<a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/scrabble-tiles-on-a-light-blue-surface-8428356/">Photo by Anna Tarazevich</a><h1 style="margin-left:0cm;">Overview</h1>When the heavy bleeding started, she never imagined it could be anything worse. Mrs. B, a 28-year-old mother of two has had a heavy bleeding in the past, some of which she took pills for, others went on their own. Her gynaecologist attributed her last heavy flow to an anovulatory cycle, something to do with her ovaries not releasing an egg for the month. It was nothing to worry about, she had said. So when this came, she didn’t think much of it until it refused to go.Mrs. B went to the hospital where she had several tests done. Full blood count, ultrasound scan, urinalysis. Nothing extraordinary was found, safe for an unusual finding in her urine. Her PCV, which indicates the blood level in her body, was normal. The abdominal ultrasound done didn’t show anything abnormal. Only the urinalysis discovered red blood cells. The doctor told her not to worry but recommended she go for a biopsy, where a tiny cut of her cervix will be taken and viewed with a microscope. The biopsy report came back and the unimaginable had happened: she has cervical cancer&nbsp;For many people like Mrs. B., cervical cancer is a strange thing. Cancer is common. It’s on the news. Everyone talks about, but not much or anything at all is ever said about cervical cancer. Or not much that she had heard or read. All she knew about were breast cancer, lung cancer, and prostate cancer. Here she was having to deal with a cancer she's never heard about.<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">So what’s cervical cancer?</h3>Cervical cancer is the cancer of the cervix, the lower, narrow end of the uterus that connects to the vagina. Around 660,000 women were newly diagnosed with cervical cancer in 2022, making it the fourth most common cancer in women globally.&nbsp;Other notable statistics about cervical cancer include:<ul><li>&nbsp;It accounts for death every two minutes</li><li>Nearly 22.5% of these deaths occur in Africa</li><li>About 8% of the cancer is associated with infections with high-risk strains of human papillomavirus (HPV)&nbsp;</li><li>More than&nbsp; 75,000 new cases and close to 50,000 deaths are reported annually in sub-Saharan Africa</li><li>The World Health Organization projects that by 2030, cervical cancer will claim the lives of more than 443,000 women worldwide, with almost 90% of these fatalities in sub-Saharan Africa.&nbsp;</li></ul>This surge in cervical cancer cases threatens to reverse the advancements made by African women in reducing maternal mortality and enhancing life expectancy. Nevertheless, cervical cancer is a largely preventable non-communicable disease, with effective strategies available for primary (vaccination), secondary (early detection), and tertiary (management of diagnosed cases) prevention.&nbsp;<h1 style="margin-left:0cm;">What are the causes of cervical cancer?</h1>&nbsp;The primary cause of cervical cancer is a long-lasting infection with specific types of human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is a transmitted virus that spreads through sexual contact.&nbsp;It is estimated that at least half of sexually active individuals will contract HPV at some point in their lives; however, only a small percentage of women will develop cervical cancer.&nbsp;<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">Who's at risk for cervical cancer?</h3>Cervical cancer is often associated with identifiable risk factors. Some of these factors can be modified, while others are beyond your control.&nbsp;Here are some risk factors you can control:<ul><li>Sexual intercourse at an early age:&nbsp;</li><li>HPV infection</li><li>HIV infection</li><li>Weakened immune system</li><li>Multiple pregnancies</li><li>Long term use ofirth control pills</li><li>Smoking: Cigarette smoking has been linked to a heightened risk of cervical cancer.</li></ul>While these risk factors re controllable, some are not.Example of an uncontrollable risk factor:<ul><li>Family history</li><li>Age&nbsp;</li></ul><h1 style="margin-left:0cm;">What are the symptoms of cervical cancer?&nbsp;</h1>In its early stages, cervical cancer typically does not present any symptoms, making early detection challenging. Symptoms often emerge only after the cancer has progressed.&nbsp;When early-stage cervical cancer symptoms do manifest, they may include:<ul><li>Irregular vaginal bleeding or heavier menstrual periods</li><li>Vaginal bleeding after menopause</li><li>Vaginal bleeding post-intercourse</li><li>Unusual vaginal discharge that may be watery, foul-smelling, or blood-stained</li><li>Pelvic pain or discomfort during intercourse</li></ul>As cervical cancer advances, symptoms may encompass those of early-stage cancer, along with:<ul><li>Painful or difficult bowel movements</li><li>Bleeding from the anus during bowel movements</li><li>Painful urination&nbsp;</li><li>Blood in the urine</li><li>Persistent lower back pain</li><li>Swelling in the legs</li><li>Abdominal pain</li><li>Fatigue</li></ul>These symptoms can also be found in other conditions other than cervical cancer. Consulting a Doctor is essential for an accurate diagnosis. Delaying treatment for cervical cancer due to ignored symptoms can lead to less effective management.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Stages of cervical cancer</h2>The staging of cervical cancer indicates the degree of spread.There are 4 stages of cervical cancer progression and they are:<ul><li>Stage I: Cancer is confined to the cervix.</li><li>Stage II: Cancer has spread beyond the cervix and uterus but not to the pelvic wall or vagina.</li><li>Stage III: Cancer has spread to the lower vagina and possibly the pelvic wall and nearby lymph nodes.</li><li>Stage IV: Cancer has spread to the bladder, rectum, or other distant parts of the body.</li></ul><h1 style="margin-left:0cm;">Preventing cervical cancer</h1>HPV vaccineThe HPV vaccine is designed to protect against the specific strains of HPV responsible for nearly all cervical cancer cases. Gardasil 9 is effective against nine HPV types, which together account for about 90% of cervical cancers. For optimal efficacy, the second dose should be administered six to twelve months after the first.Receiving the HPV vaccine does not eliminate the need for regular cervical cancer screening. Women vaccinated against HPV should have their first screening at age 25 and continue every five years thereafter.<h1 style="margin-left:0cm;">How is cervical cancer diagnosed?</h1><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_582d7737fd_6fccdf28fd.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/doctor-holding-radiography-side-view_32338454.htm#fromView=search&amp;page=1&amp;position=31&amp;uuid=bbcea39a-f3bf-4fab-a3e3-86bd249d91bf">Image by freepik</a>Cervical cancer develops slowly over many years, hence the need for regular Pap smear ( The Pap smear is a procedure that screens for cervical cancer by collecting cervical cells from the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It can also reveal precancerous changes in these cells, enabling early intervention when required.In this test, a healthcare provider uses a speculum to gently open the vagina, providing access to the cervix. They then collect cell samples using a soft brush or spatula, which they preserve in a solution and send to a laboratory for analysis. The entire process typically takes just a few minutes and may cause slight discomfort, but it is usually not painful.) To detect early signs of cancer, if positive, a biopsy is ordered.The biopsy could be any of the following:<ul><li>Colposcopic biopsy</li><li>Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)</li><li>Cone biopsy&nbsp;</li><li>Endocervical curettage&nbsp;</li><li>Cold knife cone biopsy&nbsp;</li></ul>An HPV DNA test too can be ordered.Should the biopsy test come out as positive further investigations would be required to determine if the cancer has spread (metastasized) and to what extent.The other test include:&nbsp;<ul><li>Renal function test</li><li>Liver function test</li><li>X-ray of bladder, bowels, intestines</li><li>Urine Test</li><li>Ultrasound&nbsp;</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Treatment</h2>Treatment of cervical cancer depends on:<ul><li>The stage of the cancer</li><li>The size and shape of the tumor</li><li>The woman's age and general health</li><li>Her desire to have children in the future</li></ul>Early cervical cancer can be cured by removing or destroying the precancerous or cancerous tissue. There are surgical ways to do this without removing the uterus or seriously damaging the cervix, so that a woman can still have children in the future.The following treatment options are available depending on the stage of the cancer:<ul><li>Laser therapy&nbsp;</li><li>Cryotherapy&nbsp;</li><li>Hysterectomy&nbsp;</li><li>Radiation therapy&nbsp;</li><li>Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure(LEEP)</li><li>Chemotherapy&nbsp;</li></ul><h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">Support Groups</h3>Joining a cancer support group can provide emotional relief and connection with others facing similar challenges. Sharing experiences can help alleviate feelings of isolation.<h1 style="margin-left:0cm;">Conclusion</h1>Early detection of cervical cancer is key to effective treatment, making regular Pap smear screenings essential. The HPV vaccine, now available in three different versions, provides crucial protection against the virus that often leads to cervical cancer. Staying on top of both vaccinations and screenings is important for reducing risk. Furthermore, involving family and connecting with support networks can greatly support your journey through treatment.

Understanding Cervical Cancer, Causes, Symptoms and Management

Health News and Research

Women's Health

David is a bright and active eight-year-old boy who loved playing in the compound and discovering new things around him. One day, while playing with his toys under the shade of a tree in front of his house, he suddenly fell to the ground and started shaking uncontrollably.His mom was terrified and quickly called out for help. The neighbours came together, and one of them offered his bike. David’s father quickly got on the bike, and with the help of his mother and a neighbour, they carefully placed David on the bike. With David held between his parents, they rushed to the clinic, hoping he would get better soon.At the clinic, the doctors ran a series of tests before diagnosing David with a seizure disorder, often referred to as epilepsy.&nbsp; This meant that he would be at risk for future seizures. For&nbsp;David and&nbsp;his family, this diagnosis was life-changing.&nbsp;If you have a child like David, this article will help you learn about seizure disorders in children and how to manage&nbsp;similar cases.&nbsp; It provides an overview of seizure disorders in paediatrics, including the definition of seizures, common causes, diagnosis, and treatment options. Additionally, it provides coping strategies for parents and caregivers to manage seizures in children and ensure their safety.<h1 style="margin-left:0cm;">What is a seizure?</h1>A seizure is a disorder in which brain cells malfunction and transmit electrical impulses involuntarily, resulting in symptoms that impact other areas of the brain and body. In this case, seizures often cause loss of consciousness and abnormal movements, usually immediately.&nbsp;It can result in unexpected, abrupt changes in a child's movements, sensations, cognition, and&nbsp;behaviour. Neurons in the child's brain may&nbsp;freeze excessively during a seizure,&nbsp;resulting in odd feelings, emotions, or behaviours. The seizure may be minor or severe, lasting between a few seconds and several minutes.Paediatric seizure disorder&nbsp;occurs in approximately 4 to 10 out of every 1,000 children.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Causes of seizure disorders in children</h2>Several possible causes of seizure disorder in&nbsp;children may include the following:<ul><li>Genetic factors - some forms of epilepsy may be inherited.</li><li>Brain injury or damage - can occur during birth from infections, head injuries, or strokes.</li><li>Brain malformations - when the brain does not develop properly before birth.</li><li>Infections - such as meningitis, encephalitis, or abscesses in the brain.</li><li>Metabolic disorders - including low blood sugar, electrolyte imbalances, or kidney or liver failure.</li><li>Brain tumours - both benign and malignant&nbsp;tumours can cause seizures.</li><li>Febrile seizures - which occur during high fever in young children.</li><li>Unknown causes - in some cases, no&nbsp;specific cause of the seizure disorder can be&nbsp;identified.</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Types of seizure disorders</h2>A seizure can come in different forms, depending on the cause and the part of the brain affected. The common types include:<ul><li>Generalised seizures&nbsp;</li></ul>They affect the entire brain and can render a child unconscious. They can be atonic or tonic-clonic seizures if they affect the child’s muscles and movement or absence seizures if the child just stares into space or blanks out for a few seconds. Absence seizures were once called petit mal&nbsp;seizures.<ul><li>Focal or partial seizures</li></ul>These seizures might originate in one&nbsp;specific location and result in a limited range of symptoms. If the child does not lose consciousness, the seizure could be simplepartial seizures. Complex partial seizures result in altered consciousness.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Symptoms of a seizure in children&nbsp;</h2>The symptoms of a seizure vary depending on the type. Common symptoms include:<ul><li>Abnormal movements:&nbsp;The seizure may include jerking or twitching the arms, legs, or face.</li><li>Loss of consciousness: The child may appear to&nbsp;stare blankly, become unresponsive or confused, or even fall to the ground.</li><li>Convulsions:&nbsp;The severity of convulsion can range from mild to severe and can include shaking stiffness, and loss of muscle control.</li><li>Change in mood or&nbsp;behaviour: Children may experience sudden changes in mood or&nbsp;behaviour,&nbsp;and may become irritable, aggressive, or anxious.</li><li>Changes in sensations: Children may complain of hearing unusual sounds or seeing&nbsp;flashing lights.</li><li>Loss of bladder or bowel control:&nbsp;A child with a seizure may find it difficult to hold her pee or poop.</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Diagnosis of seizures in children</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_7ae6bc1cca_eb49f243f9.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-ai-image/man-working-as-paediatrician_262780334.htm#fromView=search&amp;page=1&amp;position=0&amp;uuid=3751e076-8a39-4cda-8e30-00aa555908bf">Image by freepik</a>Seizures in children combine medical history, physical exam, neurological assessment, and diagnostic testing.&nbsp;<ul><li>Medical history: The doctor will&nbsp;ask about the child's symptoms and medical history from the parents or other primary caregivers</li><li>Neurological assessment.&nbsp;This involves a comprehensive neurological examination comprising tests for nerve and sensory functions, gait and balance, etc.&nbsp;</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Management options for seizure disorders</h2>The primary goal of treatment of&nbsp;a seizure disorder is to stop the seizure and, if it can’t be stopped, to control or reduce the frequency and severity of the seizure. These goals may be achieved through:&nbsp;<ul><li>Anti-seizure drugs: Anti-seizure drugs are the mainstay of treatment for children with seizure disorders. The drugs reduce the abnormal electrical activity in the brain.&nbsp;</li><li>Nutritional therapy:&nbsp;There have been reports of some epileptic children experiencing fewer seizures while following a high-fat, low-carb ketogenic diet.</li><li>Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) is a&nbsp;form of treatment that can be used with other therapies to help children with seizure disorders manage their disease's emotional and psychological aspects.</li><li>Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS)&nbsp;is a noninvasive medical procedure that involves implanting a device beneath the skin of the chest and connecting it to the vagus nerve in the neck. VNS stimulates the brain with electrical impulses, which lessen the frequency and intensity of seizures.</li><li>Surgery: For kids with seizure disorders, surgery may occasionally be advised to remove the portion of the brain producing the seizures&nbsp;without causing greater harm to the healthy brain tissue.</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Coping strategies for parents and caregivers of children&nbsp; having a seizure disorder</h2>Having a child with a seizure disorder can be challenging and stressful for a parent or caregiver.&nbsp; To help you cope, try:<ul><li>Working closely with a paediatric neurologist to create a personalised treatment plan for children with seizure disorders. Identifying and addressing any sign of seizure disorder early can improve treatment outcomes and reduce the risk of complications.</li><li>Ask for help:&nbsp;Connect with other parents and caregivers&nbsp;whose children have similar challenges. Join a support group, attend seminars or conferences, or consult a therapist or&nbsp;counsellor who focuses on helping families dealing with seizure disorders.</li><li>Make self-care a priority: Make time for leisurely pursuits like reading, jogging, and&nbsp;socialising with friends. These activities can help you unwind. When you need a break, take one, and if you require assistance, ask friends or family for assistance.</li><li>Create an action plan for seizures: Consult with your child's doctor to create an action plan that&nbsp;specifies what to do during a seizure. If you have a strategy, you may feel more prepared and&nbsp;confident in controlling your child's seizures.</li><li>Create a safe space for your child.&nbsp;This may entail clearing your child's room of sharp or harmful things, setting up safety equipment like bed rails or epilepsy helmets, and instructing other family members and caregivers on handling seizures.</li></ul>

