<h2>Proteins build your body</h2><p>Proteins are essential for the growth and repair of our body tissues. They are the building blocks of our muscles, skin and tissues. Proteins can be found in foods such as meat, poultry, fish, dairy products, beans, nuts, and tofu.</p><h3>Types of Proteins</h3><p>There are many different types of proteins, each with its own unique structure and function. Some examples include hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the blood, and enzymes, which help to digest food.</p><h3>How to Incorporate More Proteins into Your Diet</h3><p>Start with lean protein sources and meats, such as chicken and fish, in your meals. Then add plant-proteins or dairy products to provide you with the essential amino acids.</p><h2>Can Fats make you fat?</h2><p>No, Fats will not make you fat if you take the right type of fats in the right proportion. A small amount of Fat in your diet is enough to keep you healthy, without being at risk of the many complications that come with excess fat.</p><p>Fats help our body to produce essential amino acids and absorb fat-soluble vitamins. They are found in a variety of foods, including oils, butter, nuts, cheese, and fatty cuts of meat.</p><h3>Types of Fats</h3><p>There are two main types of fats: unsaturated fats and saturated fats.</p><ul><li><strong>Unsaturated fats</strong> found in foods such as olive oil, nuts, and avocados. They can be benefcial to health when consumed in moderation. These types of fats can help lower cholesterol levels and improve heart health.</li><li><strong>Saturated fats </strong>are found in animal products and processed foods such as butter, lard, and fatty meats. Saturated fats have been linked to increased cholesterol levels and raise the risk of heart disease, and as such, should be consumed in moderation.</li></ul><h3>How to incorporate more good fats into your diet</h3><p>At all times, choose unsaturated fats over saturated ones. Evidence from nutritionists and doctors suggest that moderate levels of unsaturated fats have better health benefits and less risks than saturated ones.</p><p>Unsaturated fats are found in food items such as nuts, seeds, avocados, and olive oil.</p><p>Also, limit your intake of saturated fats from animal products and processed foods, and opt for lean cuts of meat instead.</p>

Proteins are vital for building and repairing body tissues and are found in foods like meat, beans, and dairy; Fats don’t necessarily make you fat—healthy unsaturated fats can support your heart and nutrient absorption, while saturated fats should be eaten in small amounts to avoid health risks.

Proteins Build Your Body, Eat it!

Health News and Research

Lifestyle and Wellness

<h2><strong>Management of diabetes depends on the type:</strong></h2><h3><span style="color:rgb(102,102,102);"><strong>Type 1 diabetes</strong></span></h3><ul><li>Lifetime insulin therapy</li><li>Regular blood glucose monitoring</li><li>Balanced diet</li><li>Regular exercise</li><li>Mental health support</li><li>Mother and child education</li></ul><h3><span style="color:rgb(102,102,102);"><strong>Type 2 diabetes</strong></span></h3><ul><li>Low carbohydrate and fat diet</li><li>Balanced diet</li><li>Regular exercise</li><li>Oral antidiabetic medication</li><li>Insulin therapy</li></ul><h2><strong>Diabetes complications can be life-threatening</strong></h2><p>Children with diabetes often present late to hospitals, especially after they have developed complications. Some of these complications include:</p><ul><li>Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)</li><li>Hypoglycaemia</li><li>Diabetic retinopathy</li><li>Diabetic nephropathy</li><li>Cardiovascular diseases</li><li>Infections</li></ul><p>These complications may manifest as:</p><ul><li>Nausea</li><li>Vomiting</li><li>Abdominal pain</li><li>Fruity breath</li><li>Sudden chest pain</li><li>Blurred vision</li><li>Loss of consciousness</li></ul><p>Early diagnosis and management, coupled with good blood glucose control, can prevent or delay the onset of these complications.</p><h3><strong>You can delay or prevent the onset of diabetes</strong></h3><p>The auto-immune nature of type 1 diabetes makes it challenging to prevent, but you can prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes with some pretty basic steps.</p><ul><li>Encourage your child to eat healthy diet</li><li>Regular physical activity</li><li>Maintaining a healthy weight</li><li>Limiting screen time</li><li>Regular check-ups</li></ul><h2><span style="color:rgb(102,102,102);"><strong>What can the government do?</strong></span></h2><p>The government is vital in implementing policies and programs that promote diabetes education, prevention, and management.</p><p>Firstly, the government can allocate funds to support research and development of new treatment methods and technologies for diabetes management in children. This research can help improve the understanding of diabetes, leading to better prevention, diagnosis, and treatment for young patients.</p><p>Secondly, the government can implement policies that promote healthy lifestyle choices for children. This can include providing nutritious meals in schools, promoting physical activity, and restricting the availability of unhealthy food choices.</p><p>Such policies can help reduce the risk of diabetes in children and promote healthy living habits.</p><p>The government can also provide education and awareness programs for parents and caregivers of young children with diabetes. These programs can offer guidance on managing diabetes at home, including monitoring blood glucose levels, administering insulin, and controlling hypoglycaemia.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Diabetes affects children, too, and the number of children it affects is on the rise. The risk factors for diabetes in children include junk diet, obesity, prolonged screen time, little or no physical activity, parents with diabetes, and more. The onset of diabetes can be avoided with dietary and lifestyle adjustments; children with confirmed diabetes must visit a doctor for expert management.</p><p>Diabetes is a chronic disorder that can be difficult to manage, especially the type 1 variety.</p><blockquote><p>Children with the disease may need lifetime management. This can be expensive and discomforting for the child. Parents must watch out for the risk factors and avoid them as much as possible. Please see a doctor if you have any concerns.</p></blockquote>

Diabetes in Nigerian children is becoming more common. It happens when the body can’t make or use insulin properly. This can be due to family history, poor diet, or not being active. Managing it early with healthy food, exercise, and the right treatment helps children live well.

