Early detection of cervical cancer is key to effective treatment, making regular Pap smear screenings essential.The HPV vaccine, now available in three different versions, provides crucial protection against the virus that often leads to cervical cancer.<h3>Early Stages</h3>In its early stages, cervical cancer typically does not present any symptoms, making early detection challenging. Symptoms often emerge only after the cancer has progressed.When early-stage cervical cancer symptoms do manifest, they may include:<ul><li>Irregular vaginal bleeding or heavier menstrual periods</li><li>Vaginal bleeding after menopause</li><li>Vaginal bleeding post-intercourse</li><li>Unusual vaginal discharge that may be watery, foul-smelling, or blood-stained</li><li>Pelvic pain or discomfort during intercourse</li></ul>As cervical cancer advances, symptoms may encompass those of early-stage cancer, along with:<ul><li>Painful or difficult bowel movements</li><li>Bleeding from the anus during bowel movements</li><li>Painful urination</li><li>Blood in the urine</li><li>Persistent lower back pain</li><li>Swelling in the legs</li><li>Abdominal pain</li><li>Fatigue</li></ul>These symptoms can also be found in other conditions other than cervical cancer. Consulting a Doctor is essential for an accurate diagnosis. Delaying treatment for cervical cancer due to ignored symptoms can lead to less effective management.<h2>Stages of cervical cancer</h2>The staging of cervical cancer indicates the degree of spread.There are 4 stages of cervical cancer progression and they are:<ul><li>Stage I: Cancer is confined to the cervix.</li><li>Stage II: Cancer has spread beyond the cervix and uterus but not to the pelvic wall or vagina.</li><li>Stage III: Cancer has spread to the lower vagina and possibly the pelvic wall and nearby lymph nodes.</li><li>Stage IV: Cancer has spread to the bladder, rectum, or other distant parts of the body.</li></ul><h2>Treatment</h2>Treatment of cervical cancer depends on:<ul><li>The stage of the cancer</li><li>The size and shape of the tumor</li><li>The woman's age and general health</li><li>Her desire to have children in the future</li></ul>Early cervical cancer can be cured by removing or destroying the precancerous or cancerous tissue. There are surgical ways to do this without removing the uterus or seriously damaging the cervix, so that a woman can still have children in the future.The following treatment options are available depending on the stage of the cancer:<ul><li>Laser therapy</li><li>Cryotherapy</li><li>Hysterectomy</li><li>Radiation therapy</li><li>Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure(LEEP)</li><li>Chemotherapy</li><li>&nbsp;</li></ul><h3>HPV vaccine</h3>The HPV vaccine is designed to protect against the specific strains of HPV responsible for nearly all cervical cancer cases. Gardasil 9 is effective against nine HPV types, which together account for about 90% of cervical cancers. For optimal efficacy, the second dose should be administered six to twelve months after the first.Receiving the HPV vaccine does not eliminate the need for regular cervical cancer screening. Women vaccinated against HPV should have their first screening at age 25 and continue every five years thereafter.<blockquote>Recognizing the symptoms of cervical cancer is key to early detection and effective treatment. In its early stages, cervical cancer may not present any noticeable signs, which is why regular screenings are crucial. When symptoms do appear, they can include irregular vaginal bleeding, unusual discharge, pain during intercourse, or pelvic discomfort. As the cancer progresses, additional symptoms such as painful urination, lower back pain, or leg swelling may occur.While these signs can be caused by other conditions, it's important to consult a doctor promptly for proper diagnosis and care.</blockquote>

