Hypertension by&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nyphotographic.com/">Nick Youngson</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">CC BY-SA 3.0</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://pix4free.org/">Pix4free</a>As parents, we often worry about our children's health and well-being, from ensuring they eat healthy foods to getting&nbsp;the best medical attention that we can afford whenever they are ill. But have you ever considered their blood pressure?&nbsp;While&nbsp;hypertension is often thought of as a condition that affects adults, it can also impact children and adolescents, and its prevalence is on the&nbsp; rise.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How common is hypertension in children?</h2>Although less common than in adults, hypertension in children is increasingly recognized as a significant health issue.&nbsp;It can result from underlying conditions, such as kidney disease or heart abnormalities, or develop as primary hypertension, often linked to obesity, poor diet, and lack of physical activity. Increased rates of childhood obesity have contributed to a rise in hypertension among children.&nbsp;A&nbsp;<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589537021005101">review&nbsp;</a>of studies on hypertension in Africa finds that about 7% of African children are hypertensive and that the number is rising due to an increase in the number of children who are overweight or obese.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Types of hypertension in children</h2>Hypertension could be primary or secondary.&nbsp;Primary hypertension, or essential hypertension, is&nbsp;a condition of high blood pressure&nbsp;in which the cause is unknown.&nbsp;Primary hypertension runs in families and is the most&nbsp;common type of&nbsp;hypertension in children.&nbsp;Secondary&nbsp;hypertension&nbsp;is high blood pressure with a known cause, such as renal disease, heart disease, or endocrine disorders.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What are the causes of hypertension in children?</h2>There are many genetic, environmental, lifestyle, and medical&nbsp;factors responsible for hypertension in children.&nbsp;They include:<ul><li>Having a hypertensive parent</li><li>Obesity</li><li>Poor diet</li><li>Sedentary lifestyle</li><li>Chronic medical conditions like diabetes, kidney disease, and sleep apnea</li><li>Medications, including NSAIDs, steroids, and over-the-counter cold remedies</li></ul><h2>Signs and symptoms of hypertension in children?</h2>Here are some signs&nbsp;that may suggest your child has hypertension:<ul><li>Headaches</li><li>Fatigue</li><li>Dizziness</li><li>Blurry vision</li><li>Chest pain</li><li>Difficulty breathing</li><li>Blood in urine</li></ul>It is important to note that many children with&nbsp;hypertension do not experience any symptoms,&nbsp;so regular blood pressure checks are essential for early detection and treatment.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How can you know if your child has hypertension?</h2>Diagnosing hypertension in children requires multiple blood pressure measurements taken over time and a thorough evaluation of&nbsp;your child’s medical history, family history, and physical exam.&nbsp;The diagnostic criteria for&nbsp;hypertension in&nbsp;children use average blood pressure values for age, sex, and height. The doctor must measure a child’s blood pressure multiple times to establish a diagnosis of hypertension.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Management of hypertension in children</h2>Management depends on the severity of the condition, the age of the child, and any underlying medical conditions. It also involves several approaches:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Lifestyle changes</li></ul>Adjusting a child’s diet and exercise habits is key. Reducing their sodium intake, increasing fruits and vegetables, encouraging regular physical activity, and helping them manage weight are essential to controlling blood pressure. These changes are often the first step in treating primary hypertension.<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Medications</li></ul>If lifestyle changes are not enough, a child will need medications. Blood pressure-lowering drugs, such as ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, or calcium channel blockers, are commonly used. Medication use depends on the child’s age, the severity of the hypertension, and individual health needs.<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Treatment of underlying conditions</li></ul>For secondary hypertension, managing the root cause, such as kidney disease or hormonal disorders, is essential. Treating these underlying conditions helps to control high blood pressure and prevent complications like organ damage or stroke in the long term.<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Specialist care</li></ul>A doctor should always supervise paediatric hypertension management, preferably a specialist such as a paediatrician or paediatric cardiologist. A specialist will ensure treatment is tailored to the child’s condition and adjusted for optimal care.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How to protect your child from having hypertension</h2><ul><li>Encourage kids to have a salt- and&nbsp;fibre-free, fruit- and vegetable-rich, well-balanced diet. Avoid&nbsp;consuming processed and packaged foods that are heavy in added sugars, saturated fats, and salt. Instead of noodles, biscuits, chips, and fries, try fruits, nuts, dairy, milk, and whole grain meals.</li><li>Set aside at least an hour each day for kids to play or move about. Outdoor games, sports, dancing, and other physical pursuits fall into this category.</li><li>Regular blood pressure checks at well-child visits can help&nbsp;detect hypertension early on and enable early intervention.&nbsp;Get a home blood pressure monitor and then take the child to the hospital for regular checks.</li><li>Limit the time children spend on screens and encourage other activities that promote physical activity and social interaction.</li><li>Encourage children to develop healthy coping mechanisms such as meditation, deep breathing, or other relaxation techniques.</li></ul>Hypertension affects children and adults, and&nbsp;they have similar prevention strategies.&nbsp;By encouraging good practices from a young age, you can reduce your child's risk of hypertension and improve their general health and well-being.