How to manage your child's diabetes.

Children's Health

Managing high blood pressure in Nigerian children means finding it early, eating healthier, being more active, and using medicine if needed.

How to manage your child's hypertension

<ol><li>medical support for affected children.</li><li>Education about cerebral palsy reduces stigma and promotes inclusion of children living with the condition in schools and communities.</li><li>Being informed empowers families to advocate for better healthcare, rehabilitation services, and support systems in Nigeria.</li></ol><p>A healthy child should be able to control their neck at 3 months, sit without support at 6 to 8 months, and walk by one year and above. However, diseases affecting the brain and muscle control can delay or prevent all these from happening. Cerebral is one such disease.</p><h2>What is cerebral palsy?</h2><p>Cerebral palsy is a group of disorders affecting a child’s ability to move, coordinate, or maintain balance and posture. It results from a problem in the brain that occurs during pregnancy, delivery, or soon after birth.</p><h2>How common is cerebral palsy in Nigeria?</h2><p>The exact number of children living with cerebral palsy is not known. However, some research estimates that about 3 out of 1,000 children in Nigeria have cerebral palsy. Parents often discover the condition when the child is about 6 to 16 months old, affecting males slightly more often than females.</p><h2>What are the symptoms of cerebral palsy?</h2><p>Cerebral palsy symptoms emerge as soon as a child is born, but they are often not noticeable until the child ages. After the child’s first few weeks of life, the parents may notice symptoms such as:</p><ul><li>Delayed motor development, such as sitting, crawling, standing, and walking</li><li>Muscle stiffness and rigidity</li><li>Floppiness</li><li>Weak arms and legs</li><li>Difficulty with speech and swallowing</li><li>Seizures</li><li>Muscle paralysis</li><li>Intellectual disabilities</li><li>Behavioral and emotional problems</li><li>Uncontrolled jerky movements</li></ul><p>The symptoms vary according to the severity of the condition. Some children with cerebral palsy may have minor difficulties with movement, while others could be severely impaired.</p><h2>When to see the doctor</h2><p>The symptoms above are not exclusive to cerebral palsy. While they are typical of brain diseases, they are not necessarily signs of trouble.</p><p>However, you should watch out for the early signs of cerebral palsy and visit a doctor if you have concerns about your child’s health and development.</p><p>The doctor will help you understand your child’s condition and, if necessary, refer you to a specialist.</p><blockquote><p>It’s important to take a child to the doctor if you think they may have cerebral palsy. The doctor can help find out what’s wrong early and suggest the right care, like therapy or medicine, to help the child grow and do better.</p></blockquote><ul><li>Getting help early can make a big difference in how the child moves, talks, and lives each day.</li><li>Going for check-ups also helps deal with any new problems quickly.</li></ul>

Cerebral palsy in Nigerian children needs early medical attention for better care and development. Learn the signs, seek help early, and improve your child’s quality of life.

Symptoms of Cerebral Palsy in Nigerian Children

Nigerians call it Epilepsy. If you have a child with epilepsy, this article will help you learn about seizure disorders in children and how to manage similar cases. 

Seizure Disorders in Nigerian Children

<ol><li>Understanding cerebral palsy helps parents and caregivers recognize early signs and seek timely medical support for affected children.</li><li>Education about cerebral palsy reduces stigma and promotes inclusion of children living with the condition in schools and communities.</li><li>Being informed empowers families to advocate for better healthcare, rehabilitation services, and support systems in Nigeria.</li></ol><p>A healthy child should be able to control their neck at 3 months, sit without support at 6 to 8 months, and walk by one year and above. However, diseases affecting the brain and muscle control can delay or prevent all these from happening. Cerebral is one such disease.</p><h2>What is cerebral palsy?</h2><p>Cerebral palsy is a group of disorders affecting a child’s ability to move, coordinate, or maintain balance and posture. It results from a problem in the brain that occurs during pregnancy, delivery, or soon after birth.</p><h2>How common is cerebral palsy in Nigeria?</h2><p>The exact number of children living with cerebral palsy is not known. However, some research estimates that about 3 out of 1,000 children in Nigeria have cerebral palsy. Parents often discover the condition when the child is about 6 to 16 months old, affecting males slightly more often than females.</p><h2>What are the symptoms of cerebral palsy?</h2><p>Cerebral palsy symptoms emerge as soon as a child is born, but they are often not noticeable until the child ages. After the child’s first few weeks of life, the parents may notice symptoms such as:</p><ul><li>Delayed motor development, such as sitting, crawling, standing, and walking</li><li>Muscle stiffness and rigidity</li><li>Floppiness</li><li>Weak arms and legs</li><li>Difficulty with speech and swallowing</li><li>Seizures</li><li>Muscle paralysis</li><li>Intellectual disabilities</li><li>Behavioral and emotional problems</li><li>Uncontrolled jerky movements</li></ul><p>The symptoms vary according to the severity of the condition. Some children with cerebral palsy may have minor difficulties with movement, while others could be severely impaired.</p><h2>When to see the doctor</h2><p>The symptoms above are not exclusive to cerebral palsy. While they are typical of brain diseases, they are not necessarily signs of trouble.</p><p>However, you should watch out for the early signs of cerebral palsy and visit a doctor if you have concerns about your child’s health and development.</p><p>The doctor will help you understand your child’s condition and, if necessary, refer you to a specialist.</p><blockquote><p>It’s important to take a child to the doctor if you think they may have cerebral palsy. The doctor can help find out what’s wrong early and suggest the right care, like therapy or medicine, to help the child grow and do better.</p></blockquote><ul><li>Getting help early can make a big difference in how the child moves, talks, and lives each day.</li><li>Going for check-ups also helps deal with any new problems quickly.</li></ul>