Seizure Disorders in Children

Children's Health

<a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-ai-image/human-blood-globulins_97747193.htm#fromView=search&amp;page=1&amp;position=9&amp;uuid=0a1d6c78-ecf9-4134-a9b7-52c8d3847ea2">Image by frimufilms on Freepik</a>Anaemia is when haemoglobin (Hb) concentration and red blood cell (RBC) numbers are lower than expected and insufficient to meet the amount you need to function effectively. This means that the RBCs will not be able to carry enough oxygen.&nbsp;<ul><li>Anaemia affects roughly one-third of the world’s population, with more than 60% of them in Africa</li><li>It’s often a sign of nutritional deficiency and ill health</li><li>Anaemia is also associated with death and disease in women and children.</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Anaemia symptoms</h2>Anaemia is subtle at the earliest. The body tries to compensate for the inadequacy initially, but symptoms may appear as the anaemia continues or worsens. The symptoms may include:<ul><li>Pale skin (pallor)</li><li>Cold hands and feet</li><li>Tiredness or weakness</li><li>Dizziness, lightheadedness, or feeling like you are about to pass out</li><li>Fast or unusual heartbeat</li><li>Shortness of breath</li><li>Headache&nbsp;</li><li>Pain</li><li>Poor growth&nbsp;</li></ul>The severity of the symptoms depends on the level of anaemia, the persistence of the cause, and how well the body compensates for the inadequacy.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What are the causes of anaemia in Africa</h2>Anaemia occurs either because:<ol><li>the body does not produce enough blood or</li><li>an excess number of red cells are destroyed, or</li><li>the body is losing blood at a faster rate than it produces</li></ol>These three mechanisms result from many causes. The common causes of anaemia in Nigeria include&nbsp;<ul><li>genetic conditions (e.g., thalassemia in parts of the Mediterranean, sickle cell in Africa)</li><li>nutritional deficiencies other than iron deficiency (i.e., folic acid, vitamins A and B-12)</li><li>factors related to reproduction (e.g., high fertility, obstetric complications, contraceptives)</li><li>infections (e.g., HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, diarrhoea) that increase requirements for iron and other micronutrients</li><li>parasitic infections such as malaria and worm infestation</li></ul>Malaria is a leading cause of anaemia in Sub-Saharan Africa, as is iron deficiency.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Risk factors</h2>The following factors place you at increased risk of anaemia, they include:<ul><li>Nutritional deficiency: low intake of minerals and vitamins, such as iron, copper, vitamin B-12, and folate&nbsp;</li><li>Intestinal disorders: intestinal disorders such as Crohn’s disease and celiac disease affect the absorption of nutrients in your small intestine and increase your risk of developing anaemia</li><li>Menstrual disorders: excess blood loss during menstruation is a risk factor</li><li>Pregnancy: Increased energy and nutrient demands and fluid retention during pregnancy can lead to anaemia</li><li>Chronic conditions: Chronic conditions like cancer or longstanding infections deplete your iron stores, while kidney failure can affect the release of the hormone that controls blood production.&nbsp;</li></ul>Chronic blood loss from an ulcer or other sources within the body can deplete the body's store of iron, leading to iron deficiency anaemia.<ul><li>Family history:&nbsp;inherited conditions, such as sickle cell anaemia, make you vulnerable to becoming anaemic due to increased destruction of red cells</li><li>Old age: People over age 65 are at increased risk of anaemia</li></ul>Other factors include blood diseases like haemophilia, autoimmune disorders, alcoholism, exposure to toxic chemicals like camphor, and the use of some medications can affect red blood cell production and lead to anaemia.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Diagnosis</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_48e230bd77_d369ff77c3.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/coronavirus-blood-samples-arrangement-lab_18684532.htm#fromView=search&amp;page=1&amp;position=18&amp;uuid=dd6f9a27-a349-4831-a0aa-e91ec4f1f230">Image by freepik</a>Diagnosis of anaemia is a combination of clinical presentation and laboratoryLaboratory tests for anaemia generally include the following:<ul><li>Packed cell volume (PCV) estimation: involves spinning your blood in a tube to see how much of it is red blood cells</li><li>Complete blood count (CBC): also called full blood count, this test estimates the levels of individual components of your blood, including white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets, reticulocytes, haemoglobin, differential cells, etc.</li><li>Peripheral blood smear: involves using a microscope to examine your blood for its colour, shape, size</li><li>Haemoglobin estimation</li><li>Serum iron estimation</li><li>Serum bilirubin</li><li>Haemoglobin electrophoresis</li><li>Reticulocyte count</li><li>Urinalysis</li><li>Liver function tests</li><li>Renal function test</li><li>Bone marrow biopsy</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Treatment</h2>Treatment for anaemia depends on the cause or type of anaemia. Treatments for common forms of anaemia include:<ul><li>Iron-deficiency anaemia: iron supplements and dietary changes.</li><li>Vitamin deficiency anaemia: vitamins and dietary supplements.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Thalassemia: folic acid supplements, iron chelation, and, for some people, blood transfusions and bone marrow transplants.</li><li>Anaemia of chronic disease: treatment of underlying disease.</li><li>Aplastic anaemia: blood transfusion or bone marrow transplant.</li><li>Sickle cell anaemia: oxygen therapy, pain relief medication, and intravenous fluids: antibiotics, folic acid supplements, blood transfusions, and hydroxyurea may be added.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Haemolytic anaemia: treatment of the underlying cause</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Prevention</h2>Prevention can be&nbsp;achieved by enforcing individual/family and government policies.On individual levelIron deficiency and vitamin-deficiency anaemia can be prevented by consuming the right diet. Suchnutrient can be gotten from the following sources:<ul><li>Iron:&nbsp;from red meat, dark-green leafy vegetables, beans and lentils, dried-fruits and iron-fortified cereals.</li><li>Folate/folic acid:&nbsp;from dark-green leafy vegetables, whole fruits or fruit juices, kidney beans, green peas, peanuts and fortified products such as bread, cereal, pasta, and rice.</li><li>Vitamin B-12:&nbsp;sources include dairy products, meat, soy products and fortified cereal.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Vitamin C: citrus fruits – whole or juiced, strawberries, peppers, broccoli, melons and tomatoes.</li></ul>On Governmental levelThe three major causes of anaemia (iron deficiency, malaria and helminth infections) can be addressed during contacts with vulnerable groups using a combination of key interventions, as needed.Five Key Interventions<ul><li>Iron supplements targeted to at-risk groups</li><li>Fortification of staple foods with iron and other micronutrients that cause anaemia for the general population&nbsp;</li><li>Supply of iron-fortified foods targeted to at-risk groups</li><li>Prevent and treat malaria</li><li>Use of insecticide-treated materials and bed nets to prevent anaemia</li><li>Deworming (anthelmintics) in at-risk groups</li></ul>Other important interventions to decrease anaemia:<ul><li>Expand immunization coverage</li><li>Prevent and manage obstetric complications, particularly excessive bleeding</li><li>Promote birth spacing through use of modern contraceptives and exclusive breastfeeding</li><li>Promote use of contraceptives that decrease blood loss</li><li>Improve water and sanitation facilities/practices</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Conclusion</h2>Anaemia is a huge problem in Africa, but it is manageable with interventions at the individual and government levels. The primary cause of anaemia in the continent include iron deficiency, malaria, and complications of pregnancy and delivery. These causes are controllable.&nbsp;

The Prevalence of Anaemia in Africa

<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Boy_in_standing_frame.jpg">AnikaMeyer</a>, <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0">CC BY-SA 4.0</a>,&nbsp;via Wikimedia CommonsA healthy child should be able to control their neck at 3 months, sit without support at 6 to 8 months, and walk by one year and above. However, diseases affecting the brain and muscle control can delay or prevent all these from happening. Cerebral is one such disease.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What is cerebral palsy?</h2>Cerebral palsy is a group of disorders affecting a child’s ability to move, coordinate, or maintain balance and posture. It results from a problem in the brain that occurs during pregnancy, delivery, or soon after birth.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How common is cerebral palsy in Nigeria?</h2>The exact number of children living with cerebral palsy is not known. However, some research estimates that about 3 out of 1,000 children in Nigeria have cerebral palsy. Parents often discover the condition when the child is about 6 to 16 months old, affecting males slightly more often than females.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What are the symptoms of cerebral palsy?</h2>Cerebral palsy symptoms emerge as soon as a child is born, but they are often not noticeable until the child ages. After the child’s first few weeks of life, the parents may notice symptoms such as:<ul><li>Delayed motor development, such as sitting, crawling, standing, and walking</li><li>Muscle stiffness and rigidity</li><li>Floppiness&nbsp;</li><li>Weak arms and legs</li><li>Difficulty with speech and swallowing</li><li>Seizures</li><li>Muscle paralysis</li><li>Intellectual disabilities</li><li>Behavioral and emotional problems</li><li>Uncontrolled jerky movements</li></ul>The symptoms vary according to the severity of the condition. Some children with cerebral palsy may have minor difficulties with movement, while others could be severely impaired.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">When to see the doctor</h2>The symptoms above are not exclusive to cerebral palsy. While they are typical of brain diseases, they are not necessarily signs of trouble.&nbsp;However, you should watch out for the early signs of cerebral palsy and visit a doctor if you have concerns about your child’s health and development.The doctor will help you understand your child’s condition and, if necessary, refer you to a specialist.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What are the causes of cerebral palsy?</h2>Cerebral palsy is caused by abnormal brain development or injury to the developing brain. The brain starts developing in the fetus and completes development at mid-age. Abnormality or injury to the developing brain, whether inside or outside the fetus, can make it difficult for a child to control their muscles.Some of the causes responsible for the abnormality include:<ul><li>Genetic disorders</li><li>Enzyme deficiencies</li><li>Hormone disorders</li><li>Maternal infections such as gonorrhoea, urinary tract infections, etc.</li><li>Maternal diabetes</li></ul>These factors are thought to cause an abnormality or damage the brain before a child is born. Hence, they are called congenital&nbsp;factors. More than 80% of cerebral palsy cases are thought to be congenital.&nbsp;Other abnormalities occur after birth, and they are linked to conditions such as:<ul><li>Severe perinatal asphyxia</li><li>Bilirubin encephalopathy&nbsp;</li><li>Intracranial infections like meningitis</li><li>Prematurity</li><li>Prolonged labour</li><li>Traumatic birth</li><li>Brain injury or bleeding</li></ul>In some cases, the exact cause of cerebral palsy is not known.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How to prevent cerebral palsy</h2>While complete prevention is not possible, expectant mothers can reduce the risk of their children having cerebral palsy by:<ul><li>Getting adequate antenatal care</li><li>Avoiding exposure to non-vaccine preventable infections</li><li>Receiving vaccination against common infections</li><li>Treating any underlying infection or disease</li><li>Avoiding smoking, alcohol, and psychoactive drugs</li></ul>These steps manage the risk factors and lessen the chance of developing cerebral palsy.Doctors can also help prevent cerebral palsy by:<ul><li>Monitoring fetal health&nbsp;</li><li>Monitoring the heart rate of mother and child</li><li>Screening for Rhesus compatibility between mother and child</li><li>Ensuring timely delivery</li><li>Ensuring adequate oxygenation at birth&nbsp;</li><li>Resuscitating baby as appropriate</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Diagnosis of cerebral palsy</h2>Diagnosing cerebral palsy can be challenging because the symptoms can be similar to those of other conditions that affect movement and posture. However, early diagnosis is important because it allows for early intervention, which can improve outcomes for children with CP.&nbsp;Here are some of the methods used to diagnose cerebral palsy:<ul><li>Medical history containing&nbsp;detailed information about a child’s pregnancy, delivery, and the developmental milestones helps to evaluate symptoms to aid diagnosis</li><li>Physical examination&nbsp;of muscle tone, reflexes, posture, and movement that may&nbsp;reveal abnormalities to suggest cerebral palsy</li><li>Neurological examination can help detect underlying brain problems such as seizures or abnormal brain activity</li><li>Imaging tests such as MRI or CT scans can help identify any brain abnormalities that may be causing cerebral palsy. These tests can also help identify the type and severity of cerebral palsy.</li><li>Developmental&nbsp;monitoring helps&nbsp;to identify any delays or abnormalities in the child's development, such as motor or cognitive development delays.</li><li>Genetic&nbsp;screening is useful in detecting mutations or chromosomal&nbsp;disorders that are associated with cerebral palsy.</li><li>An electromyography (EMG) measures the electrical activity in muscles; it detects any abnormalities in muscle function that may indicate cerebral palsy.</li></ul><h2>Treatment for Cerebral Palsy</h2>There’s no cure for cerebral palsy. However, treatments are available to manage the symptoms and improve outcomes for&nbsp;children with cerebral palsy.&nbsp;The treatments are tailored to the needs of the person and may include the following:<ul><li>Physical therapy to improve&nbsp;movement,&nbsp;flexibility, and muscle strength</li><li>Occupational therapy to help develop fine motor skills&nbsp;or learn new ways to perform daily tasks.</li><li>Speech therapy&nbsp;to improve a child’s the ability to speak and swallow</li><li>Medications&nbsp;to relieve the symptoms such as seizures and contractions</li><li>Surgery may be recommended to correct skeletal abnormalities, such as scoliosis or hip dislocation.</li><li>Assistive&nbsp; devices,&nbsp;such&nbsp; as&nbsp; braces,&nbsp;walkers,&nbsp; or wheelchairs, can help individuals with CP improve their mobility and independence</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Caring for a Child with Cerebral Palsy</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_472132a290_6091b34e98.webp"></figure>It can be challenging caring&nbsp;for a child with cerebral palsy, but with the right resources and support,&nbsp;parents can give a child the care and attention they need without burning out.&nbsp;Here are some tips for caring for a child with cerebral palsy:<ul><li>Build a strong support system of family, friends, support groups, and other caregivers to help you through the process</li><li>Understand&nbsp;a child’s physical, emotional, and cognitive needs so you can provide the appropriate care and support</li><li>Find alternative ways to communicate, such as using pictures, gestures, or assistive technology, especially for children with speaking difficulties</li><li>Make sure the child's environment is safe and accessible, with plenty of space for them to move around and play</li><li>Encourage&nbsp;the child to participate therapy exercises or adapted sports; you can join in too</li><li>Make their food ease to chew and swallow</li><li>Advocate for their needs within your community and help to empower other families</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Bottom Line</h2>Cerebral palsy affects a number of children in Nigeria,&nbsp;and it limits their chances of living high quality lives or living to the best of their potentials. Many of them dropout of&nbsp; treatment&nbsp;due to the cost and difficulty in accessing care.&nbsp;Thankfully, the situation is improving, as more hospitals have specialists to manage the cases, and families get better informed to take care of their child. Knowing the risk factors and prevention options can help parents reduce the risks of having a child with cerebral palsy.&nbsp;