Hypertension in Children

Children's Health

<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sickle_Cell_Disease_(27249799083).jpg">National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) from Bethesda, MD, USA</a>, <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0">CC BY 2.0</a> via Wikimedia CommonsEvery year, an average of&nbsp;<a href="https://www.panafrican-med-journal.com/content/article/41/161/full/#:~:text=Nigeria%20accounts%20for%20100%2C000%2D150%2C000,SCD%20from%20the%20global%20perspective.">150,000&nbsp;</a>children in Nigeria are born with sickle cell disease (SCD) widely referred to as sickle cell anaemia. About&nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2672962/#:~:text=Abstract,it%20occurs%20in%20about%206%25.">25%&nbsp;</a>of the adult&nbsp;population carry the sickle cell trait.&nbsp;Sickle cell disease causes severe pain and other health complications&nbsp;that keep the&nbsp;carrier in and out of the hospital with recurring illness. Despite its impact on the lives of millions, sickle cell disease is often misunderstood and overlooked.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What is sickle cell disease?</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_273df3b483_9cee7f7e97.webp"></figure><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sickle_Cell_Anemia.png">BruceBlaus</a>, <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0">CC BY-SA 4.0</a>, via Wikimedia CommonsSickle cell&nbsp;anaemia is a hereditary blood disorder that occurs when the body&nbsp;produces abnormal haemoglobin.&nbsp;The abnormal haemoglobin (HbS) works&nbsp;like the normal haemoglobin (commonly HbA) when the oxygen supply is optimal.&nbsp;But when oxygen supply is low, the haemoglobin molecules clump the red blood cells into stiff, sickle-shaped cells that get stuck in blood vessels, blocking oxygen flow,&nbsp; leading to pain, anaemia, tissue damage, and other complications.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How is sickle cell disease inherited?</h2>Sickle cell disease is an autosomal recessive disorder. This means that the father and mother of the child have to&nbsp;carry the sickle cell gene and then transmit it to their child before the child can develop the sickle cell disease.&nbsp;If the sickle cell gene comes only from one parent, the inheritance will lead to a sickle cell trait in the child.Children with sickle cell gene from both parents have HbSS genotype, and therefore produce only abnormal haemoglobin (HbS). This type of haemoglobin clumps into a polymer when the oxygen content is low, which causes red blood cells to sickle.On the other hand, those with the sickle cell trait (HbAS) have one copy of the normal haemoglobin genotype (HbA) and one abnormal copy (HbS). Such individuals produce normal and abnormal haemoglobin.&nbsp;The sickled red cells are weak and break down easily, leading to sickle cell anaemia. They can also clog blood vessels leading to painful episodes known as crises.&nbsp;Having a sickle cell trait means that, although you do not have the sickle cell disease, you may develop the symptoms in extreme conditions like strenuous exercise, high altitude, severe dehydration, or infection.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Signs and symptoms of sickle cell disease</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_1853e189f6_db3b28848d.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/a-person-in-gray-shirt-and-blue-denim-jeans-14534511/">Photo by Towfiqu barbhuiya</a>The symptoms of sickle cell disease can vary in severity and frequency and range from mild to severe. They typically include:<ul><li>Episodes of anaemia (low level of red blood cells),</li><li>Joint and bone pain</li><li>Fatigue</li><li>Frequent and increased risk of infections</li><li>Shortness of breath</li><li>Yellowing of the eyes and body</li><li>Delayed growth and development</li></ul>Some individuals may also experience sudden and severe pain, known as a sickle cell crisis, caused by the blockage of blood flow in blood vessels.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Complications of sickle cell disease</h2>Sickle cell disease can cause severe complications if it is not properly managed. Frequent sickle cell crisis, for instance, can trigger acute chest syndrome or avascular necrosis of the head of femur, a condition that leads to the death of the thigh bone.Other complications of sickle cell disease can include:<ul><li>Stroke</li><li>Lung damage</li><li>liver damage</li><li>Eye damage</li><li>Skin ulcer</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How to diagnose sickle cell disease?</h2>If you suspect you or your child may have sickle cell disease, it is important to get a proper diagnosis.&nbsp;The diagnosis typically involves a blood test to determine the presence of sickled red blood cells or defective haemoglobin&nbsp;types.&nbsp;Haemoglobin electrophoresis can then be used confirm the diagnosis of sickle cell disease. This test detects the presence of abnormal or sickle haemoglobin and diagnoses the specific type of sickle cell disease.