Pregnant women should get a Tdap shot during the early third trimester to protect their baby from whooping cough. Adults who have never received the vaccine should get a Tdap shot, followed by a Td or Tdap booster every ten years.<figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_125d76cf94_2a9d6671d0.webp"></figure>Photo by&nbsp;<a href="https://unsplash.com/@cdc?utm_content=creditCopyText&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_source=unsplash">CDC</a> on&nbsp;<a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/man-doing-syringe-on-woman-wearing-blue-shirt-9uo3cLLo0IM?utm_content=creditCopyText&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_source=unsplash">Unsplash</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<h2>What are the treatment options?</h2>Treatment for tetanus varies depending on the severity of the symptoms. It usually involves a combination of therapies and medications, including antibiotics, to eliminate the bacteria from the body. These options include:<ul><li>Tetanus toxoid injection: The injection contains a treated form of the tetanus toxin, called tetanus toxoid, that serves as an&nbsp;emergency immune booster against the effects of tetanus toxin.&nbsp;</li><li>Antibiotics:&nbsp;While tetanus toxoid nullifies the tetanus toxin, antibiotic treatment helps manage any secondary infections that can develop due to the wound. The type of infection and the patient's medical background will determine the appropriate antibiotic.&nbsp;</li></ul><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_d31181ed5c_19f8d652d4.webp"></figure><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bottle_of_tetanus_antitoxin,_Germany._Full_view,_graduated_g_Wellcome_L0058962_(cropped).jpg">See page for author</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">CC BY 4.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons<ul><li>Wound dressing:&nbsp;Open wounds can be cleaned with moderate antiseptic or soap and water. Surgical debridement could be required if the wound contains dead tissues.&nbsp;</li><li>Use of muscle relaxants:&nbsp;To alleviate the stiffness and spasms caused by tetanus, muscle relaxants can be administered. These medications work by reducing the severity of muscle spasms and decreasing the risk of fractures and other associated injuries.</li><li>Supportive care: Tetanus patients need supportive care, which could involve giving oxygen and IV fluids and medications, food, water, and oxygen. If the situation worsens, the patient may need specialized care in an intensive care unit (ICU).</li></ul><h2>Vaccination can protect you from tetanus</h2>Tetanus is a life-threatening disease contracted when the bacterium&nbsp;Clostridium tetani&nbsp;enters the body through cuts or wounds. The bacterium produces a toxin with deadly effects. The best approach to avoid tetanus is vaccination and maintaining good wound hygiene. Infected individuals should seek prompt medical care.

What is Tetanus?