What you need to know about cerebral palsy

<a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/close-up-shot-of-a-glucometer-7653102/">Photo by Pavel Danilyuk</a>The numbers are scary: about&nbsp;<a href="https://www.idf.org/our-network/regions-members/africa/diabetes-in-africa.html#:~:text=14/12/2021-,24%20million%20adults,-(20%2D79)">24 million</a> adults who are 18 and older had diabetes in 2021; the number is set to increase to 55 million by 2045, and more than half of people living with diabetes do not know that they have the disease.While diabetes is not a death sentence, it is a significant cause of life-threatening complications such as heart diseases, stroke, blindness, kidney disease, foot ulcers, urinary tract infections in women, erectile dysfunction in men, and so on. Knowing what diabetes is all about can help you make safe choices to protect yourself and perhaps manage the risks.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Diabetes is a chronic disease</h2>Diabetes is a chronic condition that develops when the body cannot&nbsp;control blood sugar, either because it cannot use the insulin the pancreas makes or because&nbsp;the pancreas does not&nbsp;produce enough&nbsp;insulin.Uncontrolled diabetes frequently causes hyperglycaemia, or elevated blood sugar, which over time seriously harms many bodily systems, including the&nbsp;nerves and blood vessels. Diabetes caused&nbsp;<a href="https://www.idf.org/our-network/regions-members/africa/diabetes-in-africa.html#:~:text=is%20responsible%20for-,416%2C000%20deaths,-in%20the%20IDF">416,000 deaths across the</a> world in 2021.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Type 1 versus type 2 diabetes</h2>The primary&nbsp;difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes is that type 1 is a genetic illness that&nbsp;usually occurs in childhood. When you have type 1 diabetes, your immune system attacks and kills the cells in your pancreas that&nbsp;make insulin. In contrast, type 2 is primarily a result of lifestyle choices and develops over time.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Type 1 diabetes</h2>Deficient insulin production is a hallmark of type 1 diabetes, sometimes&nbsp;called insulin-dependent, juvenile, or childhood-onset. This condition requires daily insulin injections.&nbsp;In type 1 diabetes, the body attacks the pancreatic beta cells, impairing their capacity to make insulin. High blood sugar levels result from the cells' inability to absorb glucose in the absence of sufficient insulin.&nbsp;Children are most frequently affected by type 1 diabetes.Symptoms of type 1 diabetes include:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">frequent urination (polyuria)&nbsp;</li><li style="text-align:justify;">excessive thirst (polydipsia)</li><li style="text-align:justify;">persistent hunger&nbsp;</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Weight loss</li><li style="text-align:justify;">poor vision</li><li style="text-align:justify;">exhaustion</li></ul>These signs&nbsp;often appear suddenly and worsen over time if the high blood sugar is not well controlled.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Type 2 diabetes</h2>Type 2 diabetes, also known as non-insulin-dependent or adult-onset diabetes,&nbsp;occurs when the body cannot use insulin adequately. Most&nbsp;people with diabetes worldwide suffer from type 2 diabetes, and the common risk factors include being overweight and&nbsp;physically inactive.&nbsp;The disease is more common in adults.&nbsp;Insulin resistance, which is a complication of type 2 diabetes, affects how well your body recognizes insulin. Without a sufficient insulin response, it becomes more difficult for your cells to absorb glucose, which causes blood sugar levels to increase.&nbsp;While symptoms are frequently less severe than those of&nbsp;type 1 diabetes, they may be comparable. As a result, the condition may not be discovered until after its onset, when complications have already developed. This particular type of diabetes was previously only observed in adults, but it is becoming increasingly seen in kids.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Is it true that black people are more likely to have diabetes?</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_3a34b0752f_cd476a55c5.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/high-angle-diabetic-woman-checking-her-glucose-level_65609368.htm#fromView=search&amp;page=1&amp;position=18&amp;uuid=59225968-f83e-4428-bf10-e35698027a57">Image by freepik</a>One reason millions of Africans have diabetes is that black people are more likely to have the disease than non-blacks. This increased risk are linked to:<ul><li>Gene-dependent factors</li></ul>Some researchers suggest that the “thrifty gene”, which helps certain groups to conserve energy and nutrients during scarcity, is a potential reason why black Americans had higher diabetes rates than other ethnic groups.<ul><li>Health-related factors</li></ul>Obesity and reduced physical activity are linked to increased emergence of type 2 diabetes among blacks.<ul><li>Social factors</li></ul>Poverty is a significant risk factor for diabetes. In a 2014 study, researchers studying the relationship between diabetes prevalence and poverty found that the rates of diabetes were greater among blacks but particularly higher in poor folks.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Diabetes during pregnancy</h2>Gestational diabetes is a type of hyperglycemia that develops during pregnancy. It may cause the child to die before birth, and make the child grow so big that delivery may be difficult.Prenatal screening is used to determine gestational diabetes rather than patient complaints of symptoms.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Diabetic neuropathy</h2>Persistent increase in blood glucose levels can damage nerves, leading to diabetic neuropathy.&nbsp;&nbsp;This condition is common to both type 1 and&nbsp;type 2 diabetes.Nerve damage numbs some parts of the body, especially the feet, causing loss of sensation and sometimes pain. People who lose sensation are most likely to get ulcers on their feet, which, if not detected early, can lead to foot amputation.&nbsp;However, you can reduce your risk of developing nerve damage by keeping your blood sugar level at your target range or as close to normal as possible and practicing careful foot care.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How do you reduce your chances of developing diabetes?</h2>Type 1 diabetes is not preventable. On the other hand, you can minimize your chance of having type 2 diabetes even if you have a higher risk than average for the condition by:<ul><li>Modifying your diet</li></ul>Eat a well-balanced diet&nbsp;with less sugars, reduced fats, and more fresh fruits and vegetables. Fill your plate with whole meals, including whole grains, lean meats, and healthy fats. Avoid eating food that is heavy in calories and fat.<ul><li>Exercising regularly</li></ul>Aim to get at least 30 minutes of physical exercise. Commit to taking 6,000 steps per day. Walk around the house or jog a few hundred metres. Skip a rope or do what you can to keep your heart pumping or make you break a sweat for a moment. Doing these will help you shed excess blood sugar and keep the level low.<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Going for regular medical checkups</li></ul>See your doctor at least twice a year. Diabetes raises your odds of heart disease. So learn your numbers: cholesterol, blood pressure, and A1c (average blood sugar over&nbsp;three months). Get a&nbsp;complete eye exam every year. Visit a foot doctor to check for problems like foot ulcers and nerve damage.<ul><li>Managing stress</li></ul>Stress causes your body to release hormones that increase blood sugar levels. Relieve that stress by seeking help where necessary, delegating your tasks, saying no to stressful commitments, or engaging in hobbies that help you relax.Other steps that can reduce your risk include:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Reducing your alcohol intake</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Quit smoking</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Managing your body weight</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How can you tell if you have diabetes?</h2>Symptoms of diabetes take time to appear, and by that time, complications might have set in. A safer way to know your diabetes status is to monitor your blood sugar level.Blood sugar testing is an important part of early diabetes diagnosis and diabetes care. If you have diabetes, commit to checking your blood glucose levels. It will help you manage diabetes and prevent complications.&nbsp;There is no fixed number of times you should check your blood sugar level. The frequency of testing will depend on the type of diabetes and your treatment goals.&nbsp;The different types of tests that could tell if you have diabetes are:Fasting blood glucose testAn 8–12 hour fast is required for a fasting blood glucose test, and the results could show:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Less than 100 mg/dL shows a normal range</li><li>From 100 to 125 mg/dL shows signs of prediabetes</li><li>Greater than 125 mg/dL on two occasions is a sign of diabetes</li></ul>Oral glucose tolerance testAn oral glucose tolerance test measures your blood sugar levels over two hours following the consumption of a sweet beverage. Test results for oral glucose tolerance may show:<ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li>Standard range: blood glucose level less than 140 mg/dL</li><li>Prediabetes: blood glucose level between 140 and 199 mg/dL</li><li>Diabetes: blood glucose level greater than 200 mg/dL</li></ul>A1C testAn A1C test measures your average blood sugar control over the previous two to three months. It may show:<ul><li>Standard range: less than 5.7%</li><li>Prediabetes: 5.7% to 6.4% of the total</li><li>Diabetes: above 6.4%</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Treatment of diabetes</h2>Diabetes is treated by a balance of healthy diet, regular exercise,&nbsp;and other steps to reduce blood sugar levels, and&nbsp;manages the risk factors for&nbsp;complications. Interventions that are both practical and affordable in developing nations include<ul><li>Blood glucose management with lifestyle and dietary adjustment, insulin, and oral medications</li><li>Blood lipid management&nbsp;</li><li>Screening and management of&nbsp;diabetes complications</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Final words</h2>Millions of people in Africa have diabetes, and many more millions are set to have the disease. Many people do not know their diabetes status because they do not check their blood sugar levels regularly and because diabetes symptoms do not appear early. You can protect yourself by adjusting your diet and lifestyle.

Should I be worried about diabetes?

Lifestyle and Wellness

Disease prevention and management

<a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/text-6823763/">Photo by Artem Podrez</a>When people talk about diabetes, they often mean diabetes mellitus, which is a group of related disorders&nbsp;that&nbsp;are characterised by&nbsp;hyperglycaemia or excess sugar in the blood. But&nbsp;that is not the only type of diabetes we have. There is also diabetes insipidus, where the body produces&nbsp;excess urine, causing you to lose too much water. We’ll focus on diabetes&nbsp;mellitus in this article.&nbsp;Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterised by high&nbsp;blood glucose levels or hyperglycaemia. It occurs either because the body cannot produce insulin (type 1 diabetes) or because the body cannot use insulin effectively (type 2 diabetes).Diabetes is often seen as a disease of adults and the elderly. However, it is getting more common in children. The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) estimates that there were more than one million children and adolescents under 20 with diabetes in 2019.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Type 1 vs Type 2 diabetes</h2>We mentioned earlier that type 1 diabetes mellitus is the most common type of diabetes in children, but children also have type 2 diabetes. The difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes is primarily in their origin.Type 1 diabetes&nbsp;occurs when the body’s immune system&nbsp;attacks and destroys the cells that produce insulin&nbsp;in the pancreas.&nbsp;The reason for these attacks on the cells is not clear, but experts suggest that genetic factors and viral infections may cause it.&nbsp;In&nbsp;type&nbsp;2 diabetes, the body either does not produce enough insulin or the organs are not sensitive enough to the present and circulating insulin, leading to&nbsp;excess sugar in the blood.3 out of 100,000 children in Nigeria have type 1 diabetesThe International Diabetes Federation also&nbsp;<a href="https://www.worlddiabetesfoundation.org/news/nigeria-promises-free-treatment-for-children-with-diabetes/#:~:text=The%20recorded%20incidence%20of%20type,)%20and%20Zimbabwe%20(0.8).">estimates</a> that about 3 (2.9) out of 100,000 children between the ages of 0 to 14 in Nigeria have type 1 diabetes mellitus.&nbsp;Children with diabetes have common risk factors, and these include:&nbsp;<ul><li>Family history of diabetes</li><li>Certain genetic mutations</li><li>Environmental factors like exposure to viruses&nbsp;</li><li>Obesity</li><li>Diet</li><li>Level of physical activity</li><li>Steroid therapy</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How do you know that your child has diabetes?</h2>Diabetes in children has similar symptoms as diabetes in adults, but since children, especially infants and preschool children, can’t explain their symptoms, parents have to pay extra attention.Symptoms to watch out for include:<ul><li>Excessive thirst&nbsp;</li><li>Frequent urination</li><li>Poor cry and weakness</li><li>Increased appetite</li><li>Excess weight gain</li><li>Poor wound healing</li><li>Numbness or tingling in the hands or feet</li></ul>The symptoms are similar for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, but type 2 symptoms develop later and slower. See a paediatrician immediately if you suspect your child has any of these symptoms.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Diagnosis of diabetes requires expert evaluation</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_27436ce5d6_00f35664ae.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/a-glucometer-over-documents-7653093/">Photo by Pavel Danilyuk</a>Although laboratory tests may show that a child has high glucose levels in their blood, that alone is not sufficient to say that the child is diabetic. Your doctor will take the child’s medical history, evaluate their signs and symptoms, and then order some laboratory tests to confirm the diagnosis.&nbsp;These tests include:<ul><li>Random or fasting blood glucose estimation</li><li>Random or fasting serum glucose estimation</li><li>Oral glucose tolerance test</li><li>HbA1C test</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Management of diabetes depends on the type</h2><h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">Type 1 diabetes&nbsp;</h3><ul><li>Lifetime insulin therapy</li><li>Regular blood glucose monitoring</li><li>Balanced diet</li><li>Regular exercise</li><li>Mental health support</li><li>Mother and child education</li></ul><h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">Type 2 diabetes&nbsp;</h3><ul><li>Low carbohydrate and fat diet</li><li>Balanced diet&nbsp;</li><li>Regular exercise</li><li>Oral antidiabetic medication</li><li>Insulin therapy</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Diabetes complications can be life-threatening</h2>Children with diabetes often present late to hospitals, especially after they have developed complications. Some of these complications include:<ul><li>Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)</li><li>Hypoglycaemia</li><li>Diabetic retinopathy</li><li>Diabetic nephropathy</li><li>Cardiovascular diseases</li><li>Infections</li></ul>These complications may manifest as:<ul><li>Nausea</li><li>Vomiting</li><li>Abdominal pain</li><li>Fruity breath</li><li>Sudden chest pain</li><li>Blurred vision</li><li>Loss of consciousness</li></ul>Early diagnosis and management, coupled with good blood glucose control, can prevent or delay the onset of these complications.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">You can delay or prevent the onset of diabetes</h2>The auto-immune nature of type 1 diabetes makes it challenging to prevent, but you can prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes with some pretty basic steps.<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Encourage your child to eat healthy diet</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Regular physical activity</li><li>Maintaining a healthy weight</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Limiting screen time</li><li>Regular check-ups</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What can the government do?</h2>The&nbsp;government&nbsp;is vital in implementing policies and programs that promote diabetes education, prevention, and management.&nbsp;Firstly, the government can allocate funds to support research and development of new treatment methods and technologies for diabetes management in children. This research can help improve the understanding of diabetes, leading to better prevention, diagnosis, and treatment for young patients.Secondly, the government can implement policies that promote healthy lifestyle choices for children. This can include providing nutritious meals in schools, promoting physical activity, and restricting the availability of unhealthy food choices. Such policies can help reduce the risk of diabetes in children and promote healthy living habits.The government can also provide education and awareness programs for parents and caregivers of young children with diabetes. These programs can offer guidance on&nbsp;managing diabetes at home, including monitoring blood glucose levels, administering insulin, and&nbsp;controlling hypoglycaemia.SummaryDiabetes affects children, too, and the number of children it affects is on the rise. The risk factors for diabetes in children include junk diet, obesity, prolonged screen time, little or no physical activity, parents with diabetes, and more. The onset of diabetes can be avoided with dietary and lifestyle adjustments; children with confirmed diabetes must visit a doctor for expert management.&nbsp;Diabetes is a chronic disorder that can be difficult to manage, especially the type 1 variety. Children with the disease may need lifetime management. This can be expensive and discomforting for the child. Parents must watch out for the risk factors and avoid them as much as possible. Please see a doctor if you have any concerns.

Diabetes in Children

<a href="https://unsplash.com/@freestocks?utm_content=creditCopyText&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_source=unsplash%22%3efreestocks%3c/a%3e%20on%20%3ca%20href=%22https://unsplash.com/photos/woman-holding-stomach-ux53SGpRAHU?utm_content=creditCopyText&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_source=unsplash">Photo by Unsplash</a>Pre-eclampsia is a complication of pregnancy that affects about&nbsp;<a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.18.22275250v1.full">5–8%&nbsp;</a>of all pregnant women in Nigeria and Africa. It is a leading cause of maternal and infant morbidity and mortality in Nigeria and Africa.The International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy&nbsp;<a href="https://isshp.org/the-definition-of-severe-and-early-onset-preeclampsia-statements-from-the-isshp/">defines</a> pre-eclampsia as hypertension that occurs after 20 weeks of pregnancy with one or more of proteinuria (protein in the urine) and abnormalities in organ function.&nbsp;The symptoms of pre-eclampsia can be subtle and may not appear until late in pregnancy, which is why it is often referred to as the&nbsp;“silent killer” of pregnant women.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Causes of pre-eclampsia</h2>The exact cause of pre-eclampsia is unknown. However, research suggests that pre-eclampsia may result from problems with the blood vessels in the placenta may cause it.&nbsp;The placenta is the organ that connects the baby to the mother's blood supply. In pre-eclampsia, the blood vessels in the placenta become narrowed, which can&nbsp;decrease blood flow to the baby.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Signs and symptoms of pre-eclampsia</h2>Pregnant women with pre-eclampsia may present with:<ul><li>High blood pressure</li><li>Protein in the urine</li><li>Swelling in the face, hands, and feet</li><li>Sudden weight gain</li><li>Headaches</li><li>Vision changes</li><li>Abdominal pain (you can say epigastric pain)</li><li>Nausea and vomiting</li></ul>It is important to note that these symptoms may not always be present, and some women may not experience any symptoms at all. That is why&nbsp;pregnant women should attend all their antenatal appointments and have their blood pressure and urine checked regularly.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Pre-eclampsia may hurt the mother and baby</h2>Untreated pre-eclampsia can lead to premature birth, low birth weight, and even stillbirth. In addition, pre-eclampsia can cause&nbsp;severe damage to the mother's organs, such as the liver and kidneys, and increase the risk of stroke and other complications such as eclampsia.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Who is at risk of pre-eclampsia?</h2>Several risk factors can increase a woman's chances of developing pre-eclampsia. These include:<ul><li>First-time pregnancy</li><li>Age (women over 40 are at higher risk)</li><li>Multiple pregnancies (i.e., women carrying multiple babies like twins, triplets etc.)</li><li>Obesity</li><li>A family history of pre-eclampsia</li><li>Chronic hypertension</li><li>Diabetes</li><li>Kidney disease</li><li>Lupus</li></ul>Also, a woman is more likely to get pre-eclampsia again if she has had it during a previous pregnancy.&nbsp;Studies have shown that pre-eclampsia happens more often in Africa than in other parts of the world. This is likely due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Diagnosis and treatment of pre-eclampsia</h2>Pre-eclampsia is diagnosed through routine antenatal care. If your care provider suspects that you have pre-eclampsia is suspected, you may be referred to a specialist for further testing.The treatment for pre-eclampsia depends on the severity of the condition and how far along you are in your pregnancy. In some cases, early delivery may be necessary to protect the health of the mother and the baby. But if the baby isn't ready, your doctor may suggest medicines to control blood pressure, bed rest, and other treatments to help&nbsp;support the pregnancy.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Importance of early detection and treatment of pre-eclampsia</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_87a8c767ff_567cb3a7da.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/woman-expecting-child-doing-examination-with-medic-medical-office-general-practitioner-consulting-pregnant-patient-check-pregnancy-healthcare-physician-helping-mother_22298434.htm#fromView=search&amp;page=1&amp;position=0&amp;uuid=b8b72d1a-9e29-4363-8da2-20a11cdf9aab">Image by DC Studio on Freepik</a>Early detection and treatment of pre-eclampsia are crucial&nbsp;to preventing serious complications. This is why pregnant women should attend regular antenatal care appointments, where their blood pressure and other vital signs will be monitored.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Preventing&nbsp;pre-eclampsia</h2>While it is not always possible and there is no surefre way to prevent pre-eclampsia, there are steps you can take to reduce your risk of developing pre-eclampsia. Here are a few tips to help ensure a healthy pregnancy:<ol><li>Visit your healthcare provider regularly: Early and regular antenatal care is essential for detecting and managing potential complications, including pre-eclampsia.</li><li>Eating a balanced and healthy diet:&nbsp;enrich your diet&nbsp;with fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins.</li><li>Stay active: Regular exercise, such as walking or&nbsp;pelvic floor exercises, can help improve circulation and prevent hypertension.</li><li>Maintain a healthy weight: Eat small portions of food, drink plenty of water, and curb your desire to binge on foods</li><li>Control any pre-existing medical conditions: If you have diabetes or kidney disease,&nbsp;see a doctor to manage them before or during pregnancy.</li><li>Avoid smoking and alcohol intake:&nbsp;both can increase your risk of pre-eclampsia.</li></ol><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">A final word</h2>Pre-eclampsia is a serious pregnancy complication that can have serious consequences for both the mother and baby. However, the outcome can be positive if it's detected and managed early.By understanding the risk factors, signs and symptoms, and ways to reduce your risk, you can take steps to protect yourself and your baby. So, always be informed and proactive about your health during pregnancy.