&nbsp;A newborn screening test can also detect the disease in infants, but this may require high-tech equipment that are available only at specialised centres. Haemoglobin electrophoresis is not useful for screening newborns because they have fetal haemoglobin which masks the presence of abnormal haemoglobin.&nbsp;Other tests, such as a complete blood count and blood&nbsp;film examination, can also provide important information about the disease's severity and the individual's overall health.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How can you avoid sickle cell disease?&nbsp;</h2>You can avoid sickle cell disease by:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Getting tested: Knowing your sickle cell disease status will help you confirm your compatibility with your spouse and plan your family effectively.</li><li>Educating yourself and others: Spread the word about sickle cell disease, its risk factors, and the importance of testing.</li><li>Encouraging others to get tested: Encourage family and friends to get tested, especially if they are considering starting a family.</li><li>Supporting research and advocacy: Donate to organizations working to&nbsp;find a cure for the disease and improve treatment options.</li></ul>Sickle cell disease&nbsp; is a serious condition, but it doesn't have to be a reality for future generations. By raising awareness and preventing its spread, we can help build a healthier and brighter future for all Africans.How is sickle&nbsp;cell&nbsp;disease treated?Sickle cell disease is managed with is a multi-disciplinary approach that includes:&nbsp;<ol><li style="text-align:justify;">Pain management: medications are used during sickle cell crisis to relieve pain while rehydration prevents the blood from sickling, thus reducing the pain.&nbsp;</li><li>Blood transfusions: Regular blood transfusions can help maintain haemoglobin levels and reduce the frequency of crises.</li><li>Hydroxyurea treatment: This&nbsp;medication increases the production of fetal haemoglobin, which can help reduce the frequency of crises, and the need for regular transfusions</li><li>Antibiotics: To prevent infections, patients are given prophylactic antibiotics.</li><li>Vaccinations: Patients with sickle&nbsp; cell disease tend to be vulnerable&nbsp; to infections due to their lower immunity.&nbsp; Vaccinations prevent these infections.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Stem cell transplant: replacing sickle cells with normal ones via a stem cell transplant is a highly effective way to treat sickle cell disease. However, this is an expensive and high-risk procedure.</li><li>Gene therapy: This is a new and developing&nbsp;field in sickle cell disease treatment, aiming to correct the genetic defect causing the disease.</li></ol>Living with sickle cell disease is painful and draining, but these&nbsp; practical tips can help you navigate and cope with the physical and emotional demands of the disease.<ul><li>Manage pain with medication and other therapies such as hydration, rest, and exercise.</li><li>Build a strong support system of family, friends, and medical professionals</li><li>Connect with others who have the disease and seek educational resources</li><li>Take care of yourself mentally and emotionally, and seek out counseling if needed</li><li>Follow a balanced diet, avoid triggers like stress and dehydration, and</li></ul>maintain regular medical checkups<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Planning a Family?&nbsp;</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_c89b46ece0_3ac8f80654.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/a-couple-in-a-psychotherapy-session-7579120/">Photo by Antoni Shkraba</a>If you're planning to start a family, you must be aware of the risk of&nbsp;sickle cell disease . Here are what you can do to protect your future children:<ul><li>Get tested: Know your haemoglobin genotype and ask your partner&nbsp;of theirs.</li><li>Speak to a genetic counsellor: A&nbsp;genetic counsellor will help you understand your risk and compatibility profile and the options available to you.</li><li>Consider antenatal screening: Antenatal screening can help detect the disease in a developing fetus.</li></ul>Taking these steps and being proactive can help reduce the risk of SCD and ensure a healthy future for your family. So start planning today and take control of your family's health!<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Conclusion</h2>Sickle cell disease is a debilitating condition affecting millions worldwide, particularly in Africa and its diaspora. Understanding the disease, its inheritance, and its&nbsp;management is crucial in improving outcomes and quality of life for those affected. It is important to work with your healthcare provider to&nbsp;find the treatment plan that works best for you. Remember, early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes for individuals living with sickle cell disease.