Cerebral palsy affects movement and coordination for life. Learn how to support a child with the condition and improve their quality of life.

What you need to know about Cerebral Palsy in Nigerian Children

<p>Diabetes isn’t just an adult disease; it affects children, too. Here is how to spot risk and understand the issue.</p><p>When people talk about diabetes, they often mean diabetes mellitus, which is a group of related disorders that are characterised by hyperglycaemia or excess sugar in the blood. But that is not the only type of diabetes we have. There is also diabetes insipidus, where the body produces excess urine, causing you to lose too much water. We’ll focus on diabetes mellitus in this article.</p><p>Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterised by high blood glucose levels or hyperglycaemia. It occurs either because the body cannot produce insulin (type 1 diabetes) or because the body cannot use insulin effectively (type 2 diabetes).</p><p>Diabetes is often seen as a disease of adults and the elderly. However, it is getting more common in children. The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) estimates that there were more than one million children and adolescents under 20 with diabetes in 2019.</p><h2><strong>Type 1 vs Type 2 diabetes</strong></h2><p><span style="color:rgb(102,102,102);">We mentioned earlier that type 1 diabetes mellitus is the most common type of diabetes in children, but children also have type 2 diabetes. The difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes is primarily in their origin.</span></p><p>Type 1 diabetes occurs when the body’s immune system attacks and destroys the cells that produce insulin in the pancreas. The reason for these attacks on the cells is not clear, but experts suggest that genetic factors and viral infections may cause it.</p><p>In type 2 diabetes, the body either does not produce enough insulin or the organs are not sensitive enough to the present and circulating insulin, leading to excess sugar in the blood.</p><p><strong>3 out of 100,000 children in Nigeria have type 1 diabetes</strong></p><p>The International Diabetes Federation also <a href="https://www.worlddiabetesfoundation.org/news/nigeria-promises-free-treatment-for-children-with-diabetes/#:~:text=The%20recorded%20incidence%20of%20type,)%20and%20Zimbabwe%20(0.8).">estimates</a> that about 3 (2.9) out of 100,000 children between the ages of 0 to 14 in Nigeria have type 1 diabetes mellitus.</p><p>Children with diabetes have common risk factors, and these include:</p><ul><li>Family history of diabetes</li><li>Certain genetic mutations</li><li>Environmental factors like exposure to viruses</li><li>Obesity</li><li>Diet</li><li>Level of physical activity</li><li>Steroid therapy</li></ul>

Diabetes isn’t just an adult disease; it affects children, too. Here is how to spot risk and understand the issue. 