What Every Woman Should Know Pre-eclampsia

<a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/man-in-white-and-yellow-stripe-polo-shirt-8173269/">Photo by Kindel Media</a>It is usual for anyone sometimes to forget their keys at home, need help remembering minor details, or do basic things. These are part of the daily realities of living that become increasingly common as a person ages. When such realities become so significant as to affect our ability to survive on our own, it is often a sign of something worse… like dementia, for instance.Dementia is a progressive condition that affects a person's ability to think, reason, and remember. It is a leading cause of disability and dependency among older adults, and the number of people affected is expected to rise&nbsp;significantly in the coming years.&nbsp;More than 50 million people are estimated to have dementia worldwide in 2019. The number is set to almost triple by 2030. Although dementia is seen as a disease of people in Western countries, 60% of people with dementia are in poor countries in Africa and Asia.&nbsp;Despite the youthful African population, more elderly people are expected to develop dementia, with Nigeria being one of the most affected countries on the continent.&nbsp;Knowing&nbsp;about the disease can encourage you to tackle the common risk factors of the disease.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors of dementia</h2>Your risk of having dementia depends on the factors you can control and the ones you cannot control. Some factors, like old age and the genes you inherit, are beyond your control, so they are ‘non-modifiable.’On the other hand, there are factors you can control as an individual or with government policies that can help reduce your risk of developing dementia. These factors are ‘modifiable,’ and a 2024 global&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)01296-0/abstract">report</a> shows that controlling these factors can prevent 45% of dementia cases.The modifiable risk factors include:<ol><li>Social isolation</li><li>Poor education</li><li>Air pollution</li><li>Unresolved hearing loss</li><li>Depression</li><li>Brain injury</li><li>Hypertension</li><li>Diabetes&nbsp;</li><li>Obesity</li><li>Low level of physical activity</li><li>Excessive alcohol intake</li><li>Smoking</li><li>Uncontrolled vision loss</li><li>High serum cholesterol</li></ol>Controlling these factors requires personal effort combined with government policies and intervention.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Reversible and irreversible causes of dementia</h2>Dementia is often a consequence of advanced age. However, it may also be caused by some reversible and irreversible factors.Reversible causes of dementia produce short-lived impairment in memory and thinking, which resolve as soon as the cause is treated or removed. Such reversible causes include:<ul><li>Severe head injury</li><li>Multiple strokes</li><li>HIV</li><li>Neurosyphilis</li><li>Meningitis</li><li>Alcohol</li><li>Heavy metal poisoning</li><li>Brain tumors</li><li>Multiple sclerosis</li><li>Liver and kidney failure</li><li>Low or high thyroid function</li></ul>Irreversible causes of dementia are neurodegenerative disorders or diseases that occur as the brain loses its neurons. They include:<ul><li>Alzheimer’s disease</li><li>Parkinson’s disease</li><li>Prion’s disease</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Dementia may not be inheritable</h2>Some scholars suggest a link between genetic factors and dementia because people who have dementia often have family members with a history of dementia. However, the current understanding is that you cannot inherit or transmit the disease.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What are the early signs of dementia?</h2>Dementia develops slowly but progressively. The earliest signs are subtle and easy to pass off as regular forgetfulness. However, these are some common signs and symptoms:<ul><li>Progressive short-term memory loss</li><li>Disorientation</li><li>Difficulty in performing regular tasks</li><li>Changes in mood or personality</li><li>Language difficulty</li><li>Difficulties with abstract thinking</li><li>Difficulty in remembering names and faces</li><li>Increased suspicion&nbsp;</li><li>Getting lost and misplacing items</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How is dementia diagnosed?</h2>The diagnosis of dementia is based on five criteria, as outlined in the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10). These criteria include:<ol><li>A decline in memory and thinking must be evident and sufficient enough to impair personal activities of daily living</li><li>Memory impairment must affect the individual’s activity to register, store, and retrieve new information, while previously stored information may be lost</li><li>Thinking impairment must reduce the flow of ideas and reasoning capacity</li><li>The person must have clear consciousness</li><li>The signs and symptoms must last at least six months</li></ol>A person suspected of having dementia must meet these five criteria for their diagnosis to be confirmed.Other investigations include:<ul><li>Lumbar puncture for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis&nbsp;</li><li>Electrolyte, urea, and creatinine</li><li>Urinalysis</li><li>Thyroid function test</li><li>Liver function tests</li><li>Brain imaging&nbsp;</li><li>Serum vitamin B12 and folate levels</li><li>Electroencephalography</li></ul>Unfortunately, the diagnosis of dementia in developing nations can be challenging because many people do not know about the disease. Signs and symptoms of dementia are often misinterpreted as spiritual problems or downplayed as natural rites of old age.&nbsp;Besides, very few brain specialists are available to manage dementia, and facilities may need to be more readily available across the country.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Prevention of dementia</h2>While there is no known cure for dementia, it is very preventable. Preventing dementia means managing the modifiable risk factors we mentioned earlier. You can&nbsp;<ul><li>Maintain a healthy lifestyle</li></ul>This involves adequate sleep, eating high-quality fruits and vegetables, and quitting smoking and alcohol.&nbsp;<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Challenge your brain</li></ul>Mental exercises such as solving puzzles, building new projects, reading, or painting engage different parts of the brain, thus strengthening them. This can prevent or delay the onset of dementia.<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Manage underlying conditions</li></ul>Chronic diseases such diabetes, hypertension, and diabetes increases your risk of developing dementia. Managing them–with drugs and lifestyle and dietary adjustments–may protect your brain against dementia.<ul><li>Maintain social connections</li></ul>Social isolation is the new epidemic, and it is not helped by the Covid-19 pandemic which forced everyone indoors, and social media which seems to mask the need for physical need for physical interactions.&nbsp;Still, venturing outdoors and engaging people physically could benefit brain health. The richness of our social experience provides emotional support, excites our minds, and improves our mental health.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Treatment</h2>There is currently no known cure for dementia, but many treatment options are available to:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">preserve any remaining ability to think and perform daily tasks</li><li style="text-align:justify;">relieve distressing symptoms</li><li style="text-align:justify;">accommodate the immediate needs of the patient</li><li style="text-align:justify;">treat any complications</li></ul>Treatment may also involve psychological treatment such as music therapy, art therapy, memory training, and medications.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Conclusion</h2>The number of people with dementia is rising, and our aging population is at risk of adding to the number. While some of the factors are not modifiable, managing the modifiable ones can help improve our brain function and prevent dementia. Still, this is not a job for one person. Government intervention is needed, too.

Dementia is rising in Africa. Here’s how you can protect your brain

<a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/a-man-using-braille-book-7265314/">Photo by Thirdman</a>If you can read this, congratulations: you can see. It doesn’t matter whether you are reading through eyeglasses or not. What matters is that you're here, reading this.That you're here now may also suggest you’re worried about your eyes. Perhaps your vision is getting blurry, and you wonder if you’re going blind. Your fears are understandable.The World Health Organization (WHO)&nbsp;<a href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/blindness-and-visual-impairment">estimates</a> that more than 250 million people worldwide are visually impaired. This figure is predicted to increase to 703 million by 2050. In Nigeria, experts estimate that&nbsp;<a href="https://guardian.ng/news/world-sight-day-why-over-4-25m-adult-nigerians-are-blind-by-ophthalmologists/">4.25 million people</a> are blind. These statistics are enough to make anyone jittery.But what does it mean to be blind? Is it when you can’t see at all and your vision is pitch black, or is it when you need glasses and other visual aids to read and do basic activities? Blindness&nbsp;can be that and more.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">What is blindness?</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_a17647e314_1_7b47500477.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/man-sitting-on-a-bench-with-his-dog-8327844/">Photo by MART&nbsp; PRODUCTION</a>Blindness is a condition&nbsp;in which a person cannot see anything or has extremely poor vision. Clinically, blindness is defined as visual acuity of less than 3/60 or a visual field of less than 10 degrees in your better eye, with the best correction.Eye doctors, or ophthalmologists, define vision in terms of visual acuity and visual field. Visual acuity measures the eye’s ability to see things clearly and in detail, whether near or far away. The visual field is how much of a space your eyes can see with a steady gaze.Vision acuity is expressed as a fraction. The top number is the distance that your vision is tested. This is usually 6 metres or 20 feet. The bottom number is the distance at which a person with normal vision is expected to see the image or text. It’s also 6 metres or 20 feet.If your eyes are okay, you should be able to see an object clearly from six metres away, so you’ll score 6/6 or 20/20. The 6/6 records visual acuity in metres, while 20/20 is recorded in feet. We use 6/6 in Nigeria. A visual acuity lower than 6/6 often suggests a problem with your vision.&nbsp;Glasses and contact lenses can correct mild and moderate vision problems. If, after correction, the vision is less than 3/60 (20/400) in the better eye, an individual will be considered blind.&nbsp;Blindness can occur due to injury, infections, or genetic disorders. Whatever the cause, blindness can affect your ability to perform basic tasks.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">What are the causes of blindness?</h2>The most common cause of blindness worldwide is age-related macular degeneration. The macula is a thin layer behind the eyes that helps us to note the tiny details of an object and focus effectively.&nbsp;It deteriorates as we age, leading to vision loss.&nbsp;However, in Nigeria and Africa, the leading causes are cataracts, glaucoma, and corneal opacity.&nbsp;Other causes include:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Injury from heavy blows, penetrating objects, toxic chemicals, or radiation&nbsp;exposure.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Genetic disorders like retinitis pigmentosa and&nbsp;albinism</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Diabetes</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Hypertension</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Stroke</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Vitamin A deficiency</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Trachoma</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Onchocerciasis</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Symptoms of blindness</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_7e37a7114e_ecad38fb11.webp"></figure>Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@nate_dumlao?utm_content=creditCopyText&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_source=unsplash">Nathan Dumlao</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/man-holding-eyeglasses-VJHb4QPBgV4?utm_content=creditCopyText&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_source=unsplash">Unsplash</a>One early symptom&nbsp;of deteriorating vision is blurry or hazy vision. Objects may appear fuzzy to you. You may struggle to identify figures and shapes at a distance or squint to read texts with regular font sizes and lighting conditions.&nbsp;It could also be that you find it more challenging to move around at home, recognize faces, or function outdoors.Other symptoms include:<ul><li>Difficulty seeing at night or in low-light conditions</li><li>Increased sensitivity to&nbsp;light or glare</li><li>Narrowed visual field</li><li>Loss of peripheral vision, or the ability to see side objects</li><li>Total loss of vision,&nbsp;or the ability to see light</li></ul>Depending on the cause, you may experience frequent headaches, eye pain or discomfort, and light sensitivity.&nbsp;Pay attention to these symptoms and seek medical attention if you experience them.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Diagnosis of blindness</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_c0e5f444ad_94270667ec.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/a-person-in-white-shirt-having-an-eye-examination-5201879/">Photo by Photo By: Kaboompics.com</a>The diagnosis of blindness can only be done at a clinic. While you may be able to tell whether you can see or not, only an eye doctor can help you determine whether it is actually blindness and educate you on what you can do about it.Your doctor will do a comprehensive eye examination, which may involve:<ul><li>Testing your visual acuity</li><li>Measuring your eyes’ pressure or doing a tonometry</li><li>Dilating your eyes with eye drops</li></ul>You may need an MRI or a CT scan if the examination reveals any abnormalities.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Prevention of blindness</h2>Unfortunately, some types of blindness cannot be prevented. Blindness due to macular degeneration or optic atrophy, for instance, is unavoidable and a natural consequence of old age. But most types are preventable.The goals of prevention are to:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Protect your eyes from any disease</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Prevent your vision from getting worse if you’re already having trouble with your vision</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Minimize the difficulties you may face as someone with visual impairment</li></ul>So, how can you prevent blindness?<ol><li style="text-align:justify;">Go for regular eye checks at least once a year</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Maintain proper eye hygiene</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Use protective eyewear such as glasses and safety goggles</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Manage underlying diseases like hypertension and diabetes</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Get treated against blindness-causing infections such as Trachoma&nbsp;</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Go for genetic counselling to know your risk for developing eye diseases</li></ol><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Treatment of blindness</h2>The treatment of blindness depends on the underlying cause.&nbsp;Some causes may&nbsp;require drugs, others may require surgery or transplants.&nbsp;<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Drugs:&nbsp;Antibiotics and anti-worm medications can help treat blindness caused by bacteria and worms.&nbsp;</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Supplements:&nbsp;Vitamin A supplements may help restore vision loss in individuals with xerophthalmia.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Surgery: Refractive errors, cataracts, glaucoma, and other eye structural eye diseases can be resolved through surgery.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Corneal transplant:&nbsp;transplanting corneal tissues from a healthy donor helps improve vision loss or impairment caused by corneal damage.</li></ul>Individuals with irreversible vision loss can use adaptive devices and technologies to help them navigate their environment and perform daily tasks. These may include braille devices, talking computers, and mobility aids like canes and guide dogs.Note&nbsp;that treatment for blindness&nbsp;is best delivered by ophthalmologists who are readily available in most Nigerian hospitals. You may need to visit specialist centres, or contact your local clinics to access ophthalmologists who will treat you.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Conclusion</h2>If you suspect your vision is getting poor, keep calm and visit a doctor. Your symptoms could be a sign of a mild eye disease or something more. Your doctor will tell you what they are.&nbsp;Symptoms of blindness are often innocent. Except in cases of direct injury to your eyes, blindness often starts with blurry or hazy vision, then to&nbsp;partial or total vision loss if they are not treated.&nbsp;Good eye care can protect you from common causes of blindness, while regular eye examination helps you detect eye diseases very early. Drugs, surgery, and transplants can resolve some of these causes; some other causes are irreversible.&nbsp;