Lifestyle and Wellness

<a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/concept-of-covid-19-in-red-background-4031867/">Photo by Edward Jenner&nbsp;</a>Here are three key reasons why COVID-19 vaccine myths and misinformation remain a major challenge in Nigeria and across Africa.<ul><li>Widespread misinformation: Since the COVID-19 outbreak, false information and conspiracy theories—especially through social media—have misled many about the virus and vaccines.</li><li>Vaccine myths and fears: Despite vaccine availability in Africa, myths fueled by fear and ignorance have slowed vaccination efforts.</li><li>Low vaccine usage: Due to mistrust and misinformation, over 22 African countries have used less than 25% of their vaccine supplies, according to WHO.</li></ul>&nbsp;Unprecedented data was released across the world's media after the COVID-19 Coronavirus broke out in December 2019. Many details regarding the pandemic, its symptoms, transmission, and response mechanisms have been inaccurate. Misinformation, deception, falsehoods, and misconceptions have been served to audiences via propaganda and fake news. One way this propaganda has spread is through social media.&nbsp;The release of COVID-19 vaccines offered hope that the pandemic would end soon. Unfortunately, as the number of vaccines available in Africa has grown, so has the number of myths regarding them. Anxieties regarding vaccines might stem from a lack of knowledge or outlandish conspiracy ideas. The World Health Organization estimates that 22 African countries have used less than 25% of their vaccination supplies.So, tell me, what are some of the most common myths heard throughout the continent? Below are some of the common myths about COVID-19 in Nigeria and Africa.<figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_a5a0cae389.png"></figure><a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/rectangular-white-blank-billboard-striped-wall_3622956.htm#query=board%20mockup&amp;position=21&amp;from_view=keyword&amp;track=ais_user&amp;uuid=d5297f35-45f7-4b26-b4f6-4bc5c9a4fd47">Image by Freepik</a><h3>Myth 1: Covid-19 does not exist.</h3>The notion that COVID does not exist is a myth. Cases of COVID-19 have been documented in every country on Earth. The African CDC stresses the seriousness of the COVID threat. Approximately 127,000 people have lost their lives to COVID-19 on the continent, and over 4.7 million confirmed cases have been confirmed. Due to insufficient testing, the actual numbers are very certainly much higher. The virus, meanwhile, is continually changing. Sometimes, the new varieties are even more contagious and lethal than the original. You can find half a dozen COVID strains on the continent right now. Due to low vaccination rates in Africa, the virus has a chance to mutate and spread uncontrollably across the continent and, ultimately, the world.<h3>Myth 2: The government invented COVID to gain more power.</h3>Even though there are health recommendations to stop the spread of COVID-19 in Africa, very few people follow them. Doubts about COVID-19 increased in some African countries after the government politicised the virus. One such country is Nigeria. COVID palliatives and relief materials meant for the masses were hoarded and/or shared amongst themselves. Security forces were accused of applying COVID-19 directives selectively against the poor masses, and the public's mood switched from cooperative to defiant. The low rates of immunisation are a reflection of this. While some say the government is inflating the danger of COVID-19 for political benefit, others point to Africa's low infection rates as "proof." This problem is not unique to Nigeria; in other countries, such as Benin, Uganda, Djibouti, Chad, Tanzania, Burundi, and&nbsp;the Republic of the Congo, vaccine skepticism is also on the rise because of a gulf between governments and individuals.<h3>Myth 3: The risks associated with vaccines are significant.</h3>The idea that live viruses are introduced into the body and that people can die from vaccinations is a common urban legend. However, the fear of the COVID-19 vaccines has been amplified on social media by "anti-vaccine campaigners." Others argue that the risks of getting the vaccines—such as infertility or other severe side effects—are greater than the risks of getting the virus. Some believe that vaccines are poisons that change people's DNA in Africa. They further assert that Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates and the United States government are behind the scheme to use vaccines as a cover to implant trackable microchips.Truth be told, all vaccines (AstraZeneca, Moderna, Pfizer, Johnson &amp; Johnson, and Sinopharm) that are now available in Africa have been certified for use by WHO. The listing aims to ensure that, under urgent circumstances, health workers can quickly distribute high-quality, effective vaccines to those who need them.&nbsp;<h3>&nbsp;</h3><h2>What to Do</h2>When it comes to avoiding contracting COVID-19, keeping your distance from other people (ideally by at least 1 meter) and practising good hand hygiene are your best bets. You can prevent spreading any viruses that could be on your hands to your face by washing them well before eating or touching your face. Wearing face masks, maintaining social distance, and avoiding crowded places can help to reduce the spread of COVID-19. Until vaccines are widely accessible, these methods help keep individuals healthy and out of the hospital's intensive care units.<h2>Bottom Line</h2>Verifying the integrity and scientific foundation of the news and media coverage around the COVID-19 pandemic is one of the most difficult tasks facing the public. Since the beginning of the pandemic, many false rumours and misconceptions have increased throughout the WHO African Region. False information is lethal, and the truth is always a life-saver. The spread of harmful false information online and offline contributes to the persistence of dangerous diseases like COVID-19. Access to up-to-date knowledge founded in science is essential to the well-being of individuals, groups, and nations. Don't disseminate myths, only the facts.With the help of vaccines, Ebola outbreaks in West and Central Africa have been contained in the past. Building up people's confidence was crucial to these programs' success. For the COVID-19 vaccine campaign to regain the public's trust, it is necessary to counter the myths around the virus and vaccine and foster an atmosphere of outreach that prioritises the community's needs.

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