Sickle Cell Disease 

Health News and Research

Disease prevention and management

<a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/pills-medical-material-arrangement_24482234.htm#page=4&amp;query=mockup%20health&amp;position=7&amp;from_view=keyword&amp;track=ais_user&amp;uuid=5497b101-7380-4683-9106-4480e074f064">Image by Freepik</a>Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs), also known as sexually transmitted infections (STIs), are illnesses or infections caused by viruses, bacteria, or parasites and are often contracted through sexual interaction.&nbsp;These infections can affect people of all ages and genders and can result in serious health challenges if left untreated.The symptoms of sexually transmitted diseases, their prevention, and treatment options will all be covered in greater detail in this article.<h2>Types of STDs</h2>There are many types of STDs, but some of the most common ones include the following:&nbsp;<ol><li>Chlamydia: Chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by bacteria.</li><li>Genital herpes: Genital herpes caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV).</li><li>Gonorrhoea: Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the organism that causes gonorrhoea, a bacterial sexually transmitted infection.&nbsp;</li><li>HPV: Human Papillomavirus is a viral infection that commonly causes skin or mucous membrane growths (warts).</li><li>Pubic lice are parasitic insects found in the pubic or genital area.</li><li>Syphilis: Syphilis is an infection caused by bacteria which most often spreads through sexual contact.&nbsp;</li><li>Trichomoniasis: Trichomoniasis is a common sexually transmitted infection caused by a parasite</li></ol><h2>Symptoms of STDs&nbsp;</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_2e68622f56_c55aba934f.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/mock-up-blank-poster-picture-frame-wood-wall_1382911.htm#fromView=search&amp;page=2&amp;position=25&amp;uuid=0307f5ca-50fa-4794-8b60-36b41a46318b">Image by tirachard on Freepik</a>STD symptoms can vary depending on the nature of infection. However, some frequent ones include:<ul><li>Painful or frequent urination</li><li>Abnormal vaginal or penile discharge</li><li>Genital sores, bumps, or blisters</li><li>Pain during sex</li><li>Itching or burning in the genital area</li><li>Rectal pain or discharge</li><li>Sore throat or swollen glands</li></ul>Note that not everyone with an STD exhibits symptoms, so regular STD testing is vital.<h2>Prevention of STDs</h2>Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) are mostly spread through unprotected sex.&nbsp;Therefore, maintaining good sexual health requires preventing the transmission of STDs. The prevention of STDs includes;<ul><li>Practice safe sex</li></ul>Using condoms can prevent STD transmission. However, no one technique is 100% successful. Therefore, employing additional preventative measures is crucial.<figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_79cff9cf43_b8fe0c9543.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/person-pulling-a-condom-out-of-a-pocket-6474007/">Photo by cottonbro studio from Pexels</a><ul><li>Get vaccinated</li></ul>Human papillomavirus (HPV) and hepatitis B vaccines are available to prevent certain STDs. Discuss this with your healthcare provider to know the ones available for you.<ul><li>Avoid multiple sexual partners</li></ul>Having sex with multiple sexual partners increases the likelihood of contracting STDs like HIV, gonorrhoea, syphilis, etc<ol><li>Have an honest communication with your partner&nbsp;</li></ol>Ask about your partner's sexual history and share your own. Open and honest conversation about one’s sexual health can reduce the risk of contracting STDs<ul><li>Get tested</li></ul>Regular testing is essential to knowing your status because many STDs do not have symptoms.&nbsp;<ul><li>Avoid sharing personal products</li></ul>Personal products like towels, razors, and sex toys can carry STI-causing germs and transmit it to others or spread it from them. .&nbsp;<ul><li>Look out for the signs and symptoms</li></ul>Understand the warning signs and symptoms of STDs, which include vaginal sores, discharge, and pain during intercourse. Get checked out and start receiving treatment immediately if you feel any symptoms.<h2>Risk factors for STDS</h2>Research has shown that the spread of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) has been impacted by sociological and demographic factors, such as family life and urbanisation (Patterson-Lomba et al., 2015), meaning that factors like family life and urbanisation contribute to the prevalence of STDs. For example, urbanisation can increase the prevalence of STDs due to higher population density and increased social interactions, while family dynamics can also affect the spread of STDs based on communication and education about sexual health.&nbsp;Therefore it is important to understand these risk factors and take measures to reduce the risk of acquiring an STI.&nbsp;Having unprotected sex raises the chances of getting an STD. Condoms are the most efficient way to prevent STD transmission.The following are some&nbsp; other STD risk factors:<ul><li>Having multiple sexual partners&nbsp;</li></ul>Having multiple sexual partners increases your chance of contracting an STD. Your risk increases as you have more sexual partners.<ul><li>Early sexual activity</li></ul>Those who start having sex at a young age may increase the risk of contracting an STD. This is because they may lack the skills or understanding necessary to engage in safe sex.<ul><li>History of STDs</li></ul>Individuals who have had an STD in the past are more likely to have one again.<ul><li>Being in a same-sex relationship&nbsp;</li></ul>Men who have sex with men (MSMs) are more likely to contract some STDs, including HIV, gonorrhoea, and syphilis.<ul><li>Drug and alcohol abuse</li></ul>Using drugs and alcohol can result in unsafe sexual conduct, such as having intercourse without a condom, which raises the possibility of contracting an STD.<ul><li>Weak immune system</li></ul>Those with compromised immune systems, such as those with HIV or cancer, are more likely to contract STDs.<figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_ad9251b1dd_2e57a10e3d.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/high-angle-unheatlhy-habits_8872822.htm#fromView=search&amp;page=1&amp;position=0&amp;uuid=0edfec20-3df3-4030-a938-2ee9ea19d794">Image by freepik</a><h2>Treatment of STDs</h2>It's critical to see a physician when you suspect an STD. Antibiotics and antiviral drugs can easily treat many STDs, because if the disease is left untreated, they can have significant health impacts.Antibiotics can treat bacterial sexually transmitted diseases if treatment starts early enough. Although there is no treatment for viral STDs, medications can help manage symptoms.<h2>Conclusion</h2>Sexually transmitted diseases are a serious health concern that can have long-term effects.It's critical to get tested for sexually transmitted diseases on a regular basis, particularly if you have several relationships. Being tested is the only way to find out whether one has an STD, as some may not show any symptoms. Notifying sexual partners of the diagnosis of an STD is very important because it allows them to get tested and receive treatment if needed.Always remember that getting tested for STDs is nothing to fear, it is always preferable to know your status rather than put your health and the health of others in danger.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Lifestyle and Wellness