Diabetes in Nigerian Children

<p>Food is more than just something that tastes good and fills you up. It is an essential part of our lives and plays a critical role in maintaining good health and fueling our bodies.</p><p>But not all foods are the same. Understanding the different classes of food and what they contain will help you decide on what to eat, what they do, and how you should eat to introduce and maintain your body in its best shape.</p><h2>What are Classes of Food?</h2><p>Classes of food are groups of foods that have similar nutrients and work in the body in similar ways. There are six major classes of food: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water.</p><h2>Carbohydrates give you energy</h2><p><img src="https://codahosted.io/docs/Q4z25SVB9N/blobs/bl-G7BWrt52YG/3fcad8744b1bddf3c75889cfd02131a6cd989da281aed45cc7377b696693f40475d876bdf7d70adc849df060299cfbd45180dc155d2d9f5c9a173e322fb268babe0fbf3a97239aab82cbadb9eb65b295c7dcdb453ed2dfa6551b5d8306ef140f2a3cbbaf" alt="image.webp"></p><p><a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/assortment-common-food-allergens-people_33757336.htm#query=carbohydrates&amp;position=1&amp;from_view=keyword&amp;track=sph&amp;uuid=f0919fbe-c696-4808-b971-d6a506938a8d">Image by&nbsp;Freepik</a></p><p>While carbohydrates have gotten a bad reputation for contributing to diabetes and weight gain, they are essential in keeping you fit and energized. Foods such as yams, bread, rice, potatoes, and some fruits are chief sources of carbohydrates, which are a type of macronutrient that serves as body fuel. This is why you should include carbohydrates in your diet.</p><h3>Types of carbohydrates</h3><p>There are two main types of carbohydrates: simple carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates.</p><ul><li><strong>Simple carbohydrates </strong>are a type of carbohydrate that undergo no further processing to produce energy. They are found in sugary foods and provide a quick burst of energy.</li><li><strong>Complex carbohydrates</strong>, on the other hand, need to be broken down to provide a slower release of energy. They are found in starchy foods like rice, yam, and whole grains, which are metabolised to provide sustained energy.</li></ul><h3>How to incorporate carbohydrates into your diet</h3><p>Choose whole grain products, such as wheat bread and brown rice, instead of refined grain products, such as white bread and white rice. Supplement these with a collection of fruits and vegetables to make your diet for a healthy source of carbohydrates.</p><h2>Vitamins and Minerals for Vitality</h2><p><img src="https://codahosted.io/docs/Q4z25SVB9N/blobs/bl-3QYxjDKZE-/bb442bda56d2279ab8821500e0ed06ec96b09b42b4158cca3a3a96cd23baec1c08ac4f5363147bffed9b7eb73187a7b93ef1e3e5566fa53f48941b0d2201c62e9b974afb9125fa050709936b192578748385d379314822095bc60f3bde240e85b2c734b7" alt="image.webp"></p><p><a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/kiwis-and-oranges-1cWZgnBhZRs">Photo by Luke Michael</a></p><p>The body needs vitamins and minerals in small amounts to function properly. Vitamins and minerals have a vital role in everything from building strong bones and maintaining good health to boosting our immune system.</p><p>Some of the most important vitamins and minerals include vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, and iron. You can get these nutrients from a variety of foods, including fruits, vegetables, dairy products, whole grains, and lean protein sources.</p><h3>Types of Vitamins and Minerals</h3><p>There are 13 essential vitamins, including vitamins A, C, D, and E. Each vitamin has its unique function, such as maintaining healthy skin and supporting the immune system.</p><p>There are also many different types of minerals, including calcium, iron, and magnesium. Each mineral has its unique function in the body, such as building strong bones and helping regulate the heart's rhythm.</p><h3>Role of Vitamins and Minerals in the Body</h3><p>Vitamins and minerals play a crucial role in many processes in the body, including growth, metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, building strong bones, regulating heart function, transmitting nerve impulses, and disease prevention.</p><p>They also help to protect cells and tissues, maintain fluid balance, and support the maintenance of a healthy immune system.</p><h3>How to incorporate more vitamins and minerals into your diet</h3><p>Fruits and veggies are the chief source of vitamins and minerals. For instance, leafy greens, such as spinach and kale, are a good source of calcium and iron. Orange is rich in vitamin C.</p><p>Additionally, meat, poultry, and dairy products, such as milk and yogurt, are rich in iron and calcium and are a good source of Vitamin D. Seafood is a good source of magnesium and iodine. Nuts, seeds, and legumes are good sources of magnesium, phosphorus, and potassium.</p><h2>Water</h2><p><img src="https://codahosted.io/docs/Q4z25SVB9N/blobs/bl-npFOyINATN/4fc05a3fc7acfddce80456f02028d6bed187176654b99f9cab04c19d37cc651026186c97cf5debf877fbb92ad15c6d4f2914d5130b9d330dbe684daaff34d68c58eec4f8363a155f0ca76ae84b6592a1f7dbb78032f15ea9f0cb1653da8b75876832edc7" alt="image.webp"></p><p><a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/pouring-water-on-persons-hands-YpZ2cj4s0oo">Photo by mrjn Photography</a></p><p>Our body is made up of 70% water, so it’s only natural for water to be very essential to play a central role in our diet, digestion, and wellbeing. &nbsp;Water helps to regulate our body temperature, lubricates joints, removes or flushes out waste products and toxins, and helps transport nutrients throughout the body. It is also important for hydration and maintaining healthy skin and eyes.</p><h3>How to stay hydrated all day</h3><p>It is recommended to drink at least 15 cups or glasses (3 to 4 litres, or 6 to 8 sachets of water) per day. If you’re in a hot environment like Nigeria, you may need to drink more. But the exact amount of water you need can change depending on your age, gender, level of activity, and health in general.</p><h2>Bottom Line</h2><p>A balanced diet is a diet containing a healthy blend of the different classes of food we’ve discussed. Fill your plate with a variety of components from each food group.</p><p><img src="https://codahosted.io/docs/Q4z25SVB9N/blobs/bl-_lSkZ4YPT1/ec4d27ce65e8d72d2a2f3bf40fcc5103b7366f7440e55b8efefb8334a54970c1afe4abcb489980447aa0877d71c8d24fe020a4944c578f4ff0a7b5b63794f880fec34eb106890bb6f5936951e0530e699f7b0f2965433f3583204c77fd70c85c99298fa7" alt="image.webp"></p><p><a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/fruit-salad-on-gray-bowls-HlNcigvUi4Q">Photo by Brooke Lark</a></p><p>Personalise your diet and ensure your health is at the top of your scale when selecting what food to eat.</p><p>While several dietary guidelines recommend different daily dietary regimens for individuals, there are no universal diet guidelines. So it’s helpful to tailor the guidelines to your individual needs and circumstances.</p><p>Remember that everyone's nutritional needs are different and may change throughout their lives, depending on factors like age, gender, specific health conditions and physical activity levels.</p><p>Speaking with a registered dietitian or healthcare provider can help you determine what a healthy and balanced diet looks like for you.</p>

From proteins to carbohydrates, understanding food classes helps you make better dietary choices for a balanced and healthy life.

The ABCs of Food and Why Food Classes Matter

With expensive treatments available, prevention remains the best way to combat sickle cell disease.

