<a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/pills-medical-material-arrangement_24482234.htm#page=4&amp;query=mockup%20health&amp;position=7&amp;from_view=keyword&amp;track=ais_user&amp;uuid=5497b101-7380-4683-9106-4480e074f064">Image by Freepik</a>Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs), also known as sexually transmitted infections (STIs), are illnesses or infections caused by viruses, bacteria, or parasites and are often contracted through sexual interaction.&nbsp;These infections can affect people of all ages and genders and can result in serious health challenges if left untreated.The symptoms of sexually transmitted diseases, their prevention, and treatment options will all be covered in greater detail in this article.<h2>Types of STDs</h2>There are many types of STDs, but some of the most common ones include the following:&nbsp;<ol><li>Chlamydia: Chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by bacteria.</li><li>Genital herpes: Genital herpes caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV).</li><li>Gonorrhoea: Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the organism that causes gonorrhoea, a bacterial sexually transmitted infection.&nbsp;</li><li>HPV: Human Papillomavirus is a viral infection that commonly causes skin or mucous membrane growths (warts).</li><li>Pubic lice are parasitic insects found in the pubic or genital area.</li><li>Syphilis: Syphilis is an infection caused by bacteria which most often spreads through sexual contact.&nbsp;</li><li>Trichomoniasis: Trichomoniasis is a common sexually transmitted infection caused by a parasite</li></ol><h2>Symptoms of STDs&nbsp;</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_2e68622f56_c55aba934f.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/mock-up-blank-poster-picture-frame-wood-wall_1382911.htm#fromView=search&amp;page=2&amp;position=25&amp;uuid=0307f5ca-50fa-4794-8b60-36b41a46318b">Image by tirachard on Freepik</a>STD symptoms can vary depending on the nature of infection. However, some frequent ones include:<ul><li>Painful or frequent urination</li><li>Abnormal vaginal or penile discharge</li><li>Genital sores, bumps, or blisters</li><li>Pain during sex</li><li>Itching or burning in the genital area</li><li>Rectal pain or discharge</li><li>Sore throat or swollen glands</li></ul>Note that not everyone with an STD exhibits symptoms, so regular STD testing is vital.<h2>Prevention of STDs</h2>Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) are mostly spread through unprotected sex.&nbsp;Therefore, maintaining good sexual health requires preventing the transmission of STDs. The prevention of STDs includes;<ul><li>Practice safe sex</li></ul>Using condoms can prevent STD transmission. However, no one technique is 100% successful. Therefore, employing additional preventative measures is crucial.<figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_79cff9cf43_b8fe0c9543.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/person-pulling-a-condom-out-of-a-pocket-6474007/">Photo by cottonbro studio from Pexels</a><ul><li>Get vaccinated</li></ul>Human papillomavirus (HPV) and hepatitis B vaccines are available to prevent certain STDs. Discuss this with your healthcare provider to know the ones available for you.<ul><li>Avoid multiple sexual partners</li></ul>Having sex with multiple sexual partners increases the likelihood of contracting STDs like HIV, gonorrhoea, syphilis, etc<ol><li>Have an honest communication with your partner&nbsp;</li></ol>Ask about your partner's sexual history and share your own. Open and honest conversation about one’s sexual health can reduce the risk of contracting STDs<ul><li>Get tested</li></ul>Regular testing is essential to knowing your status because many STDs do not have symptoms.&nbsp;<ul><li>Avoid sharing personal products</li></ul>Personal products like towels, razors, and sex toys can carry STI-causing germs and transmit it to others or spread it from them. .&nbsp;<ul><li>Look out for the signs and symptoms</li></ul>Understand the warning signs and symptoms of STDs, which include vaginal sores, discharge, and pain during intercourse. Get checked out and start receiving treatment immediately if you feel any symptoms.<h2>Risk factors for STDS</h2>Research has shown that the spread of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) has been impacted by sociological and demographic factors, such as family life and urbanisation (Patterson-Lomba et al., 2015), meaning that factors like family life and urbanisation contribute to the prevalence of STDs. For example, urbanisation can increase the prevalence of STDs due to higher population density and increased social interactions, while family dynamics can also affect the spread of STDs based on communication and education about sexual health.&nbsp;Therefore it is important to understand these risk factors and take measures to reduce the risk of acquiring an STI.&nbsp;Having unprotected sex raises the chances of getting an STD. Condoms are the most efficient way to prevent STD transmission.The following are some&nbsp; other STD risk factors:<ul><li>Having multiple sexual partners&nbsp;</li></ul>Having multiple sexual partners increases your chance of contracting an STD. Your risk increases as you have more sexual partners.<ul><li>Early sexual activity</li></ul>Those who start having sex at a young age may increase the risk of contracting an STD. This is because they may lack the skills or understanding necessary to engage in safe sex.<ul><li>History of STDs</li></ul>Individuals who have had an STD in the past are more likely to have one again.<ul><li>Being in a same-sex relationship&nbsp;</li></ul>Men who have sex with men (MSMs) are more likely to contract some STDs, including HIV, gonorrhoea, and syphilis.<ul><li>Drug and alcohol abuse</li></ul>Using drugs and alcohol can result in unsafe sexual conduct, such as having intercourse without a condom, which raises the possibility of contracting an STD.<ul><li>Weak immune system</li></ul>Those with compromised immune systems, such as those with HIV or cancer, are more likely to contract STDs.<figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_ad9251b1dd_2e57a10e3d.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/high-angle-unheatlhy-habits_8872822.htm#fromView=search&amp;page=1&amp;position=0&amp;uuid=0edfec20-3df3-4030-a938-2ee9ea19d794">Image by freepik</a><h2>Treatment of STDs</h2>It's critical to see a physician when you suspect an STD. Antibiotics and antiviral drugs can easily treat many STDs, because if the disease is left untreated, they can have significant health impacts.Antibiotics can treat bacterial sexually transmitted diseases if treatment starts early enough. Although there is no treatment for viral STDs, medications can help manage symptoms.