Help! I think I’m going blind

<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sickle_Cell_Disease_(27249799083).jpg">National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) from Bethesda, MD, USA</a>, <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0">CC BY 2.0</a> via Wikimedia CommonsEvery year, an average of&nbsp;<a href="https://www.panafrican-med-journal.com/content/article/41/161/full/#:~:text=Nigeria%20accounts%20for%20100%2C000%2D150%2C000,SCD%20from%20the%20global%20perspective.">150,000&nbsp;</a>children in Nigeria are born with sickle cell disease (SCD) widely referred to as sickle cell anaemia. About&nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2672962/#:~:text=Abstract,it%20occurs%20in%20about%206%25.">25%&nbsp;</a>of the adult&nbsp;population carry the sickle cell trait.&nbsp;Sickle cell disease causes severe pain and other health complications&nbsp;that keep the&nbsp;carrier in and out of the hospital with recurring illness. Despite its impact on the lives of millions, sickle cell disease is often misunderstood and overlooked.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What is sickle cell disease?</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_273df3b483_9cee7f7e97.webp"></figure><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sickle_Cell_Anemia.png">BruceBlaus</a>, <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0">CC BY-SA 4.0</a>, via Wikimedia CommonsSickle cell&nbsp;anaemia is a hereditary blood disorder that occurs when the body&nbsp;produces abnormal haemoglobin.&nbsp;The abnormal haemoglobin (HbS) works&nbsp;like the normal haemoglobin (commonly HbA) when the oxygen supply is optimal.&nbsp;But when oxygen supply is low, the haemoglobin molecules clump the red blood cells into stiff, sickle-shaped cells that get stuck in blood vessels, blocking oxygen flow,&nbsp; leading to pain, anaemia, tissue damage, and other complications.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How is sickle cell disease inherited?</h2>Sickle cell disease is an autosomal recessive disorder. This means that the father and mother of the child have to&nbsp;carry the sickle cell gene and then transmit it to their child before the child can develop the sickle cell disease.&nbsp;If the sickle cell gene comes only from one parent, the inheritance will lead to a sickle cell trait in the child.Children with sickle cell gene from both parents have HbSS genotype, and therefore produce only abnormal haemoglobin (HbS). This type of haemoglobin clumps into a polymer when the oxygen content is low, which causes red blood cells to sickle.On the other hand, those with the sickle cell trait (HbAS) have one copy of the normal haemoglobin genotype (HbA) and one abnormal copy (HbS). Such individuals produce normal and abnormal haemoglobin.&nbsp;The sickled red cells are weak and break down easily, leading to sickle cell anaemia. They can also clog blood vessels leading to painful episodes known as crises.&nbsp;Having a sickle cell trait means that, although you do not have the sickle cell disease, you may develop the symptoms in extreme conditions like strenuous exercise, high altitude, severe dehydration, or infection.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Signs and symptoms of sickle cell disease</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_1853e189f6_db3b28848d.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/a-person-in-gray-shirt-and-blue-denim-jeans-14534511/">Photo by Towfiqu barbhuiya</a>The symptoms of sickle cell disease can vary in severity and frequency and range from mild to severe. They typically include:<ul><li>Episodes of anaemia (low level of red blood cells),</li><li>Joint and bone pain</li><li>Fatigue</li><li>Frequent and increased risk of infections</li><li>Shortness of breath</li><li>Yellowing of the eyes and body</li><li>Delayed growth and development</li></ul>Some individuals may also experience sudden and severe pain, known as a sickle cell crisis, caused by the blockage of blood flow in blood vessels.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Complications of sickle cell disease</h2>Sickle cell disease can cause severe complications if it is not properly managed. Frequent sickle cell crisis, for instance, can trigger acute chest syndrome or avascular necrosis of the head of femur, a condition that leads to the death of the thigh bone.Other complications of sickle cell disease can include:<ul><li>Stroke</li><li>Lung damage</li><li>liver damage</li><li>Eye damage</li><li>Skin ulcer</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How to diagnose sickle cell disease?</h2>If you suspect you or your child may have sickle cell disease, it is important to get a proper diagnosis.&nbsp;The diagnosis typically involves a blood test to determine the presence of sickled red blood cells or defective haemoglobin&nbsp;types.&nbsp;Haemoglobin electrophoresis can then be used confirm the diagnosis of sickle cell disease. This test detects the presence of abnormal or sickle haemoglobin and diagnoses the specific type of sickle cell disease.&nbsp;A newborn screening test can also detect the disease in infants, but this may require high-tech equipment that are available only at specialised centres. Haemoglobin electrophoresis is not useful for screening newborns because they have fetal haemoglobin which masks the presence of abnormal haemoglobin.&nbsp;Other tests, such as a complete blood count and blood&nbsp;film examination, can also provide important information about the disease's severity and the individual's overall health.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How can you avoid sickle cell disease?&nbsp;</h2>You can avoid sickle cell disease by:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Getting tested: Knowing your sickle cell disease status will help you confirm your compatibility with your spouse and plan your family effectively.</li><li>Educating yourself and others: Spread the word about sickle cell disease, its risk factors, and the importance of testing.</li><li>Encouraging others to get tested: Encourage family and friends to get tested, especially if they are considering starting a family.</li><li>Supporting research and advocacy: Donate to organizations working to&nbsp;find a cure for the disease and improve treatment options.</li></ul>Sickle cell disease&nbsp; is a serious condition, but it doesn't have to be a reality for future generations. By raising awareness and preventing its spread, we can help build a healthier and brighter future for all Africans.How is sickle&nbsp;cell&nbsp;disease treated?Sickle cell disease is managed with is a multi-disciplinary approach that includes:&nbsp;<ol><li style="text-align:justify;">Pain management: medications are used during sickle cell crisis to relieve pain while rehydration prevents the blood from sickling, thus reducing the pain.&nbsp;</li><li>Blood transfusions: Regular blood transfusions can help maintain haemoglobin levels and reduce the frequency of crises.</li><li>Hydroxyurea treatment: This&nbsp;medication increases the production of fetal haemoglobin, which can help reduce the frequency of crises, and the need for regular transfusions</li><li>Antibiotics: To prevent infections, patients are given prophylactic antibiotics.</li><li>Vaccinations: Patients with sickle&nbsp; cell disease tend to be vulnerable&nbsp; to infections due to their lower immunity.&nbsp; Vaccinations prevent these infections.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Stem cell transplant: replacing sickle cells with normal ones via a stem cell transplant is a highly effective way to treat sickle cell disease. However, this is an expensive and high-risk procedure.</li><li>Gene therapy: This is a new and developing&nbsp;field in sickle cell disease treatment, aiming to correct the genetic defect causing the disease.</li></ol>Living with sickle cell disease is painful and draining, but these&nbsp; practical tips can help you navigate and cope with the physical and emotional demands of the disease.<ul><li>Manage pain with medication and other therapies such as hydration, rest, and exercise.</li><li>Build a strong support system of family, friends, and medical professionals</li><li>Connect with others who have the disease and seek educational resources</li><li>Take care of yourself mentally and emotionally, and seek out counseling if needed</li><li>Follow a balanced diet, avoid triggers like stress and dehydration, and</li></ul>maintain regular medical checkups<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Planning a Family?&nbsp;</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_c89b46ece0_3ac8f80654.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/a-couple-in-a-psychotherapy-session-7579120/">Photo by Antoni Shkraba</a>If you're planning to start a family, you must be aware of the risk of&nbsp;sickle cell disease . Here are what you can do to protect your future children:<ul><li>Get tested: Know your haemoglobin genotype and ask your partner&nbsp;of theirs.</li><li>Speak to a genetic counsellor: A&nbsp;genetic counsellor will help you understand your risk and compatibility profile and the options available to you.</li><li>Consider antenatal screening: Antenatal screening can help detect the disease in a developing fetus.</li></ul>Taking these steps and being proactive can help reduce the risk of SCD and ensure a healthy future for your family. So start planning today and take control of your family's health!<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Conclusion</h2>Sickle cell disease is a debilitating condition affecting millions worldwide, particularly in Africa and its diaspora. Understanding the disease, its inheritance, and its&nbsp;management is crucial in improving outcomes and quality of life for those affected. It is important to work with your healthcare provider to&nbsp;find the treatment plan that works best for you. Remember, early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes for individuals living with sickle cell disease.

Sickle Cell Disease 

Hypertension by&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nyphotographic.com/">Nick Youngson</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">CC BY-SA 3.0</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://pix4free.org/">Pix4free</a>As parents, we often worry about our children's health and well-being, from ensuring they eat healthy foods to getting&nbsp;the best medical attention that we can afford whenever they are ill. But have you ever considered their blood pressure?&nbsp;While&nbsp;hypertension is often thought of as a condition that affects adults, it can also impact children and adolescents, and its prevalence is on the&nbsp; rise.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How common is hypertension in children?</h2>Although less common than in adults, hypertension in children is increasingly recognized as a significant health issue.&nbsp;It can result from underlying conditions, such as kidney disease or heart abnormalities, or develop as primary hypertension, often linked to obesity, poor diet, and lack of physical activity. Increased rates of childhood obesity have contributed to a rise in hypertension among children.&nbsp;A&nbsp;<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589537021005101">review&nbsp;</a>of studies on hypertension in Africa finds that about 7% of African children are hypertensive and that the number is rising due to an increase in the number of children who are overweight or obese.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Types of hypertension in children</h2>Hypertension could be primary or secondary.&nbsp;Primary hypertension, or essential hypertension, is&nbsp;a condition of high blood pressure&nbsp;in which the cause is unknown.&nbsp;Primary hypertension runs in families and is the most&nbsp;common type of&nbsp;hypertension in children.&nbsp;Secondary&nbsp;hypertension&nbsp;is high blood pressure with a known cause, such as renal disease, heart disease, or endocrine disorders.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What are the causes of hypertension in children?</h2>There are many genetic, environmental, lifestyle, and medical&nbsp;factors responsible for hypertension in children.&nbsp;They include:<ul><li>Having a hypertensive parent</li><li>Obesity</li><li>Poor diet</li><li>Sedentary lifestyle</li><li>Chronic medical conditions like diabetes, kidney disease, and sleep apnea</li><li>Medications, including NSAIDs, steroids, and over-the-counter cold remedies</li></ul><h2>Signs and symptoms of hypertension in children?</h2>Here are some signs&nbsp;that may suggest your child has hypertension:<ul><li>Headaches</li><li>Fatigue</li><li>Dizziness</li><li>Blurry vision</li><li>Chest pain</li><li>Difficulty breathing</li><li>Blood in urine</li></ul>It is important to note that many children with&nbsp;hypertension do not experience any symptoms,&nbsp;so regular blood pressure checks are essential for early detection and treatment.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How can you know if your child has hypertension?</h2>Diagnosing hypertension in children requires multiple blood pressure measurements taken over time and a thorough evaluation of&nbsp;your child’s medical history, family history, and physical exam.&nbsp;The diagnostic criteria for&nbsp;hypertension in&nbsp;children use average blood pressure values for age, sex, and height. The doctor must measure a child’s blood pressure multiple times to establish a diagnosis of hypertension.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Management of hypertension in children</h2>Management depends on the severity of the condition, the age of the child, and any underlying medical conditions. It also involves several approaches:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Lifestyle changes</li></ul>Adjusting a child’s diet and exercise habits is key. Reducing their sodium intake, increasing fruits and vegetables, encouraging regular physical activity, and helping them manage weight are essential to controlling blood pressure. These changes are often the first step in treating primary hypertension.<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Medications</li></ul>If lifestyle changes are not enough, a child will need medications. Blood pressure-lowering drugs, such as ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, or calcium channel blockers, are commonly used. Medication use depends on the child’s age, the severity of the hypertension, and individual health needs.<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Treatment of underlying conditions</li></ul>For secondary hypertension, managing the root cause, such as kidney disease or hormonal disorders, is essential. Treating these underlying conditions helps to control high blood pressure and prevent complications like organ damage or stroke in the long term.<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Specialist care</li></ul>A doctor should always supervise paediatric hypertension management, preferably a specialist such as a paediatrician or paediatric cardiologist. A specialist will ensure treatment is tailored to the child’s condition and adjusted for optimal care.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How to protect your child from having hypertension</h2><ul><li>Encourage kids to have a salt- and&nbsp;fibre-free, fruit- and vegetable-rich, well-balanced diet. Avoid&nbsp;consuming processed and packaged foods that are heavy in added sugars, saturated fats, and salt. Instead of noodles, biscuits, chips, and fries, try fruits, nuts, dairy, milk, and whole grain meals.</li><li>Set aside at least an hour each day for kids to play or move about. Outdoor games, sports, dancing, and other physical pursuits fall into this category.</li><li>Regular blood pressure checks at well-child visits can help&nbsp;detect hypertension early on and enable early intervention.&nbsp;Get a home blood pressure monitor and then take the child to the hospital for regular checks.</li><li>Limit the time children spend on screens and encourage other activities that promote physical activity and social interaction.</li><li>Encourage children to develop healthy coping mechanisms such as meditation, deep breathing, or other relaxation techniques.</li></ul>Hypertension affects children and adults, and&nbsp;they have similar prevention strategies.&nbsp;By encouraging good practices from a young age, you can reduce your child's risk of hypertension and improve their general health and well-being.

Hypertension in Children

<a href="https://pxhere.com/en/photo/1620710?utm_content=clipUser&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_source=pxhere">Image from PxHere</a>Alcohol consumption has become a normalized aspect of social culture in Nigeria and across Africa. Whether it is at celebratory events, gatherings with friends, or even just a casual drink after a long day, alcohol is a go-to for many people. However, excessive drinking can hurt the liver.While zero alcohol consumption is ideal for liver health, moderate intake is often considered safe. The&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nhs.uk/better-health/drink-less/#:~:text=Alcohol%20guidelines,risk%20of%20harming%20your%20health.">National Health Service</a> recommends drinking no more than 14 units of alcohol a week, spread across 3 days or more. That is around 6 medium (175ml) glasses of wine, or 6 pints, that is, 2.8 litres of beer with 4% alcohol by volume (ABV). There is no completely safe level of drinking, but sticking within these guidelines lowers your risk of harming your health. Consuming more than these limits, particularly binge drinking or taking in excess can raise the risk of Alcohol-Related Liver Disease (ARLD).Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a deadly condition affecting millions of people globally and is a growing concern in Nigeria and across Africa.&nbsp;A new report from the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.who.int/news/item/25-06-2024-over-3-million-annual-deaths-due-to-alcohol-and-drug-use-majority-among-men#:~:text=A%20new%20report%20from%20the,deaths%20to%20psychoactive%20drug%20use.">World Health Organization (WHO)</a> reveals that 2.6 million deaths per year were attributable to alcohol consumption, accounting for 4.7% of all deaths, with more than 200 diseases and injuries linked to alcohol use. While<a href="https://gatefield.co/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Alcohol-Policy-Brief.pdf"> Alcohol policy in Nigeria</a> also noted that harmful alcohol use accounts for approximately. 3.3 million deaths annually and it is linked to over 200 non-communicable diseases.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What is alcoholic liver disease</h2>Alcoholic liver disease is a medical condition that occurs when the liver becomes damaged due to excessive and chronic alcohol consumption, leading to impaired liver function.&nbsp;The liver processes and detoxifies substances in the body and produces essential proteins. Impairment of these functions due to alcoholic disease can have severe consequences, including liver failure and even death.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">The stages of Alcoholic liver disease&nbsp;</h2>Alcoholic liver disease progresses through three key stages: fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and cirrhosis. Each of these stages present with different symptoms, allowing for early interventions that can prevent further damage.<ul><li>Fatty liver&nbsp;is the first stage, where excessive alcohol consumption leads to fat buildup in the liver. This stage is often reversible with lifestyle changes if caught early.</li><li>Alcoholic hepatitis, the second stage, is marked by liver inflammation. This stage presents with more noticeable symptoms like abdominal pain and jaundice or yellowing of the eyes and mucous membranes.</li><li>Cirrhosis&nbsp;is the final stage, where the liver becomes permanently scarred, leading to severe complications and a higher risk of liver failure.</li></ul>Early detection during the fatty liver or alcoholic hepatitis stage allows for lifestyle changes and medical treatments, which can stop the disease from progressing to cirrhosis, which is irreversible and life-threatening.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Risk factors of ALD</h2>The risk factors for Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD) include:<ul><li>Excessive alcohol consumption: long-term heavy drinking is the most significant contributor.</li><li>Gender: women are more likely to have alcoholic liver disease than men, even if they drink less alcohol.</li><li>Genetics: those with a parent or relative who has a history of liver disease have a greater risk.</li><li>Obesity: excess body weight can worsen the effects of alcohol on the liver.</li><li>Poor nutrition: alcohol impairs nutrient absorption, and a poor diet can worsen liver damage.</li><li>Co-existing liver conditions: an ongoing liver disease or infections like hepatitis B or C increase the chances of alcoholic liver disease.</li><li>Age – Older adults are at higher risk due to decreased liver regeneration capacity.</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Symptoms of Alcoholic Liver Disease</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_cd35024eab_816da012c8.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/depressed-man-holding-his-head-7927024/">Photo by Nicola Barts</a>The symptoms of alcoholic liver disease can vary depending on the severity of the condition. In the early stages, there may be no symptoms at all. As the disease progresses, you may experience the following:<ul><li>Fatigue</li><li>Loss of appetite</li><li>Nausea and vomiting</li><li>Abdominal pain and swelling</li><li>Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)</li><li>Confusion</li><li>Dark urine</li><li>Pale-colored stools</li><li>Weight loss</li><li>Easy bruising and bleeding</li></ul>You should see a doctor immediately if you experience any of these symptoms.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How is alcoholic liver disease diagnosed</h2>For the diagnosis of alcoholic liver disease, your doctor will begin by asking about your medical history and conducting a physical exam. They may also request blood tests to assess how well your liver is functioning. Imaging tests like an ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI can help detect liver damage, such as fat buildup or scarring.If more clarity is needed, your doctor might recommend a liver biopsy, where a small tissue sample is taken and examined under a microscope to check for damage.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">The treatment of alcoholic liver disease</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_e89d87bbb6_dacc165e98.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/a-man-holding-medicine-container-11452186/">Photo by Towfiqu barbhuiya</a>The treatment of Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD) focuses majorly on halting disease progression, managing symptoms, and promoting liver healing. The main steps in treating include:<ul><li>Alcohol cessation: The most critical step in treating ALD is to stop alcohol consumption. Continued drinking will worsen liver damage, while quitting can help stabilize or even reverse early-stage damage.</li><li>Nutritional support: Many individuals with ALD suffer from malnutrition, which can worsen liver health. A balanced diet with vitamins and minerals (like vitamin B, folate, and zinc) helps improve liver function and overall health.</li><li>Medications: In some cases, medications are prescribed to reduce inflammation and improve liver function. These treatments help manage symptoms and prevent complications.</li><li>Liver transplantation: For patients with advanced cirrhosis, a liver transplant may be the only option. However, patients must abstain from alcohol for an extended period to be considered for this procedure.</li><li>Counseling and support: Since ALD is tied to alcohol use disorder, counseling, therapy, and support groups like Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) are vital for long-term recovery.</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Alcohol Use Disorder</h2>Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a common condition that occurs in people with pre-existing alcoholic liver disease. It is a chronic brain disease that affects how a person processes and responds to alcohol.&nbsp;People with AUD may not experience ALD and can continue to drink despite the negative consequences, such as health problems and relationship issues.&nbsp;Treatment for AUD may include counseling, support groups, medication-assisted treatment, and other therapies.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Conclusion</h2>Excessive alcohol consumption which is typical in Nigerian and African social cultures, can lead to severe liver damage. The damage is gradual and may take years before it results in full-blown disease. Recognising the symptoms of liver damage early is essential for treatment success; the later stage is irreversible. Thankfully, the condition is manageable.