Sickle Cell Disease 

<p>Hypertension by <a href="http://www.nyphotographic.com/">Nick Youngson</a> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">CC BY-SA 3.0</a> <a href="https://pix4free.org/">Pix4free</a></p><ol><li>High blood pressure is more common in adults, but it’s now becoming a problem in children too.</li><li>It can happen because of health problems like kidney or heart issues, or from unhealthy habits.</li><li>More children are getting high blood pressure because many are overweight and not active enough.</li></ol><p>As parents, we often worry about our children's health and well-being, from ensuring they eat healthy foods to getting the best medical attention that we can afford whenever they are ill. But have you ever considered their blood pressure?</p><p>While hypertension is often seen as a condition that affects adults, it can also affect children and adolescents, and it is on the rise.</p><h2>How common is hypertension in children?</h2><p>Although it is more common in adults, hypertension in children is becoming recognized as a significant health issue.</p><p>It can result from underlying conditions, such as kidney disease or heart abnormalities, or develop as primary hypertension, often linked to obesity, poor diet, and lack of physical activity. Increased rates of childhood obesity have contributed to a rise in hypertension among children.</p><p>A <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589537021005101">review&nbsp;</a>of studies on hypertension in Africa finds that about 7% of African children are hypertensive and that the number is rising due to an increase in the number of children who are overweight or obese.</p><h2>Types of hypertension in children</h2><p>Hypertension could be primary or secondary.</p><p>Primary hypertension, or essential hypertension, is a condition of high blood pressure in which the cause is unknown. Primary hypertension runs in families and is the most common type of hypertension in children.</p><p>Secondary hypertension is high blood pressure with a known cause, such as renal disease, heart disease, or endocrine disorders.</p><h2>What are the causes of hypertension in children?</h2><p>There are many genetic, environmental, lifestyle, and medical factors responsible for hypertension in children. They include:</p><ul><li>Having a hypertensive parent</li><li>Obesity</li><li>Poor diet</li><li>Sedentary lifestyle</li><li>Chronic medical conditions like diabetes, kidney disease, and sleep apnea</li><li>Medications, including NSAIDs, steroids, and over-the-counter cold remedies</li></ul><h2>Signs and symptoms of hypertension in children?</h2><p>Here are some signs that may suggest your child has hypertension:</p><ul><li>Headaches</li><li>Fatigue</li><li>Dizziness</li><li>Blurry vision</li><li>Chest pain</li><li>Difficulty breathing</li><li>Blood in urine</li></ul><p>It is important to note that many children with hypertension do not experience any symptoms, so regular blood pressure checks are essential for early detection and treatment.</p><h2>How can you know if your child has hypertension?</h2><p>Diagnosing hypertension in children requires multiple blood pressure measurements taken over time and a thorough evaluation of your child’s medical history, family history, and physical exam.</p><p>The diagnostic criteria for hypertension in children use average blood pressure values for age, sex, and height. The doctor must measure a child’s blood pressure multiple times to establish a diagnosis of hypertension.</p><h2>&nbsp;</h2><ol><li>High blood pressure is more common in adults, but it’s now becoming a problem in children too.</li><li>It can happen because of health problems like kidney or heart issues, or from unhealthy habits.</li><li>More children are getting high blood pressure because many are overweight and not active enough.</li></ol><p>As parents, we often worry about our children's health and well-being, from ensuring they eat healthy foods to getting the best medical attention that we can afford whenever they are ill. But have you ever considered their blood pressure?</p><p>While hypertension is often seen as a condition that affects adults, it can also affect children and adolescents, and it is on the rise.</p><h2>How common is hypertension in children?</h2><p>Although it is more common in adults, hypertension in children is becoming recognized as a significant health issue.</p><p>It can result from underlying conditions, such as kidney disease or heart abnormalities, or develop as primary hypertension, often linked to obesity, poor diet, and lack of physical activity. Increased rates of childhood obesity have contributed to a rise in hypertension among children.</p><p>A <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589537021005101">review&nbsp;</a>of studies on hypertension in Africa finds that about 7% of African children are hypertensive and that the number is rising due to an increase in the number of children who are overweight or obese.</p><h2>Types of hypertension in children</h2><p>Hypertension could be primary or secondary.</p><p>Primary hypertension, or essential hypertension, is a condition of high blood pressure in which the cause is unknown. Primary hypertension runs in families and is the most common type of hypertension in children.</p><p>Secondary hypertension is high blood pressure with a known cause, such as renal disease, heart disease, or endocrine disorders.</p><h2>What are the causes of hypertension in children?</h2><p>There are many genetic, environmental, lifestyle, and medical factors responsible for hypertension in children. They include:</p><ul><li>Having a hypertensive parent</li><li>Obesity</li><li>Poor diet</li><li>Sedentary lifestyle</li><li>Chronic medical conditions like diabetes, kidney disease, and sleep apnea</li><li>Medications, including NSAIDs, steroids, and over-the-counter cold remedies</li></ul><h2>Signs and symptoms of hypertension in children?</h2><p>Here are some signs that may suggest your child has hypertension:</p><ul><li>Headaches</li><li>Fatigue</li><li>Dizziness</li><li>Blurry vision</li><li>Chest pain</li><li>Difficulty breathing</li><li>Blood in urine</li></ul><p>It is important to note that many children with hypertension do not experience any symptoms, so regular blood pressure checks are essential for early detection and treatment.</p><h2>How can you know if your child has hypertension?</h2><p>Diagnosing hypertension in children requires multiple blood pressure measurements taken over time and a thorough evaluation of your child’s medical history, family history, and physical exam.</p><p>The diagnostic criteria for hypertension in children use average blood pressure values for age, sex, and height. The doctor must measure a child’s blood pressure multiple times to establish a diagnosis of hypertension.</p>

Poor diet, obesity, and genetics are causing a rise in childhood hypertension, leading to lifelong health risks.