<h2>Conclusion</h2>Sexually transmitted diseases are a serious health concern that can have long-term effects.It's critical to get tested for sexually transmitted diseases on a regular basis, particularly if you have several relationships. Being tested is the only way to find out whether one has an STD, as some may not show any symptoms. Notifying sexual partners of the diagnosis of an STD is very important because it allows them to get tested and receive treatment if needed.Always remember that getting tested for STDs is nothing to fear, it is always preferable to know your status rather than put your health and the health of others in danger.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Hypertension by&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nyphotographic.com/">Nick Youngson</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">CC BY-SA 3.0</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://pix4free.org/">Pix4free</a>As parents, we often worry about our children's health and well-being, from ensuring they eat healthy foods to getting&nbsp;the best medical attention that we can afford whenever they are ill. But have you ever considered their blood pressure?&nbsp;While&nbsp;hypertension is often thought of as a condition that affects adults, it can also impact children and adolescents, and its prevalence is on the&nbsp; rise.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How common is hypertension in children?</h2>Although less common than in adults, hypertension in children is increasingly recognized as a significant health issue.&nbsp;It can result from underlying conditions, such as kidney disease or heart abnormalities, or develop as primary hypertension, often linked to obesity, poor diet, and lack of physical activity. Increased rates of childhood obesity have contributed to a rise in hypertension among children.&nbsp;A&nbsp;<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589537021005101">review&nbsp;</a>of studies on hypertension in Africa finds that about 7% of African children are hypertensive and that the number is rising due to an increase in the number of children who are overweight or obese.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Types of hypertension in children</h2>Hypertension could be primary or secondary.&nbsp;Primary hypertension, or essential hypertension, is&nbsp;a condition of high blood pressure&nbsp;in which the cause is unknown.&nbsp;Primary hypertension runs in families and is the most&nbsp;common type of&nbsp;hypertension in children.&nbsp;Secondary&nbsp;hypertension&nbsp;is high blood pressure with a known cause, such as renal disease, heart disease, or endocrine disorders.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What are the causes of hypertension in children?</h2>There are many genetic, environmental, lifestyle, and medical&nbsp;factors responsible for hypertension in children.&nbsp;They include:<ul><li>Having a hypertensive parent</li><li>Obesity</li><li>Poor diet</li><li>Sedentary lifestyle</li><li>Chronic medical conditions like diabetes, kidney disease, and sleep apnea</li><li>Medications, including NSAIDs, steroids, and over-the-counter cold remedies</li></ul><h2>Signs and symptoms of hypertension in children?</h2>Here are some signs&nbsp;that may suggest your child has hypertension:<ul><li>Headaches</li><li>Fatigue</li><li>Dizziness</li><li>Blurry vision</li><li>Chest pain</li><li>Difficulty breathing</li><li>Blood in urine</li></ul>It is important to note that many children with&nbsp;hypertension do not experience any symptoms,&nbsp;so regular blood pressure checks are essential for early detection and treatment.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How can you know if your child has hypertension?</h2>Diagnosing hypertension in children requires multiple blood pressure measurements taken over time and a thorough evaluation of&nbsp;your child’s medical history, family history, and physical exam.&nbsp;The diagnostic criteria for&nbsp;hypertension in&nbsp;children use average blood pressure values for age, sex, and height. The doctor must measure a child’s blood pressure multiple times to establish a diagnosis of hypertension.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Management of hypertension in children</h2>Management depends on the severity of the condition, the age of the child, and any underlying medical conditions. It also involves several approaches:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Lifestyle changes</li></ul>Adjusting a child’s diet and exercise habits is key. Reducing their sodium intake, increasing fruits and vegetables, encouraging regular physical activity, and helping them manage weight are essential to controlling blood pressure. These changes are often the first step in treating primary hypertension.<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Medications</li></ul>If lifestyle changes are not enough, a child will need medications. Blood pressure-lowering drugs, such as ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, or calcium channel blockers, are commonly used. Medication use depends on the child’s age, the severity of the hypertension, and individual health needs.<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Treatment of underlying conditions</li></ul>For secondary hypertension, managing the root cause, such as kidney disease or hormonal disorders, is essential. Treating these underlying conditions helps to control high blood pressure and prevent complications like organ damage or stroke in the long term.<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Specialist care</li></ul>A doctor should always supervise paediatric hypertension management, preferably a specialist such as a paediatrician or paediatric cardiologist. A specialist will ensure treatment is tailored to the child’s condition and adjusted for optimal care.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How to protect your child from having hypertension</h2><ul><li>Encourage kids to have a salt- and&nbsp;fibre-free, fruit- and vegetable-rich, well-balanced diet. Avoid&nbsp;consuming processed and packaged foods that are heavy in added sugars, saturated fats, and salt. Instead of noodles, biscuits, chips, and fries, try fruits, nuts, dairy, milk, and whole grain meals.</li><li>Set aside at least an hour each day for kids to play or move about. Outdoor games, sports, dancing, and other physical pursuits fall into this category.</li><li>Regular blood pressure checks at well-child visits can help&nbsp;detect hypertension early on and enable early intervention.&nbsp;Get a home blood pressure monitor and then take the child to the hospital for regular checks.</li><li>Limit the time children spend on screens and encourage other activities that promote physical activity and social interaction.</li><li>Encourage children to develop healthy coping mechanisms such as meditation, deep breathing, or other relaxation techniques.</li></ul>Hypertension affects children and adults, and&nbsp;they have similar prevention strategies.&nbsp;By encouraging good practices from a young age, you can reduce your child's risk of hypertension and improve their general health and well-being.