Women's Health

Men's Health

Tetanus by&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nyphotographic.com/">Nick Youngson</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">CC BY-SA 3.0</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://pix4free.org/">Pix4free</a>Tetanus probably doesn't come to mind when you think of dreadful diseases, and you may not give tetanus injections much thought unless you step on a rusty nail. The symptoms of tetanus can be subtle and may not appear until several days after infection. People may mistake these symptoms for other less severe conditions, such as muscle strain. Yet, tetanus is one of the deadliest conditions on earth.&nbsp;<h2>What is tetanus?</h2>Tetanus, also known as lockjaw, is a severe bacterial infection that damages the neurological system. It causes tightening of neck and jaw muscles, which can make opening the mouth or swallowing difficult.&nbsp;<h2>What is the source of tetanus?</h2>Tetanus is caused by the&nbsp;Clostridium tetani bacterium, which is present in dust, soil, and animal waste. The bacterium enters the body through a wound or cut, producing the tetanus toxin. The toxin affects the nerves, causing the life-threatening symptoms associated with tetanus.&nbsp;<h3>How is tetanus contracted?</h3>Tetanus can be contracted in different ways. Such ways include:<ul><li>Contamination of a wound with dirt or materials containing tetanus bacteria.</li><li>Injury with contaminated blades, needles, and surgical instruments.</li><li>Transmission from an infected mother to a child through the placenta, contaminated cervix, or direct contact with an open wound.</li><li>The mother, who transmits the immunity to her newborn, can be protected against it by receiving an immunization for a few days after birth.&nbsp;</li></ul><h2>What are the symptoms of tetanus?</h2>Depending on the individual, tetanus symptoms might appear days to weeks after infection. The first sign is usually “lockjaw” or muscle spasms in the jaw. Other symptoms of tetanus include:<ul><li>Fever and sweating</li><li>Widespread muscle stiffness and pain</li><li>Seizures characterized by jerking or staring</li><li>Difficulty in swallowing</li><li>Sudden and involuntary muscle contractions&nbsp; often in the abdomen&nbsp;</li><li>Constipation</li><li>Headaches&nbsp;</li><li>Changes in blood pressure and heart rate, etc.</li></ul><h2>What are the complications of tetanus?</h2>Tetanus can readily degenerate into serious complications or death if an infected person does not receive immediate care. Immediate complications include:<ul><li>Aspiration pneumonia</li><li>Pulmonary embolism</li><li>Laryngospasm</li><li>Breathing difficulty</li></ul>In extreme circumstances, tetanus can also result in convulsions and respiratory collapse, which may lead to death.<h2>How to prevent tetanus</h2>Tetanus can be effectively prevented through vaccination. The recommended vaccine is the combination DTP (diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis) or TdaP vaccine, which protects against diphtheria, whooping cough, and tetanus.&nbsp;Babies require three doses of DTaP, administered at ages two, four, and six months, followed by booster shots at ages 15 to 18 months and 4 to 6 years.&nbsp;Preteens should receive a Tdap shot between 11 and 12 years old. Pregnant women should get a Tdap shot during the early third trimester to protect their baby from whooping cough. Adults who have never received the vaccine should get a Tdap shot, followed by a Td or Tdap booster every ten years.<figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_125d76cf94_2a9d6671d0.webp"></figure>Photo by&nbsp;<a href="https://unsplash.com/@cdc?utm_content=creditCopyText&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_source=unsplash">CDC</a> on&nbsp;<a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/man-doing-syringe-on-woman-wearing-blue-shirt-9uo3cLLo0IM?utm_content=creditCopyText&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_source=unsplash">Unsplash</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<h2>What are the treatment options?</h2>Treatment for tetanus varies depending on the severity of the symptoms. It usually involves a combination of therapies and medications, including antibiotics, to eliminate the bacteria from the body. These options include:<ul><li>Tetanus toxoid injection: The injection contains a treated form of the tetanus toxin, called tetanus toxoid, that serves as an&nbsp;emergency immune booster against the effects of tetanus toxin.&nbsp;</li><li>Antibiotics:&nbsp;While tetanus toxoid nullifies the tetanus toxin, antibiotic treatment helps manage any secondary infections that can develop due to the wound. The type of infection and the patient's medical background will determine the appropriate antibiotic.&nbsp;</li></ul><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_d31181ed5c_19f8d652d4.webp"></figure><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bottle_of_tetanus_antitoxin,_Germany._Full_view,_graduated_g_Wellcome_L0058962_(cropped).jpg">See page for author</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">CC BY 4.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons<ul><li>Wound dressing:&nbsp;Open wounds can be cleaned with moderate antiseptic or soap and water. Surgical debridement could be required if the wound contains dead tissues.&nbsp;</li><li>Use of muscle relaxants:&nbsp;To alleviate the stiffness and spasms caused by tetanus, muscle relaxants can be administered. These medications work by reducing the severity of muscle spasms and decreasing the risk of fractures and other associated injuries.</li><li>Supportive care: Tetanus patients need supportive care, which could involve giving oxygen and IV fluids and medications, food, water, and oxygen. If the situation worsens, the patient may need specialized care in an intensive care unit (ICU).</li></ul><h2>Vaccination can protect you from tetanus</h2>Tetanus is a life-threatening disease contracted when the bacterium&nbsp;Clostridium tetani&nbsp;enters the body through cuts or wounds. The bacterium produces a toxin with deadly effects. The best approach to avoid tetanus is vaccination and maintaining good wound hygiene. Infected individuals should seek prompt medical care.