Hypertension in Nigerian Children

<p>Seeing your child’s first smile, watching their initial wobbly steps, and hearing their child begin to form words are all precious milestones that gladdens the heart. This growth comes from nutrients in &nbsp;foods children eat.</p><p>Children’s food should be rich in essential nutrients delivered in the right balance. When this balance is not maintained or achieved, it can lead to malnutrition which affects the child’s well-being in several ways.</p><p>Here are some key facts about malnutrition in Nigerian children:</p><ul><li>Approximately 37% of children (6 million) experience stunting (a condition whereby the child is too short for the age)</li><li>18% of children are affected by wasting (indicating low weight for height)</li><li>29% of children are underweight (which includes both acute and chronic malnutrition)</li></ul><h2><strong>What is malnutrition?</strong></h2><p>Malnutrition is an abnormality in nutrition. It occurs when there’s an imbalance in a child’s nutrient intake, either because the child takes too much or too little calories, carbohydrates, vitamins, proteins, or minerals. Malnutrition includes both undernutrition and overnutrition, which are consequences of either deficiencies or excesses of vital nutrients.</p><h2><strong>Why are some children malnourished?</strong></h2><p>Children are more likely to have shortages of both macronutrients and micronutrients due to their increased nutritional needs during growth. When they don’t get adequate food or don’t eat as they should, they may become malnourished.</p><p>The consequences of malnutrition in children under five can include being underweight, stunted, or wasted, with or without edema (previously referred to as marasmus and kwashiorkor, respectively), and in severe cases, it can lead to death.</p><p>Malnutrition represents a critical outcome of food insecurity among children in this age group. Acute malnutrition can result in illness, death, and long-term disabilities, as well as hinder cognitive and physical development, while also increasing the likelihood of concurrent infections.</p><p>Each year, around 50 million children globally experience acute malnutrition. Despite the availability of treatment, accessing it can be difficult.</p><h2><strong>Types of Malnutrition</strong></h2><p>Malnutrition can be categorised primarily into two groups:</p><ul><li>Overnutrition</li><li>Undernutrition</li></ul><h2><strong>Overnutrition</strong></h2><p><img src="https://codahosted.io/docs/vGy0vUYPAR/blobs/bl-HxWcwum3M1/4ddf2240c4c154e7769456f036af7c769e0cf788152b81fbbd214f2eb5d3e68e09e94343ea4b014fefdf364c79dade48a04b6207adadca6da43dabf73c0013b1d0c9d77b0a8ae57495aa347b5115f5b100c8050f1e74e5ed8f2ee0769fb6a6325371a5bf" alt="image.webp"></p><p>Overnutrition occurs when your child consumes more nutrients than their bodies need, resulting in excess body fat and related health risks.</p><p>Children who are classified as overweight or obese face increased risks for a variety of health issues later in life, including:</p><ul><li>Heart disease</li><li>Diabetes</li><li>Certain types of cancer</li></ul><p>The occurrence of overnutrition is rising globally, with reports from unicef indicating that 5.7% of children under five were classified as overweight in 2020, an increase from 5.4% in 2000.</p><h2><strong>Undernutrition</strong></h2><p><img src="https://codahosted.io/docs/vGy0vUYPAR/blobs/bl--BNVi_pX26/1063b6bb5a83988cbbe2a0258d55aa28f29b9e04f8fe55023c1bcc1cc72e4bb30a96d54affb2cf8e604b4c6711a4dbf240e770335b1faaa4f0041274ecf11997abab58389b20ed7f6c45bed50faaf00883e7d352e9b639b6e88f3874525379f901c4874d" alt="image.webp"></p><p>Photo by &nbsp;<a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/dfid/5977576239">Cate Turton / Department for International Development</a> on <a href="https://www.flickr.com/">Flickr</a><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/">(CC BY 2.0).</a></p><p><span style="color:rgb(102,102,102);">Undernutrition is when a child is not eating enough food or the right foods to meet their body's needs for energy and good health.</span></p><p><span style="color:rgb(102,102,102);">Undernutrition poses a serious threat to the health and development of children. It can result in severe outcomes like protein-energy malnutrition, including a greater vulnerability to infections, hindered cognitive and physical growth, and, in extreme cases, death.</span></p><p><span style="color:rgb(102,102,102);">Undernutrition can be further classified into four categories:</span></p><ul><li><span style="color:rgb(102,102,102);">Wasting (defined as low weight-for-height)</span></li><li><span style="color:rgb(102,102,102);">Stunting (defined as low height-for-age)</span></li><li><span style="color:rgb(102,102,102);">Underweight (defined as low weight-for-age)</span></li><li><span style="color:rgb(102,102,102);">Deficiencies in essential vitamins and minerals</span></li></ul><p><span style="color:rgb(102,102,102);">Each of these conditions can have a profound impact on a child's health and development.</span></p>

Malnutrition isn’t just about food shortages—it’s about how well a child’s body uses nutrients. Here’s what every parent should know.