Stages and Prevention of Cervical Cancer in Nigerian Women

Because only women have a Cervix, cervical cancer affects women in the cervix, the lower, narrow end of the uterus that connects to the vagina.<ul><li>Around 660,000 women were newly diagnosed with cervical cancer in 2022, making it the fourth most common cancer in women globally.</li><li>Cervical cancer is a largely preventable non-communicable disease, with effective strategies available for primary (vaccination), secondary (early detection), and tertiary (management of diagnosed cases) prevention.</li></ul>Everyone talks about Cancer and almost always generally. Breast cancer, lung cancer, and prostate cancer, these were familiar terms. Not much or anything at all is ever said about cervical cancer.&nbsp;<h3>What is Cervical Cancer?</h3>Cancer is a group of diseases where some of the body's cells grow uncontrollably and spread to other parts of the body.<ul><li>It accounts for death every two minutes and nearly 22.5% of those deaths occur in Africa.</li><li>About 8% of the cancer is associated with infections with high-risk strains of human papillomavirus (HPV)</li><li>More than &nbsp;75,000 new cases and close to 50,000 deaths are reported annually in sub-Saharan Africa</li><li>The World Health Organization projects that by 2030, cervical cancer will claim the lives of more than 443,000 women worldwide, with almost 90% of these fatalities in sub-Saharan Africa.</li></ul>A surge in cervical cancer cases threatens to reverse the advancements made by African women in reducing maternal mortality and enhancing life expectancy.&nbsp;<h1>What causes Cervical Cancer?</h1>The primary cause of cervical cancer is a long-lasting infection with specific types of human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is a transmitted virus that spreads through sexual contact.Doctors estimate that at least half of sexually active individuals will contract HPV at some point in their lives; however, only a small percentage of women will develop cervical cancer.<h3>Who is at risk for cervical cancer?</h3>Cervical cancer is often associated with identifiable risk factors. Some of these factors can be modified, while others are beyond your control.Here are some risk factors you can control:<ul><li>Sexual intercourse at an early age:</li><li>HPV infection</li><li>HIV infection</li><li>Weakened immune system</li><li>Multiple pregnancies</li><li>Long term use of birth control pills</li><li>Smoking: Cigarette smoking has been linked to a heightened risk of cervical cancer.</li></ul>While these risk factors are controllable, some are not. Example of an uncontrollable risk factor:<ul><li>Family history</li><li>Age</li></ul><h2>How is cervical cancer diagnosed?</h2><img src="https://codahosted.io/docs/k8T9__Kot0/blobs/bl-yrISdcM-gw/49e6af9051a463d1579b8ac42b143c3ae429cf4600c661c8f3e78a62beb3fe9f87ad0f1e9a05b170bc0c3347f027558941ff4c974545d332c26725c961d4c97e11ef404daab8e95695f6e95daa537dd662479fedbe37a9d5528cfa04bac7979b72e593f6" alt="image.png">Her gynecologist had told her that her last heavy flow was due to something called an <a href="https://www.osmosis.org/answers/anovulatory-cycle">anovulatory cycle</a>, which happened because when she had her period her ovaries did not release an egg and It was “nothing to worry about”. So when it happened again in June, she didn’t think much of it until it refused to stop after the expected 3 - 5 days. Mrs B bled for days.&nbsp;She returned to the hospital and had several tests done. A full blood count, an ultrasound scan, her PCV, which indicates the blood level in her body, was normal. The abdominal ultrasound done didn’t show anything abnormal. The labs looked through her results and found nothing extraordinary. Until she did a urinalysis, and they discovered red blood cells in her urine.The doctor again reassured her and recommended she go for a biopsy, where a tiny cut of her cervix will be taken and viewed with a microscope. The biopsy report came back and the unimaginable had happened: Mrs B had cervical cancer.&nbsp;The urinalysis done &nbsp;in the lab, the red blood cells found in her urine, how did they know what it was? Why was her urine unusual today of all days?Cervical cancer develops slowly over many years, hence the need for regular Pap smear.A Pap smear is a process that screens for cervical cancer by collecting cervical cells from the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It can also reveal precancerous changes in these cells, enabling early intervention when required.The doctor explained to Sola that in the test, the nurse uses a speculum to gently open the vagina, providing access to the cervix. They then collect cell samples using a soft brush or spatula, which they preserve in a solution and send to a laboratory for analysis.The entire process typically takes just a few minutes and may cause slight discomfort, but it is usually not painful.To detect early signs of cancer, if positive, a biopsy is ordered.The biopsy could be any of the following:<ul><li>Colposcopic biopsy</li><li>Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)</li><li>Cone biopsy</li><li>Endocervical curettage</li><li>Cold knife cone biopsy</li></ul>An HPV DNA test too can be ordered.When the biopsy test comes out as positive, further investigations would be required to determine if the cancer has spread (metastasized) and to what extent.The other test include:<ul><li>Renal function test</li><li>Liver function test</li><li>X-ray of bladder, bowels, intestines</li><li>Urine Test</li><li>Ultrasound</li></ul><blockquote><h3>Support Groups -</h3>Cancer changes dynamics of life for patient and family.Joining a cancer support group can provide emotional relief and connection with others facing similar challenges. Sharing experiences can help alleviate feelings of isolation.</blockquote>

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Stages and Prevention of Cervical Cancer in Nigerian Women

Cervical Cancer Cases in Nigerian Women.