Liver Health and Alcohol: What You Need to Know

What is Genotype and How Does it Work?

<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Otitis_Media.png">BruceBlaus</a>, <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0">CC BY-SA 4.0</a>, via Wikimedia CommonsOverviewOtitis media is&nbsp;inflammation of the tympanic membrane and middle ear. Approximately two-thirds of children of all ages are affected by otitis media.Key facts:<ul><li>Approximately 42 million people over the age of three years suffer hearing loss due to otitis media</li><li>90% of children experience this disorder before they enter the school system</li><li>Many attacks of otitis media spontaneously resolve within three months, but in 30% to 40% of children, the disorder becomes recurrent</li><li>Otitis media occurs in 75% of children at least three times in their frst three years of life.</li><li>Around 20,000 people, majorly children under 5 years of age, die every year with the associated complications.</li></ul>Otitis media, especially with a chronic and recurrent form, is associated with complications such as hearing loss, decreased learning capability, and low educational achievement.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Causes of otitis media in Africa</h2>Otitis media usually occurs as a result of acute upper respiratory tract infections. It can also be caused by&nbsp; allergies or abnormalities in the normal structure and function of the middle ear or Eustachian&nbsp; tube.&nbsp;The most important bacteria causes are<ul><li>non-typeable Haemophilus infuenzae</li><li>Streptococcus pneumoniae</li><li>Staphylococcus aureus</li><li>Streptococcus pyogenes</li><li>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</li><li>Proteus mirabilis</li><li>Escherichia coli, and</li><li>Moraxella catarrhalis</li></ul>P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and P. mirabilis are the commonest bacterial pathogens responsible for otitis media in sub-Saharan Africa.Viruses and&nbsp;fungi also cause otitis media.&nbsp;The occurrence of otitis media is directly related to the colonization rate of the nasopharynx by the bacteria. Viral upper respiratory tract infections (URTI), disrupts the mucociliary system, a system of thick secretions (mucus) from the airways and hairlike projections that sweep the mucus. The disruption of the mucociliary system impairs the host’s primary mechanical defense for bacterial invasion and predisposes children to acute otitis media (AOM).<h2>Types of otitis media</h2><ol style="list-style-type:decimal;"><li>Acute otitis media (AOM)<ul><li>Description: This type of middle ear infection starts suddenly, causing swelling and redness.</li><li>Symptoms: Fluid and mucus get trapped in the ear, leading to fever and ear pain.</li></ul></li><li>Otitis media with effusion (OME)<ul><li>Description: Fluid and mucus remain in the middle ear after an initial infection has subsided.</li><li>Symptoms: A sense of fullness in the ear, possible hearing impairment, or no symptoms at all.</li></ul></li><li>Chronic otitis media with effusion (COME)<ul><li>Description: Fluid stays in the middle ear for an extended period or keeps coming back without infection.</li><li>Symptoms: Difficulties in fighting new infections and potential hearing issues.</li></ul></li></ol><h2>Symptoms of a middle ear infection</h2><ol style="list-style-type:decimal;"><li>Ear pain:<ul><li>In older children and adults, there is ear pain.</li><li>Babies may rub or pull at their ears, cry more than usual, have trouble sleeping, or be restless and irritable.</li></ul></li><li>Loss of appetite:<ul><li>Especially noticeable in young children during bottle-feeding, as swallowing can increase ear pain due to pressure changes.</li></ul></li><li>Irritability:<ul><li>Persistent pain can cause irritability.</li></ul></li><li>Poor sleep:<ul><li>Pain can worsen when lying down due to increased ear pressure.</li></ul></li><li>Fever:<ul><li>Temperatures can range from 38°C to 104°F, and about half of the children with an ear infection also have a fever.</li></ul></li><li>Ear Drainage:<ul><li>Drainage of yellow, brown, or white (not earwax) fluid from the ear may indicate a ruptured eardrum.</li></ul></li><li>Hearing problems:<ul><li>Fluid behind the eardrum can slow down the movement of sound signals through the inner ear, affecting hearing.</li></ul></li></ol>These symptoms can resemble other conditions, so it's important to consult a healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Risk factors</h2>The risk factors for ear infections are:<ul><li>cultural, such as use of feathers to clean the ears,</li><li>socioeconomic, and environmental (e.g., living in crowded places, living in large families, the duration of breastfeeding, smoking status),</li><li>genetic (e.g., craniofacial anomalies such as those characteristic in Down syndrome and cleft palate),</li><li>nutritional like how the infant is fed: Babies who are bottle-fed, particularly when lying down, are more prone to ear infections compared to breast-fed babies.</li><li>medical (e.g., age, gender, race, health status, history of several acute otitis episodes, rhinorrhea, allergic rhinitis, seasonal rhinitis, snoring, upper respiratory tract infections, and adenoid hypertrophy).</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Diagnosis</h2>Diagnostic criteria for acute otitis media include:<ul><li>rapid onset of symptoms,</li><li>middle ear effusion, and</li><li>signs and symptoms of middle&nbsp;</li></ul>&nbsp;Antibacterial resistance in AfricaA high level of resistance was observed to commonly used antibacterial agents such as Ampicillin, cotrimoxazole, Amoxicillin, and Amoxicillin-clavulanate however, isolates were less resistant to Ciprofoxacin, Gentamycin, and Chloramphenicol.Thus, drugs like Ampicillin, amoxicillin, Amoxicillin-clavulanate, and cotrimoxazole should not be used as a first-line treatment in sub-Saharan countries since countries in Sub-Saharan Africa are commonly dependent on clinical data for treatment with the absence of microbiology laboratory. Without proper treatment, otitis media could lead to intracranial and intratemporal complications with higher and complex management.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Management and treatment of otitis media&nbsp;</h2>Treatment of ear infections depends on age, severity of the infection, the nature of the infection (is the infection a first-time infection, ongoing infection or repeating infection)&nbsp; and if fluid remains in the middle ear for a long period of time.Your healthcare provider will recommend medications to relieve your child’s pain and fever. If the ear infection is mild, depending on the age of the child, your healthcare provider may choose to wait a few days to see if the infection goes away on its own before prescribing an antibiotic.<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">Antibiotics</h3>Antibiotics may be prescribed if bacteria are thought to be the cause of the ear infection. Your healthcare provider may want to wait up to three days before prescribing antibiotics to see if a mild infection clears up on its own when the child is older. If your or your child’s ear infection is severe, antibiotics might be started right away.<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">Pain-relieving medications</h3>Over-the-counter pain relievers such as acetaminophen/paracetamol or ibuprofen can help relieve earache or fever. Pain-relieving ear drops can also be prescribed. These medications usually start to lessen the pain within a couple hours.&nbsp;Never give aspirin to children. Aspirin can cause a life-threatening condition called Reye’s syndrome.<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">Ear tubes (tympanostomy tubes)</h3>If your child has experienced frequent ear infections (three ear infections in six months or four infections in a year), had ear infections that weren’t resolved with antibiotics, or experienced hearing loss from fluid buildup behind the eardrum, he or she may be a candidate for ear tubes.&nbsp;Ear tubes are small tubes inserted into the eardrum to drain fluid from the middle ear, relieve the pressure there, and allow air to pass through. They provide immediate relief and are sometimes recommended for small children who are developing their speech and language skills.&nbsp;You may be referred to an ear, nose and throat (ENT) specialist for this outpatient surgical procedure, which is called a myringotomy with placement of tube. During the procedure, a small metal or plastic tube is inserted through a tiny incision (cut) in the eardrum. The tube lets air into the middle ear and allows fluid to drain.&nbsp;The procedure is very short — approximately 10 minutes — and there’s a low complication rate.&nbsp;The ear tube usually stays in place from six to 12 months. It often falls out on its own, but it can also be removed by your doctor. The outer ear will need to be kept dry and free of dirty water, until the hole in the eardrum heals completely and closes.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What can I do to prevent ear infections in my child?</h2><ul><li>Don’t smoke. Studies have shown that second-hand smoking increases the likelihood of ear infections. Be sure no one smokes in the house or car — especially when children are present — or at your daycare facility.</li><li>Control allergies. Inflammation and mucus caused by allergic reactions can block the eustachian tube and make ear infections more likely.</li><li>Prevent colds. Reduce your child's exposure to colds during the first year of life.&nbsp;</li><li>Maintain adequate hygiene. Don’t share toys, foods, drinking cups or utensils. Wash your hands frequently.&nbsp;</li><li>Breastfeed your baby. Antibodies in breast milk reduce the rate of ear infections.</li><li>Bottle feed baby at an upright angle. If you bottle feed, hold your baby in an upright angle (head higher than stomach). Feeding in the horizontal position can cause the fluids to flow back into the eustachian tube..</li><li>Watch for mouth breathing or snoring. Constant snoring or breathing through the mouth may be caused by large adenoids. These may contribute to ear infections. An exam by an otolaryngologist, and even surgery to remove the adenoids (adenoidectomy), may be necessary.</li><li>Get vaccinations. Make sure your child’s immunizations are up to date, including yearly influenza vaccine (flu shot) for those 6 months and older. Ask your doctor about the pneumococcal, meningitis and other vaccines too. Preventing viral infections and other infections help prevent ear infections..</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Complications of otitis media&nbsp;</h2>Although otitis media may&nbsp;occur without symptoms,&nbsp; complications mayexist. These include:<ul><li>delayed language and speech,</li><li>ruptured eardrum,</li><li>cholesteatoma, and</li><li>reading and writing impairment.&nbsp;</li></ul>Other complications are:<ul><li>mastoiditis,</li><li>meningitis,</li><li>acute labyrinthitis,</li><li>acute petrositis.</li></ul>

Otitis Media in Africa: Causes, Risk Factors, Treatment, Prevention and Complications

Photo by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/fmsc/">Feed My Starving Children (FMSC)</a>&nbsp;on <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/fmsc/">Flickr</a> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/">(CC BY 2.0).</a>Seeing your child’s first smile, watching their initial wobbly steps, and hearing their child begin to form words are all precious milestones that gladdens the heart. This growth comes from nutrients in&nbsp; foods children eat.&nbsp;Children’s food should be rich in essential nutrients delivered in the right balance. When this balance is not maintained or achieved, it can lead to malnutrition which affects the child’s well-being in several ways.&nbsp;Here are some key facts about malnutrition in Nigerian children:<ul><li>Approximately 37% of children (6 million) experience stunting (a condition whereby the child is too short for the age)&nbsp;</li><li>18% of children are affected by wasting (indicating low weight for height)</li><li>29% of children are underweight (which includes both acute and chronic malnutrition)</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What is malnutrition?</h2>Malnutrition is an abnormality in nutrition. It occurs when there’s an imbalance in a child’s nutrient intake, either because the child takes too much or too little calories, carbohydrates, vitamins, proteins, or minerals. Malnutrition includes both undernutrition and overnutrition, which are consequences of either deficiencies or excesses of vital nutrients.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Why are some children malnourished?</h2>Children are more likely to have shortages of both macronutrients and micronutrients due to their increased nutritional needs during growth. When they don’t get adequate food or don’t eat as they should, they may become malnourished.&nbsp;The consequences of malnutrition in children under five can include being underweight, stunted, or wasted, with or without edema (previously referred to as marasmus and kwashiorkor, respectively), and in severe cases, it can lead to death.&nbsp;Malnutrition represents a critical outcome of food insecurity among children in this age group. Acute malnutrition can result in illness, death, and long-term disabilities, as well as hinder cognitive and physical development, while also increasing the likelihood of concurrent infections.&nbsp;Each year, around 50 million children globally experience acute malnutrition. Despite the availability of treatment, accessing it can be difficult.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Types of Malnutrition</h2>Malnutrition can be categorised primarily into two groups:<ul><li>Overnutrition</li><li>Undernutrition</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Overnutrition</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_c82187e67e_b5cbc0a3ab.webp"></figure>Overnutrition occurs when your child consumes more nutrients than their bodies need, resulting in excess body fat and related health risks.&nbsp;Children who are classified as overweight or obese face increased risks for a variety of health issues later in life, including:<ul><li>&nbsp;Heart disease</li><li>Diabetes</li><li>Certain types of cancer</li></ul>The occurrence of overnutrition is rising globally, with reports from unicef indicating that 5.7% of children under five were classified as overweight in 2020, an increase from 5.4% in 2000.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Undernutrition</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_f8dc8eb662_b74f10edd9.webp"></figure>Photo by &nbsp;<a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/dfid/5977576239">Cate Turton / Department for International Development</a> on <a href="https://www.flickr.com/">Flickr</a><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/">(CC BY 2.0).</a>Undernutrition is when a child is not eating enough food or the right foods to meet their body's needs for energy and good health.Undernutrition poses a serious threat to the health and development of children. It can result in severe outcomes like protein-energy malnutrition, including a greater vulnerability to infections, hindered cognitive and physical growth, and, in extreme cases, death.&nbsp;Undernutrition can be further classified into four categories:&nbsp;<ul><li>Wasting (defined as low weight-for-height)</li><li>Stunting (defined as low height-for-age)</li><li>Underweight (defined as low weight-for-age)</li><li>Deficiencies in essential vitamins and minerals</li></ul>Each of these conditions can have a profound impact on a child's health and development.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Why are children unable to access nutritious food?</h2>Dietary practices&nbsp;Unlike adults that can choose what they want to eat, children often take what they are fed. For the first months of life, most children are on breastmilk. Family food such as pap, rice, and “swallows” like eba, amala, and pounded yam, come much later.&nbsp;However, children may be left malnourished due to practices that undermine adequate nutrition. For instance, some mothers think that breastmilk alone is insufficient for their baby's growth and feel compelled to introduce other traditional foods too early.&nbsp;Additionally, there are misconceptions that colostrum—the first milk produced after childbirth—is not healthy for children, and may even be harmful, which leads some mothers to discard it.&nbsp;Breastmilk, especially colostrum, is one of the most nutritious foods a child can take. It is rich in nutrients and easy to digest. It also contains proteins that protect the child from diseases, plus growth factors to support the child’s maturation.&nbsp;Caregiver Ignorance&nbsp;Caregivers, especially first-time mothers are sometimes unaware of how frequently a child needs to be fed. Children’s meals do not follow adult timetables. They need to eat as soon as they are hungry, which is often many times.&nbsp;Young children grow rapidly in the first years of life,&nbsp; and this consumes their energy. Their energy comes from food. So they use more nutrients than adults, necessitating frequent meals that are balanced&nbsp;However, many first-time mothers mistakenly adhere to the adult routine of three square meals a day, which can result in the child not receiving the necessary nutrients.Illness&nbsp;&nbsp;Frequent or severe illnesses can cause a child to become malnourished. For instance, malaria, pneumonia, and measles causes the child to lose energy, or increase their energy demand, leading to malnutrition.&nbsp;An ill child may have poor appetite such that they don’t eat even when food is available. Such child may vomit their food, or lose all their nutrients through to diarrhoea. Some children with short gut may also not be able to absorb the foods they eat, whether the food is adequate or not.&nbsp;Besides, when their parents are ill and there’s other caregiver to take care of the child, the child may suffer malnutrition. This is often true for children of mothers with chronic illnesses, or mothers that had surgery or complications during delivery.&nbsp;Cost of quality mealThe high cost of nutritious meals is a major reason why many children under five in Nigeria suffer from malnutrition. Families, especially those in poorer areas, often can't afford the balanced diets that young children need.This issue is particularly severe in low income communities where many families don’t have a stable source of income, or the income is too low to provide enough food for the family.&nbsp;Moreover, factors like inflation, climate change, and economic instability are driving up food prices, making it even more difficult for low-income families to secure essential nutrients for their children.Conflict and Drought&nbsp;In northeastern Nigeria, the combination of drought and conflict has led to significant food shortages. Displacement of families means that parents often struggle to secure food, as they no longer have a reliable supply. When livelihoods are compromised, food insecurity becomes a pressing issue.&nbsp;According to a June 2024 report by UNICEF on food insecurity in Nigeria, around 11 million children, or one in every three children under five years of age, in Nigeria are experiencing severe child food poverty, making them up to 50 per cent more likely to experience wasting, a life-threatening form of malnutrition.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Signs and symptoms of malnutrition&nbsp;</h2>Signs of malnutrition can vary but often include:<ul><li>Unintentional weight loss</li><li>Reduced appetite or disinterest in food</li><li>Fatigue and irritability</li><li>Difficulty concentrating</li><li>Dry, pale skin</li><li>Easy bruising or rashes</li><li>Changes in hair texture and growth</li><li>Swollen or cracked tongue</li><li>Increased sensitivity to cold</li><li>Prolonged wounds healing&nbsp;</li><li>Higher likelihood of infections</li><li>Night blindness or sensitivity to light</li></ul>Sometimes, a child is given the right amount of food, but essential micronutrients like Zinc, Vitamin D etc are lacking, which would result in a term known as hidden hunger.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How can you prevent malnutrition?</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_78240af50f_8f9bda4a8e.webp"></figure>&nbsp;The key to preventing malnutrition is to maintain a balanced diet that includes a variety of foods from all major food groups. This should include:<ul><li>An abundance of fruits and vegetables, like oranges, watermelon, pumpkin leaves&nbsp;</li><li>Sufficient starchy foods such as bread, rice, yam flour, wheat flour, cassava flour (aka, garri) and pasta</li><li>Adequate dairy or dairy alternatives</li><li>Protein sources like meat, fish, crayfish, eggs, and legumes</li></ul>If you don’t know what a balance diet looks like in your local diet, discuss with a dietitians or a pediatrician to guide you.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How malnutrition is treated</h2>Malnutrition is a medical condition that requires care of specialists like dietitians and pediatricians. Treatment strategies will differ based on the severity of the condition and any underlying health issues. Approaches may include:<ul><li>Correcting life-threatening deficiencies</li><li>Stabilizing the child’s body temperature and fluid levels</li><li>Continuous monitoring and assessment</li><li>Developing a dietary plan that may include nutritional supplements</li><li>Addressing specific symptoms, such as vomiting and diarrhea&nbsp;</li><li>Treating any existing infections</li><li>Evaluating and managing swallowing difficulties</li><li>Following up on the child’s recovery</li></ul>In severe cases where a child cannot eat through the mouth, tolerate enough food, or absorb nutrients on their own, the physician may resort to feeding the child through intravenous (parenteral) or tube (enteral) methods to ensure adequate nutrient delivery.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Conclusion</h2>The complexities surrounding malnutrition are significant, with its most common causes linked to poor dietary quality, inadequate caregiving practices, and recurrent infections among children.&nbsp;The repercussions of malnutrition can lead to both immediate and long-term health challenges, including slower recovery from illnesses and an increased risk of infections.Therefore, it is vital for parents to priorities prevention strategies and recognize the signs of malnutrition to enable timely interventions and restore health in affected children.