Tetanus

What is Genotype and How Does it Work?

David is a bright and active eight-year-old boy who loved playing in the compound and discovering new things around him. One day, while playing with his toys under the shade of a tree in front of his house, he suddenly fell to the ground and started shaking uncontrollably.His mom was terrified and quickly called out for help. The neighbours came together, and one of them offered his bike. David’s father quickly got on the bike, and with the help of his mother and a neighbour, they carefully placed David on the bike. With David held between his parents, they rushed to the clinic, hoping he would get better soon.At the clinic, the doctors ran a series of tests before diagnosing David with a seizure disorder, often referred to as epilepsy.&nbsp; This meant that he would be at risk for future seizures. For&nbsp;David and&nbsp;his family, this diagnosis was life-changing.&nbsp;If you have a child like David, this article will help you learn about seizure disorders in children and how to manage&nbsp;similar cases.&nbsp; It provides an overview of seizure disorders in paediatrics, including the definition of seizures, common causes, diagnosis, and treatment options. Additionally, it provides coping strategies for parents and caregivers to manage seizures in children and ensure their safety.<h1 style="margin-left:0cm;">What is a seizure?</h1>A seizure is a disorder in which brain cells malfunction and transmit electrical impulses involuntarily, resulting in symptoms that impact other areas of the brain and body. In this case, seizures often cause loss of consciousness and abnormal movements, usually immediately.&nbsp;It can result in unexpected, abrupt changes in a child's movements, sensations, cognition, and&nbsp;behaviour. Neurons in the child's brain may&nbsp;freeze excessively during a seizure,&nbsp;resulting in odd feelings, emotions, or behaviours. The seizure may be minor or severe, lasting between a few seconds and several minutes.Paediatric seizure disorder&nbsp;occurs in approximately 4 to 10 out of every 1,000 children.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Causes of seizure disorders in children</h2>Several possible causes of seizure disorder in&nbsp;children may include the following:<ul><li>Genetic factors - some forms of epilepsy may be inherited.</li><li>Brain injury or damage - can occur during birth from infections, head injuries, or strokes.</li><li>Brain malformations - when the brain does not develop properly before birth.</li><li>Infections - such as meningitis, encephalitis, or abscesses in the brain.</li><li>Metabolic disorders - including low blood sugar, electrolyte imbalances, or kidney or liver failure.</li><li>Brain tumours - both benign and malignant&nbsp;tumours can cause seizures.</li><li>Febrile seizures - which occur during high fever in young children.</li><li>Unknown causes - in some cases, no&nbsp;specific cause of the seizure disorder can be&nbsp;identified.</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Types of seizure disorders</h2>A seizure can come in different forms, depending on the cause and the part of the brain affected. The common types include:<ul><li>Generalised seizures&nbsp;</li></ul>They affect the entire brain and can render a child unconscious. They can be atonic or tonic-clonic seizures if they affect the child’s muscles and movement or absence seizures if the child just stares into space or blanks out for a few seconds. Absence seizures were once called petit mal&nbsp;seizures.<ul><li>Focal or partial seizures</li></ul>These seizures might originate in one&nbsp;specific location and result in a limited range of symptoms. If the child does not lose consciousness, the seizure could be simplepartial seizures. Complex partial seizures result in altered consciousness.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Symptoms of a seizure in children&nbsp;</h2>The symptoms of a seizure vary depending on the type. Common symptoms include:<ul><li>Abnormal movements:&nbsp;The seizure may include jerking or twitching the arms, legs, or face.</li><li>Loss of consciousness: The child may appear to&nbsp;stare blankly, become unresponsive or confused, or even fall to the ground.