Malnutrition in Under 5 Children

<p>Meningitis is a serious medical problem that many people often confuse its symptoms with common sicknesses. It can quickly become life-threatening as a result of delayed essential treatment. This article will provide information on meningitis, its common symptoms and what to do in cases of suspected infection.</p><h2>What is Meningitis?</h2><p>Meningitis refers to inflammation of the meninges. The meninges contain three layers of protective membranes, the pia mater, dura mater, and arachnoid mater, that cover the brain and spinal cord. These membranes provide support and maintain cerebrospinal fluid circulation.</p><p>Meningitis in children has similar symptoms to meningitis in adults. Still, the disease is more common in children under the age of one.</p><p>Neonatal and infant meningitis is often deadlier than in older children due to their immature immune systems and underdeveloped protective barriers. Infants may not exhibit typical symptoms, making diagnosis more challenging.</p><p>Rapid progression of the disease can also lead to severe complications or death if not treated quickly.</p><h2>Risk factors of meningitis in children</h2><p>A couple of factors have been seen to increase the chances that a child develops meningitis, and some of them include:</p><h3>General Risk Factors:</h3><ol><li><strong>Missed vaccinations: </strong>Meningitis is preventable through vaccines. Children who miss their vaccinations are at higher risk of infection.</li><li><strong>Age: </strong>Children under 5 are particularly vulnerable, while bacterial meningitis is most common in adults under 20.</li><li><strong>Crowded living environments: </strong>Meningitis-causing bacteria spread &nbsp;quickly in crowded rooms and gatherings, increasing infection rates among children.</li><li><strong>Extreme heat and humidity:</strong> Viral and bacterial meningitis thrive in hot, humid climates, raising the risk of outbreaks.</li><li><strong>Weak immune system:</strong> children who are not breastfed or those on chemotherapy or medications that suppress their immune systems are more susceptible to meningitis-causing organisms.</li></ol><h3>Specific Risk Factors:</h3><ol><li><strong>Infection from Mothers: </strong>children born to mothers with infections, such as Group B Streptococcus, are at a greater risk of developing meningitis.</li><li><strong>Neural Tube Defects: </strong>The neural tube gives rise to the future spinal cord and offers a direct channel to the brain and the meninges. Children born with neural tube defects, therefore, are at a higher risk of having meningitis.</li></ol><h2>Causes of meningitis</h2><p>Meningitis is caused by germs, which could either be bacteria or viral. Hence, meningitis is grouped according to the cause. They include;</p><h3>Bacterial meningitis</h3><ol><li>Escherichia coli</li><li>Streptococcus pneumonia</li><li>Group B Streptococcus</li><li>Listeria monocytogenes</li><li>Neisseria meningitides</li><li>Haemophilus influenza</li></ol><h2>Viral meningitis</h2><ol><li>Polioviruses</li><li>Herpes simplex virus</li><li>Paramyxovirus</li></ol><p>In addition to bacteria, fungi like C<i>andida</i>, <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i>, <i>Cryptococcus neoformas,</i> and <i>Borrelia burgdoferi</i> are other important cause of meningitis, even though fungi are not as common as viruses and bacteria.</p><h2>How is meningitis transmitted</h2><p>The spread of meningitis is mostly through sneezing, coughing, and kissing. Children acquire the infection when they inhale germs released by an infected person.</p><p>Once the germ enters the child's nose or throat, it spreads through the bloodstream and then makes its way to the meninges, where it causes inflammation and the accompanying symptoms of inflammation.</p><p>In low- and middle-income countries where many people live in crowded rooms, leading to overcrowding, it is much easier for these pathogens to be carried, resulting in many children coming down with meningitis.</p><p>If we take Nigeria as a case study, the country has an estimated population of 193 million people spread across 36 states, making it the most populous country in Africa. This factor has been highlighted by Nigeria being one of the countries &nbsp;considered the “meningitis belt.”</p><p>According to the <a href="https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2023-DON454#:~:text=Situation%20at%20a%20glance,the%20brain%20and%20spinal%20cord.">World Health Organization</a>, between 1 October 2022 and 16 April 2023, Nigeria reported a total of 1686 suspected cases of meningitis, including 124 deaths, for a case fatality ratio (CFR) of 7%.</p>

Weak immunity and poor hygiene put children at high risk for meningitis. Here’s how to prevent this life-threatening infection.