Malnutrition in Under 5 Children

The human heart pumps approximately 23,000 litres of blood throughout the body daily. Heart failure occurs when the heart fails to pump sufficient blood to meet the body’s needs.&nbsp;This article will explore the causes, prevention, and management of heart failure.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What is heart failure?</h2>Heart failure is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by your heart’s inability to pump blood sufficiently to meet your body’s needs.Initially, your body compensates for the inadequate blood supply through different mechanisms, such as:&nbsp;<ul><li>Enlargement of the heart: your heart stretches to generate a greater force to pump blood.</li><li>Increased heart muscle mass:&nbsp;your heart muscles expand to generate a stronger force of contraction.</li><li>Narrowing of the arteries: your arteries, the blood vessels that carry blood from your heart, may narrow to increase the contracting pressure to help your failing heart maintain arterial pressure.</li><li>Blood shunting: If heart failure is severe, the body may redirect blood from peripheral areas like the skin to vital organs like the heart, kidneys, and brain.</li></ul>Because of these compensatory mechanisms, you may not have symptoms initially. However, the compensation is temporary and may not solve the underlying problem.&nbsp;If the heart failure is not properly managed, the compensatory mechanisms may fail, and you may start to have symptoms like breathlessness, fatigue, persistent dry cough, and other signs of heart failure.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Signs and symptoms of heart failure&nbsp;</h2>Patients with&nbsp; heart failure may have signs and symptoms such as:&nbsp;<ul><li>Shortness of breath</li><li>Dry cough&nbsp;</li><li>Cold extremities with bluish lips</li><li>Pallor</li><li>Tiredness&nbsp;</li><li>Fatigue from&nbsp; minimum exertion</li><li>Swelling of the legs and/or abdomen from fluid retention</li><li>Poor appetite&nbsp;</li><li>Nausea&nbsp;</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Types of heart failure</h2>Heart failure can be classified based on the location of the failure and the type of heart function&nbsp;that fails.<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">Heart failure types based on location</h3>You could have either a right-side heart failure or a left-side heart failure.<ul><li>Right-sided heart failure affects the right side of the heart, where the right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs. When the right side fails, blood backs up into the veins, causing your legs, ankles, and abdomen to swell.</li><li>Left-sided heart failure occurs when the left ventricle can’t efficiently pump blood to the rest of the body. Fluid builds up in the lungs, causing shortness of breath.&nbsp;</li></ul>If the heart failure is from both the right and the left ventricles, it is called congestive heart failure.&nbsp;<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">Heart failure types based on function</h3>Depending on which aspect of heart function that fails, you could experience either systolic heart failure or diastolic heart failure.<ul><li>Systolic heart failure happens when the heart can’t pump blood because it’s weak or enlarged.</li><li>Diastolic heart failure happens when the heart muscle doesn’t relax because it’s stiff, which leads to inadequate filling of the heart.</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Causes of Heart Failure in Africa</h2>The causes of heart failure in Africa vary across the continent, but the common causes among the general population include:&nbsp;<ul><li>Hypertension</li><li>Coronary artery disease (CAD)</li><li>Cardiomyopathy</li><li>Rheumatic heart disease</li><li>Chronic lung disease</li><li>&nbsp;Pericardial diseases like constrictive pericarditis, pericardial effusion</li><li>HIV</li></ul>Hypertension is the leading cause of heart failure in&nbsp; Nigeria.&nbsp;Unlike hypertension, coronary artery disease (CAD) and its complications are less common in Africa but are gradually becoming more prevalent due to:&nbsp;<ul><li>Lifestyle modifications,&nbsp;</li><li>Smoking&nbsp;</li><li>Drinking of alcohol</li><li>Urbanization</li></ul>Other causes of heart failure include:<ul><li>Excessive salt intake&nbsp;</li><li>Smoking or sniffing tobacco of any kind</li><li>Excessive alcohol intake</li><li>Infection&nbsp;</li><li>&nbsp;Use of certain medications like anticancer drugs, stimulants, etc.</li><li>Autoimmune diseases like lupus erythematosus&nbsp;</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Risk factors&nbsp;</h2>Risk factors for heart failure in sub-Saharan Africa include:<ul><li>Hypertension</li><li>Diabetes</li><li>Dyslipidaemia</li><li>Kidney disease</li><li>Smoking</li><li>High alcohol intake&nbsp;</li><li>Myocarditis</li><li>HIV</li><li>Pregnancy</li></ul>Other risk factors include:<ul><li>Rheumatic Heart Disease</li><li>Obesity</li><li>Dilated cardiomyopathy</li><li>Anaemia</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Diagnosis</h2>Your doctor will take your medical history, examine you, and ask you to do:&nbsp;<ul><li>A chest x-ray,</li><li>An ECG (electrocardiogram)</li><li>Blood test</li><li>Echocardiogram</li></ul>A heart MRI or CT scan, PET scan, or angiogram may sometimes be requested.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Treatment and Prevention of Heart Failure&nbsp;</h2>The treatment of heart failure depends on the cause of your heart failure and the type and severity of your heart failure.If the cause is hypertension, you may need to take anti-heart failure drugs plus anti-hypertensives and adjust your diet and lifestyle.&nbsp;If it’s an infection, you may need antibiotics.&nbsp;If the problem is with your heart valves, you may need surgery.If these treatments don’t work, a heart transplant may be recommended for you.Whatever the cause, heart failure management is both pharmacological and non-pharmacological.<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">Pharmacological management</h3>This type of management includes drugs such as:<ul><li>Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB)</li><li>Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors</li><li>Angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNIs)</li><li>Diuretics</li><li>Vasodilators&nbsp;</li><li>Digitalis</li><li>Beta-blockers</li><li>Aldosterone blockers</li><li>Statins&nbsp;</li></ul>The drugs help to<ul><li>Reduce your blood pressure&nbsp;</li><li>Relax your blood vessels</li><li>Reduce the amount of fluid and sodium in your body&nbsp;</li><li>Strengthen the contraction of your heart muscles</li><li>Reduce your heart rate</li><li>Reduce the level amount of unhealthy cholesterol in your blood</li></ul><h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">Non-pharmacological management</h3>This type of management does not include drugs. It only requires you to:<ul><li>Reduce your salt intake</li><li>Reduce your alcohol intake&nbsp;</li><li>Quit smoking</li><li>Exercise regularly as much as you can tolerate</li><li>Control your blood sugar if you’re diabetic&nbsp;</li><li>Reduce your body weight if you’re overweight or obese</li></ul>Heart failure caused by physical damage to the heart may require surgery, such as:<ul><li>Valvular repair or replacement</li><li>Device implantation</li><li>Heart transplantation</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Complications of Heart Failure</h2>If your heart failure is not treated at all or is treated poorly, it may lead to life-threatening complications like congestive heart failure, which is a failure of both the right and left sides of your heart. This causes worse and more dangerous symptoms.Other complications of heart failure include:<ul><li>Pulmonary hypertension&nbsp;</li><li>Kidney or liver damage</li><li>Cardiac arrest</li><li>Pulmonary oedema</li><li>Irregular heartbeat</li><li>Stroke</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What is the prognosis of heart failure?</h2>The outlook (prognosis) for heart failure is poor. People with the disease have a life expectancy of about five years from diagnosis, so it’s necessary to seek expert care as soon as you realise that your heart may be failing.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Conclusion</h2>Heart failure is better prevented than treated. Once it has begun, there is no permanent cure, and no treatment can reverse the damage.&nbsp;If you’re at risk, like if you are hypertensive, have diabetes or any other chronic disease, adjust your diet and lifestyle as recommended, and be regular with your drugs and clinical checkups.Having heart failure doesn’t mean the end of the world. You can still enjoy life if you follow the steps outlined in this article and your doctor’s advice.

Heart Failure: Causes, Prevention and Management

<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/de/deed.en">High Contrast, CC BY 3.0 DE</a>, via Wikimedia CommonsAs an individual, you are bound to feel a slight headache now and then or a slight cough after a long, tiring day. Do you always rush to the hospital or walk to the nearest patent medicine store or pharmacy around you? Many of us go to the neighbourhood pharmacy for a pack of paracetamol or cough syrup, both of which belong to a class of medications called over-the-counter (OTC) drugs.OTC drugs are easily accessed,&nbsp; most often leading to self-medication (taking drugs without a doctor's prescription). But using them wisely is important. Knowing when to stop self-medicating and see a doctor can make all the difference between treating a simple issue and overlooking something serious. In this article, we will explore more information on OTC drugs, their benefits, side effects, and other interesting details.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What are over-the-counter drugs?</h2>Over-the-counter drugs, also known as OTC drugs, are drugs you can buy&nbsp; without a prescription from a doctor. You can buy OTC drugs at a chemist’s shop, pharmacy, drug store, or supermarket. They are often used to treat minor health conditions.&nbsp;There's an OTC drug for almost any complaint, whether it’s body pain, a runny nose, or an upset stomach. Need something for that fever? Paracetamol is your go-to. Got a scratchy throat? The storekeeper will recommend a lozenge.&nbsp;While these drugs can work wonders for minor symptoms, we often forget the fine print that guides us on how to use them. We pop a pill, take a syrup, and move on without thinking about things like dosage, potential side effects, or when actually to seek professional medical advice.Imagine this typical scenario&nbsp;Tunde wakes up with a pounding headache after a late night. He’s got a busy day ahead, so he grabs some painkillers from the cabinet. He’s done this before, so it feels like no big deal. But what if Tunde’s headache keeps returning? Or worse, what if he starts relying on painkillers every time his head hurts without figuring out the root cause?Before using over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, it's important to exercise caution. Because OTCs are affordable and easily accessible, many people use them even when they don't need them. This can lead to overuse, masking underlying health issues, or developing dependency. Some medications, like certain cough syrups, can be misused for their sedative effects.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Common classes of OTC drugs&nbsp;</h2>1. Pain Relievers/AnalgesicsPain relievers are among the most widely used OTC drugs in Nigeria. They are commonly used for mild to moderate pain, such as headaches, menstrual cramps, or toothaches. Examples include Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like Aspirin, Ibuprofen (Brufen, Ibuprin), and Paracetamol (Panadol).&nbsp;<figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_ccfa7918b1_1008d285fd.webp"></figure><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/br/deed.en">Mateus Hidalgo, CC BY-SA 2.5 BR,</a> via Wikimedia Commons&nbsp;NSAIDs block certain enzymes in the body, reducing inflammation and relieving pain. However, long-term or excessive use can lead to liver damage (especially with Paracetamol) or stomach ulcers (with NSAIDs).&nbsp;NSAIDs are not suitable for people with a history of stomach ulcers, asthma, or kidney issues. Pregnant women should also consult a doctor before use.2. Topical AnalgesicsTopical analgesics are gels you apply to the skin to relieve pain or inflammation in specific body areas. Examples include NeuroGesic Extra, Deep Heat, and Voltaren Gel.&nbsp;They provide a cooling or heating effect to soothe pain. However, overuse can irritate the skin or cause allergic reactions. Therefore, they should not be applied to broken or irritated skin.3. DecongestantsDecongestants help relieve nasal congestion caused by colds, flu, or allergies. Examples include Actifed, Sudafed, Otrivine, and Olbas Oil. They work by narrowing blood vessels in the nasal passages, reducing swelling and congestion.&nbsp;Overusing nasal sprays can cause rebound congestion, worsening symptoms after stopping the drug. Oral decongestants can raise blood pressure, so they are not recommended for individuals with high blood pressure, heart disease, or glaucoma.4. AntacidsAntacids neutralize stomach acid and relieve heartburn and acid reflux. Examples include Gaviscon, Jawasil, Danacid, and Gestid. They usually reduce stomach acidity, which helps relieve symptoms of indigestion.Certain antacids can interfere with other medications, like antibiotics, so it's recommended to consult a healthcare professional before using them.&nbsp;Some antacids may cause side effects such as constipation or diarrhea, depending on the active ingredients. For example, calcium carbonate and aluminum hydroxide can lead to constipation, while magnesium-based antacids may cause diarrhea.Overuse of antacids can lead to electrolyte imbalances or affect the absorption of other medications. In addition, people with kidney disease, heart failure, or those taking medications for hypertension should be cautious when using antacids, as certain types can lead to complications such as electrolyte imbalances or worsen pre-existing conditions.5. Anti-inflammatory MedicationsThese medications help to reduce inflammation and are often used to treat conditions like arthritis, back pain, and sports injuries. Examples also include<ol><li>Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs include diclofenac (Voltaren), Ibuprofen (Ibrufen), and Naproxen. These drugs usually block the production of chemicals that cause inflammation in the body, and long-term use can increase the risk of heart disease, stomach ulcers, and kidney damage. The medication is not suitable for individuals with heart disease, hypertension, or those prone to gastrointestinal issues.</li><li>Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, and prednisolone, are used to reduce inflammation, swelling, and itching, commonly for skin conditions like eczema, rashes, or allergic reactions. Although they are effective for inflammation, prolonged or inappropriate use can lead to skin thinning, hormonal imbalances, and other side effects. People with infections or certain skin conditions should avoid corticosteroids unless prescribed by a doctor, as they can worsen infections.</li></ol>6. Cough and Cold MedicationsCough and cold medications help alleviate symptoms like coughing, congestion, and sore throat. Popular brands include Benylin and Tutolin. These medications contain a mix of antihistamines, decongestants, and cough suppressants.Some cough syrups can cause drowsiness or be abused for their sedative effects. For this reason, it is advisable to avoid using these drugs for more than a few days. Also, they are usually not recommended for children under six years, pregnant women, or individuals with high blood pressure or asthma without consulting a doctor.7. Allergy Medications/AntihistaminesAntihistamines help relieve allergy symptoms such as sneezing, itching, and a runny nose. Examples include popular piriton (chlorpheniramine), loratadine, and cetirizine.The drug works by blocking histamine, which usually causes allergic reactions. Some antihistamines can cause drowsiness and affect daily functioning. Use is not recommended for individuals with glaucoma or an enlarged prostate. It is also important to consult a medical doctor before use during pregnancy.8. Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS) and Antidiarrheal DrugsOral rehydration salts treat dehydration from diarrhea or vomiting, while antidiarrheal drugs manage diarrhea symptoms.&nbsp;Examples of ORS include Emzolyte, Oralyt, Walyte, and many other brands. Antidiarrheal drugs include Imodium, Lomotil, and Diastop.ORS replaces lost fluids and electrolytes, while antidiarrheal drugs slow down bowel movements.&nbsp;Overuse of antidiarrheal drugs can lead to constipation or mask more serious infections.Antidiarrheal medications are not recommended for young children or people with a high fever.9. Vitamins and SupplementsVitamins and supplements are widely used to boost nutrient intake. Common examples include vitamin C, vitamin D, and iron supplements such as ferrous sulphate.&nbsp;Moderate doses of vitamins and supplements provide essential nutrients to improve general health. However, very high doses can be toxic, leading to complications such as liver damage.&nbsp;Before using vitamins and other supplements, consult a medical doctor especially for individuals with kidney or liver conditions, or those on medication for chronic diseases.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Conclusion</h2>Over-the-counter drugs can be a quick and convenient way to treat minor health conditions, but it is important to use them safely and to know when to seek medical attention. Always read the label, follow the recommended dosage, and use them for short-term relief only. If symptoms persist beyond a few days, consult a doctor. Avoid combining multiple medications without professional advice, and be mindful of potential side effects.