</li><li>Convulsions:&nbsp;The severity of convulsion can range from mild to severe and can include shaking stiffness, and loss of muscle control.</li><li>Change in mood or&nbsp;behaviour: Children may experience sudden changes in mood or&nbsp;behaviour,&nbsp;and may become irritable, aggressive, or anxious.</li><li>Changes in sensations: Children may complain of hearing unusual sounds or seeing&nbsp;flashing lights.</li><li>Loss of bladder or bowel control:&nbsp;A child with a seizure may find it difficult to hold her pee or poop.</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Diagnosis of seizures in children</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_7ae6bc1cca_eb49f243f9.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-ai-image/man-working-as-paediatrician_262780334.htm#fromView=search&amp;page=1&amp;position=0&amp;uuid=3751e076-8a39-4cda-8e30-00aa555908bf">Image by freepik</a>Seizures in children combine medical history, physical exam, neurological assessment, and diagnostic testing.&nbsp;<ul><li>Medical history: The doctor will&nbsp;ask about the child's symptoms and medical history from the parents or other primary caregivers</li><li>Neurological assessment.&nbsp;This involves a comprehensive neurological examination comprising tests for nerve and sensory functions, gait and balance, etc.&nbsp;</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Management options for seizure disorders</h2>The primary goal of treatment of&nbsp;a seizure disorder is to stop the seizure and, if it can’t be stopped, to control or reduce the frequency and severity of the seizure. These goals may be achieved through:&nbsp;<ul><li>Anti-seizure drugs: Anti-seizure drugs are the mainstay of treatment for children with seizure disorders. The drugs reduce the abnormal electrical activity in the brain.&nbsp;</li><li>Nutritional therapy:&nbsp;There have been reports of some epileptic children experiencing fewer seizures while following a high-fat, low-carb ketogenic diet.</li><li>Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) is a&nbsp;form of treatment that can be used with other therapies to help children with seizure disorders manage their disease's emotional and psychological aspects.</li><li>Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS)&nbsp;is a noninvasive medical procedure that involves implanting a device beneath the skin of the chest and connecting it to the vagus nerve in the neck. VNS stimulates the brain with electrical impulses, which lessen the frequency and intensity of seizures.</li><li>Surgery: For kids with seizure disorders, surgery may occasionally be advised to remove the portion of the brain producing the seizures&nbsp;without causing greater harm to the healthy brain tissue.</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Coping strategies for parents and caregivers of children&nbsp; having a seizure disorder</h2>Having a child with a seizure disorder can be challenging and stressful for a parent or caregiver.&nbsp; To help you cope, try:<ul><li>Working closely with a paediatric neurologist to create a personalised treatment plan for children with seizure disorders. Identifying and addressing any sign of seizure disorder early can improve treatment outcomes and reduce the risk of complications.</li><li>Ask for help:&nbsp;Connect with other parents and caregivers&nbsp;whose children have similar challenges. Join a support group, attend seminars or conferences, or consult a therapist or&nbsp;counsellor who focuses on helping families dealing with seizure disorders.</li><li>Make self-care a priority: Make time for leisurely pursuits like reading, jogging, and&nbsp;socialising with friends. These activities can help you unwind. When you need a break, take one, and if you require assistance, ask friends or family for assistance.</li><li>Create an action plan for seizures: Consult with your child's doctor to create an action plan that&nbsp;specifies what to do during a seizure. If you have a strategy, you may feel more prepared and&nbsp;confident in controlling your child's seizures.</li><li>Create a safe space for your child.&nbsp;This may entail clearing your child's room of sharp or harmful things, setting up safety equipment like bed rails or epilepsy helmets, and instructing other family members and caregivers on handling seizures.</li></ul>