Meningitis in Children in Low and Middle-Income Countries

<p>Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is the unexplained death of a baby less than one year old. Diagnosis is confirmed if thethe investigation does not reveal a specific cause of death, it may be classified as Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).</p><p>SIDS is a complex and multifactorial condition, and despite ongoing research, the exact cause remains unknown.</p><p>To confirm a diagnosis of SIDS, an autopsy must be performed, and all other potential causes of death must be ruled out. Only then can we conclude that a child has died of SIDS.</p><h2><strong>How common is sudden infant death syndrome?</strong></h2><p>SIDS accounted for the death of 15,000 infants worldwide in 2013. There is no reliable record of SIDS cases in Nigeria.</p><h2><strong>What are the risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome?</strong></h2><p>There is no &nbsp;concrete evidence as to the cause of SIDS, but several risk factors have been recorded. These risk factors are grouped as follows:</p><ol><li>The demographic factors include:</li><li>&nbsp;<ul><li>Low socioeconomic status</li><li>Maternal young age</li><li>Low maternal education</li><li>Single marital status</li><li>Infants who did not live with their fathers</li><li>Male children are more prone to SIDS.</li></ul></li><li>The factors relevant to pregnancy and birth include</li><li>&nbsp;<ul><li>Inadequate prenatal care</li><li>Growth retardation in the womb</li><li>Short intervals between pregnancies</li><li>History of multiple pregnancies</li><li>Premature babies and babies with low birth weight</li><li>Substance abuse during pregnancy</li><li>Passive smoking</li></ul></li><li>Sleep environment factors include</li><li>&nbsp;<ul><li>Bed quality</li><li>Constant changing of baby’s sleeping position</li><li>Use of soft old pillows</li><li>Use heavy comforters</li><li>Covering the baby’s head with thick blankets</li><li>High fever of any cause</li></ul></li><li>Genetic factors &nbsp;such polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene</li><li>Infections</li><li>&nbsp;<ul><li>Viral respiratory infections</li><li>Bacterial infections</li></ul></li></ol><p>There is no warning sign for SIDS. Most babies are healthy when they are put to bed and suddenly die. A lot of care and intentionality is needed on the part of parents and caretakers to avoid any modifiable risk factor actually leading to SIDS.</p><h2><strong>Causes of sudden infant death syndrome</strong></h2><p>By its definition, SIDS does not have any particular cause.</p><h2><strong>Prevention of sudden infant death syndrome</strong></h2><p>Till now, there are no precise causes of SIDS; however, several measures have been established to prevent the occurrence of SIDS. The American Academy of Pediatrics has already established protective measures to decrease the incidence of SIDS. These measures are:</p><ol><li><strong>Lay the baby on their back</strong></li></ol><p>It is suggested that the best position for infants is to lay them on their backs in a supine position. Laying a child on their side increases their risk of sudden death, and this is not recommended. Your baby’s risk of SIDS is higher when they sleep on their side or on their stomach.</p><ol><li><strong>Keep the child warm, not hot</strong></li></ol><p>An infant needs warmth not heat. Keeping a child in a poorly ventilated room or covering them with excessive clothing can cause hyperthermia, or excess unregulated body temperature. If you’re worried that your child will be exposed to cold then you can dress them in overalls.</p><ol><li><strong>Keep the baby on a firm surface</strong></li></ol><p>The baby’s sleeping surface should be preferably hard and firm. Very soft surfaces are a risk factor for suffocation.</p><ol><li><strong>Stay close to your child</strong></li></ol><p>The baby’s crib should be in the same room as the parent's, at least in the first year of life. Keeping your baby in the same room as you helps reduce the possibility of SIDS by allowing you to intervene when the child faces any stress.</p><ol><li><strong>Immunize the child</strong></li></ol><p>Early and consistent immunization has been associated with a reduction in SIDS.</p><ol><li><strong>Breastfeed the child</strong></li></ol><p>Research shows that babies who are well breastfed show less risk for SUDS. It’s advised that you breastfeed your baby for as long as you can.</p><ol><li><strong>Avoid smoking and alcohol while pregnant</strong></li></ol><h2>Coping with losing a child to sudden infant death syndrome</h2><p>SIDS is traumatic, to say the least. It hurts, and a lot of parents blame themselves for sometimes becoming depressed. A few of the ways to overcome this period are outlined below:</p><ol><li><strong>Lean on family for support</strong></li></ol><p>Parents who have lost a child to SIDS need encouragement. It is better if you’re open to being comforted by family. It’s usually traumatising to lose a child, and this increases the level of stress and strain on a marriage. It’s worse if there are feelings of guilt or blame involved.</p><p>Speak to your spouse and seek solace from each other. This is not the time to close up. It's best not to deal with the stress and hurt alone; cry if you need to, but please do not suffer alone. If you need counselling, that’s valid, too, and you may want to go as a couple to sort through your emotions.</p><ol><li><strong>Going for counseling and receiving psychotherapy</strong></li></ol><p>For some people, going for counselling or receiving psychotherapy may be the way to heal from the loss of an infant. Social workers, psychologists, psychiatrists, and counsellors all form part of the help team that can offer this help.</p><ol><li><strong>Let yourself heal</strong></li></ol><p>As a parent recovering from the trauma of SIDS, give yourself time to heal and not get stuck blaming yourself, but allow yourself to grieve. Forgiving yourself is also very essential.</p><h2>Conclusion</h2><p>Sudden infant death syndrome remains a source of huge concern for parents. The causes are not known, so preventive measures are at best a trail of faith. Evidence suggests that putting children to sleep as safely as possible and ensuring they sleep soundly could help. This includes laying the infants on their backs, keeping them warm and away from beddings that can choke them to death.</p>

Sudden infant death syndrome is the unexplained death of a baby less than one-year-old. It’s every parent’s worst fear, but safe sleep practices can reduce the risk.

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

Do you know that, according to a report, 35% of all NICU admissions were made for Neonatal Jaundice? A global survey estimates that each year, 1.1 million newborns experience severe jaundice, with the bulk of those cases occurring in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. In Africa, particularly in West Africa, neonatal jaundice is the major condition that affects and kills newborns.

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