Your Guide to Over-the-Counter Drugs

<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_young_boy_taking_after_an_injection_1.jpg">Kwameghana</a>, <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0">CC BY-SA 4.0</a>, via Wikimedia CommonsMeningitis is a serious medical problem that many people often confuse its symptoms with common sicknesses. It can quickly become life-threatening as a result of delayed essential treatment. This article will provide information on meningitis, its common symptoms and what to do in cases of suspected infection.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What is Meningitis?</h2>Meningitis refers to inflammation of the meninges. The meninges contain three layers of protective membranes, the pia mater, dura mater, and arachnoid mater, that cover the brain and spinal cord. These membranes provide support and maintain cerebrospinal fluid circulation.Meningitis in children has similar symptoms to meningitis in adults. Still, the disease is more common in children under the age of one.&nbsp;Neonatal and infant meningitis is often deadlier than in older children due to their immature immune systems and underdeveloped protective barriers. Infants may not exhibit typical symptoms, making diagnosis more challenging.&nbsp;Rapid progression of the disease can also lead to severe complications or death if not treated quickly.<h2>Risk factors of meningitis in children</h2>&nbsp;A couple of factors have been seen to increase the chances that a child develops meningitis, and some of them include:&nbsp;<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">General Risk Factors:</h3><ol><li>Missed&nbsp;vaccinations:&nbsp;Meningitis is preventable through vaccines. Children who miss their vaccinations are at higher risk of infection.</li><li>Age:&nbsp;Children under 5 are particularly vulnerable, while bacterial meningitis is most common in adults under 20.</li><li>Crowded&nbsp;living environments:&nbsp;Meningitis-causing bacteria spread &nbsp;quickly in crowded&nbsp;rooms and gatherings, increasing infection rates among children.</li><li>Extreme&nbsp;heat and&nbsp;humidity: Viral and bacterial meningitis thrive in hot, humid climates, raising the risk of outbreaks.</li><li>Weak&nbsp;immune&nbsp;system:&nbsp;children&nbsp;who are not breastfed or those on chemotherapy or medications that suppress their immune&nbsp;systems are more susceptible to meningitis-causing organisms.</li></ol><h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">Specific Risk Factors:</h3><ol><li>Infection from Mothers:&nbsp;children born to mothers with infections, such as Group B Streptococcus, are at a greater risk of developing meningitis.</li><li>Neural Tube Defects:&nbsp;The neural tube gives rise to the future spinal cord and offers a direct channel to the brain and the meninges. Children born with neural tube defects, therefore, are at&nbsp;a higher&nbsp;risk of having meningitis.</li></ol><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Causes of meningitis&nbsp;</h2>Meningitis is caused by germs,&nbsp;which could either be bacteria or viral.&nbsp;Hence, meningitis is grouped according to the cause. They include;<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">Bacterial meningitis</h3><ol><li>Escherichia coli</li><li>Streptococcus pneumonia</li><li>Group B&nbsp;Streptococcus</li><li>Listeria monocytogenes</li><li>Neisseria meningitides</li><li>Haemophilus&nbsp;influenza</li></ol><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Viral meningitis&nbsp;</h2><ol><li>Polioviruses</li><li>Herpes simplex virus</li><li>Paramyxovirus</li></ol>In addition to bacteria, fungi like&nbsp;Candida,&nbsp;Aspergillus fumigatus, Cryptococcus neoformas, and Borrelia burgdoferi are other important cause of meningitis, even though fungi are not as common as viruses and bacteria.<h2>How is meningitis transmitted</h2>The spread of meningitis is mostly through sneezing, coughing, and kissing. Children acquire the infection when they inhale germs released by an infected person.&nbsp;Once the germ enters the child's nose or throat, it&nbsp;spreads through the bloodstream and then&nbsp;makes its way to the meninges, where it causes inflammation and the accompanying symptoms of inflammation.&nbsp;In low- and middle-income countries where many people live in crowded rooms, leading to overcrowding, it is much easier for these pathogens to be carried, resulting in many children coming down with meningitis.&nbsp;If we take Nigeria as a case study, the country has an estimated population of 193 million people spread across 36 states, making it the most populous country in&nbsp;Africa. This factor has been highlighted by Nigeria being one of the countries&nbsp; considered the “meningitis belt.”&nbsp;According to the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2023-DON454#:~:text=Situation%20at%20a%20glance,the%20brain%20and%20spinal%20cord.">World Health Organization</a>, between 1 October 2022 and 16 April 2023, Nigeria reported a total of 1686 suspected cases of meningitis, including 124 deaths, for a case fatality ratio (CFR) of 7%.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How do you know that your child has meningitis</h2>Meningitis&nbsp;in children&nbsp;usually starts with headache and fever. These two symptoms are common with&nbsp;many other illnesses, making it&nbsp;difficult to diagnose at this stage. More&nbsp;specific symptoms include:<ul><li>Severe headache</li><li>Pain on bending the neck or neck stiffness</li><li>Sensitivity to light</li></ul>The symptoms also differ depending on the patient's age.&nbsp;In Infants, symptoms&nbsp;may include:<ul><li>Fever</li><li>Being fussy and crying constantly</li><li>Extreme weakness</li><li>High-pitched cry</li><li>Arching backwards</li><li>Bulging fontanelle (a fontanelle is a “soft spot” on the head where the skull have not fused)</li><li>Seizures</li><li>Nausea and vomiting</li></ul>For children older than one year, symptoms to look out for include:<ul><li>Fever</li><li>Neck stiffness</li><li>Poor appetite</li><li>Stupor</li><li>Seizures</li><li>Nausea</li><li>Decreased level of consciousness</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How is meningitis diagnosed in children?</h2>The tests usually prescribed&nbsp;in a child showing the suspected symptoms of meningitis include:<ol><li>Physical examination&nbsp;</li><li>Blood tests&nbsp;</li><li>Lumbar puncture (spinal tap)&nbsp;</li><li>Imaging tests (CT or MRI scan)&nbsp;</li><li>Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test&nbsp;</li><li>Cultures of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)&nbsp;</li><li>Rapid antigen tests&nbsp;</li></ol><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Treatment of meningitis in children</h2>Symptoms of viral meningitis usually resolve within 7 to 10 days. In children, viral meningitis typically resolves at home without needing a doctor's visit, although some cases may require hospital treatment.<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">Treatment includes:</h3><ul><li>Rest</li><li>Fluids</li><li>Over-the-counter pain medications</li><li>Intravenous (IV) antibiotics (for bacterial meningitis)</li><li>IV fluids and electrolytes (to replace lost fluids)</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What&nbsp; is the outlook for a child with meningitis?</h2>The prognosis of meningitis in a child depends on&nbsp;several factors, such as the cause—bacterial or viral—the severity of the illness, and the child's age.Bacterial&nbsp;meningitis is a medical emergency. However, most children with bacterial meningitis recover completely with no&nbsp;long-term complications.&nbsp;The less common complications include developmental delays or learning disabilities, spastic or&nbsp;paralysed muscles and seizures.&nbsp;Unlike bacterial meningitis, most children with viral meningitis recover with no long term complications. The symptoms of viral meningitis usually&nbsp;improve within a week.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How to prevent meningitis in children</h2>There are several ways to prevent infection with the agents that cause meningitis. The more important ones include:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Vaccination</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Good hygiene practices</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Avoiding close contact with sick individuals</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Properly washing hands</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Covering mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Regular health check-ups</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Avoiding crowded places during outbreaks</li></ul>

Meningitis in Children in Low and Middle-Income Countries

<a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/medical-eyeglasses-and-full-of-blood-vials-on-diaper-4230620/">Photo by Karolina Grabowska from Pexels</a>Human blood belongs to one of four main blood groups: A, AB, B, and O. Each of these groups can also be positive or negative for the Rhesus factor, which means you can have an A positive or an A negative blood, just as you can have for AB,&nbsp; B, and O blood groups. But what does this grouping mean to you, and why should you care?<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Blood antigens and antibodies</h2>Blood grouping is based on the presence or absence of antigens and antibodies in your blood. Antigens are proteins found on the red cell surface, while antibodies are natural proteins in plasma.&nbsp;An antigen triggers your immune system to generate antibodies. The antibodies alert your body to destroy the antigens they recognise as foreign.&nbsp;Red blood cells have different types of antigens used to group them. The most commonly recognised blood groups are:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">The ABO blood grouping system&nbsp;</li><li style="text-align:justify;">The Rhesus (Rh) blood grouping system</li></ul><h3 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">ABO system</h3>In the ABO system, the blood group is based on the presence or absence of the A and B antigens. There are four blood groups in this grouping system.<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Group A&nbsp;- has A antigen and anti-B antibody</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Group B - has B antigen and anti-A antibody</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Group AB - has both A and B antigens but no antibodies</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Group O - has no antigens but has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies</li></ul>Group O blood is the most common blood group in Nigeria. More than half of Nigerians (53%) have group O blood. Very few (less than 4%) have group AB blood.&nbsp;According to the ABO grouping system, your body tolerates the antigens in your blood and produces antibodies against the antigens you do not have.<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">ABO blood compatibility&nbsp;</h3>The ABO blood grouping determines who you can donate blood to or receive blood from. This is known as blood compatibility or the capacity of blood from two individuals to combine without destroying each other.Blood transfusion can safely be done only between two compatible blood groups. This means you must only receive blood your body will not react to.&nbsp;For example, if you have blood group A, your safest option is to receive blood group A. If you receive blood from an incompatible blood group, say group B, your anti-B antibodies will attack the B antigens on the donor red cells, which could be life-threatening.A safer option will be to receive group O blood. Because the group O blood has no antigen, it can safely be given to people with any other blood group.The ABO blood grouping compatibility is summarised as follows:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Group A: individuals with this blood group can donate to individuals with group A or AB blood but can receive blood only from individuals with group A or O blood.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Group B: individuals with this blood group can donate to individuals with group B or AB blood but can receive blood only from individuals with group B or group O blood.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Group AB: individuals with this blood group can donate only to individuals with group AB blood but can receive blood from any other blood group.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Group O: individuals with this blood group can donate to individuals with any blood group but can receive blood only from individuals with group O blood..&nbsp;</li></ul><h3 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Rh system</h3>In the Rh blood grouping system, the blood group is classified depending on the presence of the Rhesus (Rh) factor. The Rh factor is coded for by the D antigen. So if your blood has the Rhesus factor, you are Rhesus-D positive (RhD-positive). If it does not, you are Rhesus-D negative (RhD-negative).The ABO and Rhesus grouping systems are often taken together to give your blood type. That means your blood group can be one of the following:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">O-negative (O-)</li><li style="text-align:justify;">O-positive (O+)</li><li style="text-align:justify;">A-negative (A-)</li><li style="text-align:justify;">A-positive (A+)</li><li style="text-align:justify;">B-negative (B-)</li><li style="text-align:justify;">B-positive (B+)</li><li style="text-align:justify;">AB-positive (AB+)</li><li style="text-align:justify;">AB-negative (AB-)</li></ul>Individuals with AB-positive blood are considered universal recipients because they can receive blood from any other blood group, while a person with type O-negative blood is considered a universal donor because their blood can be safely given to anyone.&nbsp;<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Rhesus compatibility&nbsp;</h3>Rhesus compatibility is not often considered in blood group grouping and crossmatching for blood transfusion, but the compatibility between a pregnant woman and the foetus is is very important.&nbsp;A child can inherit the Rhesus-D antigen from either the mother or father. If the mother is RhD-negative but the child is RhD-positive due to inheritance of Rhesus-D antigen from the father, there will be Rhesus incompatibility between the mother and child.&nbsp;The mother may produce anti-D antibodies that react with the child’s RhD antigens, causing severe complications for the child. This is preventable. Speak with your obstetrician or gynaecologist to discuss the preventions if you are a RhD-negative mother.<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">How to check your blood group</h3><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_888d964667_2b79e8c23b.webp"></figure><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ics-codablock-blood-bag_sample.jpg">ICSident at German Wikipedia</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0">CC BY-SA 3.0</a>, via Wikimedia CommonsYou can check your blood group by visiting a registered laboratory. A laboratory scientist will collect your blood and test it for the blood group antigens that we've outlined.&nbsp;The scientist will tie a tourniquet around your wrist or arm and insert a syringe into a vein to collect your blood into a sample bottle or syringe.Your red blood cells will then be mixed with reagents containing antibodies against the common red cell antigens. That is, anti-A and anti-B antibodies—a third reagent containing anti-D antibody test0s for Rhesus-D (RhD) antigen.&nbsp;The nature of the reaction between your red blood cells and the reagents determines your blood group. Remember, blood group antigens will react with their corresponding antibodies.&nbsp;Therefore, if you have A antigens on your red blood cells, they will react with anti-A antibody reagents and clump together. The reaction will appear like pellets. If the antigens on your red blood cell are different from the antibodies in the reagent, they will not react; your blood will remain fluid.If your blood reacts to anti-A and anti-B antibody reagents, it means you have blood group AB. Individuals with blood group O do not have antigens on their red blood cells, so their blood does not react with anti-A and anti-B antibodies.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Conclusion</h2>Knowing your blood group is important for safe blood transfusion and pregnancy. It helps you to avoid or prevent severe complications that may affect individuals receiving blood transfusion or newborns. It is also important during emergencies as it will ensure timely treatment. Your knowledge could help you determine your susceptibility to certain diseases and your ancestry. Check your blood group today.

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