Seizure Disorders in Children

<a href="https://pxhere.com/en/photo/1620710?utm_content=clipUser&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_source=pxhere">Image from PxHere</a>Alcohol consumption has become a normalized aspect of social culture in Nigeria and across Africa. Whether it is at celebratory events, gatherings with friends, or even just a casual drink after a long day, alcohol is a go-to for many people. However, excessive drinking can hurt the liver.While zero alcohol consumption is ideal for liver health, moderate intake is often considered safe. The&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nhs.uk/better-health/drink-less/#:~:text=Alcohol%20guidelines,risk%20of%20harming%20your%20health.">National Health Service</a> recommends drinking no more than 14 units of alcohol a week, spread across 3 days or more. That is around 6 medium (175ml) glasses of wine, or 6 pints, that is, 2.8 litres of beer with 4% alcohol by volume (ABV). There is no completely safe level of drinking, but sticking within these guidelines lowers your risk of harming your health. Consuming more than these limits, particularly binge drinking or taking in excess can raise the risk of Alcohol-Related Liver Disease (ARLD).Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a deadly condition affecting millions of people globally and is a growing concern in Nigeria and across Africa.&nbsp;A new report from the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.who.int/news/item/25-06-2024-over-3-million-annual-deaths-due-to-alcohol-and-drug-use-majority-among-men#:~:text=A%20new%20report%20from%20the,deaths%20to%20psychoactive%20drug%20use.">World Health Organization (WHO)</a> reveals that 2.6 million deaths per year were attributable to alcohol consumption, accounting for 4.7% of all deaths, with more than 200 diseases and injuries linked to alcohol use. While<a href="https://gatefield.co/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Alcohol-Policy-Brief.pdf"> Alcohol policy in Nigeria</a> also noted that harmful alcohol use accounts for approximately. 3.3 million deaths annually and it is linked to over 200 non-communicable diseases.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What is alcoholic liver disease</h2>Alcoholic liver disease is a medical condition that occurs when the liver becomes damaged due to excessive and chronic alcohol consumption, leading to impaired liver function.&nbsp;The liver processes and detoxifies substances in the body and produces essential proteins. Impairment of these functions due to alcoholic disease can have severe consequences, including liver failure and even death.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">The stages of Alcoholic liver disease&nbsp;</h2>Alcoholic liver disease progresses through three key stages: fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and cirrhosis. Each of these stages present with different symptoms, allowing for early interventions that can prevent further damage.<ul><li>Fatty liver&nbsp;is the first stage, where excessive alcohol consumption leads to fat buildup in the liver. This stage is often reversible with lifestyle changes if caught early.</li><li>Alcoholic hepatitis, the second stage, is marked by liver inflammation. This stage presents with more noticeable symptoms like abdominal pain and jaundice or yellowing of the eyes and mucous membranes.</li><li>Cirrhosis&nbsp;is the final stage, where the liver becomes permanently scarred, leading to severe complications and a higher risk of liver failure.</li></ul>Early detection during the fatty liver or alcoholic hepatitis stage allows for lifestyle changes and medical treatments, which can stop the disease from progressing to cirrhosis, which is irreversible and life-threatening.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Risk factors of ALD</h2>The risk factors for Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD) include:<ul><li>Excessive alcohol consumption: long-term heavy drinking is the most significant contributor.</li><li>Gender: women are more likely to have alcoholic liver disease than men, even if they drink less alcohol.</li><li>Genetics: those with a parent or relative who has a history of liver disease have a greater risk.</li><li>Obesity: excess body weight can worsen the effects of alcohol on the liver.</li><li>Poor nutrition: alcohol impairs nutrient absorption, and a poor diet can worsen liver damage.</li><li>Co-existing liver conditions: an ongoing liver disease or infections like hepatitis B or C increase the chances of alcoholic liver disease.</li><li>Age – Older adults are at higher risk due to decreased liver regeneration capacity.</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Symptoms of Alcoholic Liver Disease</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_cd35024eab_816da012c8.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/depressed-man-holding-his-head-7927024/">Photo by Nicola Barts</a>The symptoms of alcoholic liver disease can vary depending on the severity of the condition. In the early stages, there may be no symptoms at all. As the disease progresses, you may experience the following:<ul><li>Fatigue</li><li>Loss of appetite</li><li>Nausea and vomiting</li><li>Abdominal pain and swelling</li><li>Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)</li><li>Confusion</li><li>Dark urine</li><li>Pale-colored stools</li><li>Weight loss</li><li>Easy bruising and bleeding</li></ul>You should see a doctor immediately if you experience any of these symptoms.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How is alcoholic liver disease diagnosed</h2>For the diagnosis of alcoholic liver disease, your doctor will begin by asking about your medical history and conducting a physical exam. They may also request blood tests to assess how well your liver is functioning. Imaging tests like an ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI can help detect liver damage, such as fat buildup or scarring.If more clarity is needed, your doctor might recommend a liver biopsy, where a small tissue sample is taken and examined under a microscope to check for damage.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">The treatment of alcoholic liver disease</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_e89d87bbb6_dacc165e98.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/a-man-holding-medicine-container-11452186/">Photo by Towfiqu barbhuiya</a>The treatment of Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD) focuses majorly on halting disease progression, managing symptoms, and promoting liver healing. The main steps in treating include:<ul><li>Alcohol cessation: The most critical step in treating ALD is to stop alcohol consumption. Continued drinking will worsen liver damage, while quitting can help stabilize or even reverse early-stage damage.</li><li>Nutritional support: Many individuals with ALD suffer from malnutrition, which can worsen liver health. A balanced diet with vitamins and minerals (like vitamin B, folate, and zinc) helps improve liver function and overall health.</li><li>Medications: In some cases, medications are prescribed to reduce inflammation and improve liver function. These treatments help manage symptoms and prevent complications.</li><li>Liver transplantation: For patients with advanced cirrhosis, a liver transplant may be the only option. However, patients must abstain from alcohol for an extended period to be considered for this procedure.</li><li>Counseling and support: Since ALD is tied to alcohol use disorder, counseling, therapy, and support groups like Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) are vital for long-term recovery.</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Alcohol Use Disorder</h2>Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a common condition that occurs in people with pre-existing alcoholic liver disease. It is a chronic brain disease that affects how a person processes and responds to alcohol.&nbsp;People with AUD may not experience ALD and can continue to drink despite the negative consequences, such as health problems and relationship issues.&nbsp;Treatment for AUD may include counseling, support groups, medication-assisted treatment, and other therapies.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Conclusion</h2>Excessive alcohol consumption which is typical in Nigerian and African social cultures, can lead to severe liver damage. The damage is gradual and may take years before it results in full-blown disease. Recognising the symptoms of liver damage early is essential for treatment success; the later stage is irreversible. Thankfully, the condition is manageable.