Hypertension in Children

Children's Health

<a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/man-in-white-and-yellow-stripe-polo-shirt-8173269/">Photo by Kindel Media</a>It is usual for anyone sometimes to forget their keys at home, need help remembering minor details, or do basic things. These are part of the daily realities of living that become increasingly common as a person ages. When such realities become so significant as to affect our ability to survive on our own, it is often a sign of something worse… like dementia, for instance.Dementia is a progressive condition that affects a person's ability to think, reason, and remember. It is a leading cause of disability and dependency among older adults, and the number of people affected is expected to rise&nbsp;significantly in the coming years.&nbsp;More than 50 million people are estimated to have dementia worldwide in 2019. The number is set to almost triple by 2030. Although dementia is seen as a disease of people in Western countries, 60% of people with dementia are in poor countries in Africa and Asia.&nbsp;Despite the youthful African population, more elderly people are expected to develop dementia, with Nigeria being one of the most affected countries on the continent.&nbsp;Knowing&nbsp;about the disease can encourage you to tackle the common risk factors of the disease.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors of dementia</h2>Your risk of having dementia depends on the factors you can control and the ones you cannot control. Some factors, like old age and the genes you inherit, are beyond your control, so they are ‘non-modifiable.’On the other hand, there are factors you can control as an individual or with government policies that can help reduce your risk of developing dementia. These factors are ‘modifiable,’ and a 2024 global&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)01296-0/abstract">report</a> shows that controlling these factors can prevent 45% of dementia cases.The modifiable risk factors include:<ol><li>Social isolation</li><li>Poor education</li><li>Air pollution</li><li>Unresolved hearing loss</li><li>Depression</li><li>Brain injury</li><li>Hypertension</li><li>Diabetes&nbsp;</li><li>Obesity</li><li>Low level of physical activity</li><li>Excessive alcohol intake</li><li>Smoking</li><li>Uncontrolled vision loss</li><li>High serum cholesterol</li></ol>Controlling these factors requires personal effort combined with government policies and intervention.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Reversible and irreversible causes of dementia</h2>Dementia is often a consequence of advanced age. However, it may also be caused by some reversible and irreversible factors.Reversible causes of dementia produce short-lived impairment in memory and thinking, which resolve as soon as the cause is treated or removed. Such reversible causes include:<ul><li>Severe head injury</li><li>Multiple strokes</li><li>HIV</li><li>Neurosyphilis</li><li>Meningitis</li><li>Alcohol</li><li>Heavy metal poisoning</li><li>Brain tumors</li><li>Multiple sclerosis</li><li>Liver and kidney failure</li><li>Low or high thyroid function</li></ul>Irreversible causes of dementia are neurodegenerative disorders or diseases that occur as the brain loses its neurons. They include:<ul><li>Alzheimer’s disease</li><li>Parkinson’s disease</li><li>Prion’s disease</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Dementia may not be inheritable</h2>Some scholars suggest a link between genetic factors and dementia because people who have dementia often have family members with a history of dementia. However, the current understanding is that you cannot inherit or transmit the disease.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What are the early signs of dementia?</h2>Dementia develops slowly but progressively. The earliest signs are subtle and easy to pass off as regular forgetfulness. However, these are some common signs and symptoms:<ul><li>Progressive short-term memory loss</li><li>Disorientation</li><li>Difficulty in performing regular tasks</li><li>Changes in mood or personality</li><li>Language difficulty</li><li>Difficulties with abstract thinking</li><li>Difficulty in remembering names and faces</li><li>Increased suspicion&nbsp;</li><li>Getting lost and misplacing items</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How is dementia diagnosed?</h2>The diagnosis of dementia is based on five criteria, as outlined in the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10). These criteria include:<ol><li>A decline in memory and thinking must be evident and sufficient enough to impair personal activities of daily living</li><li>Memory impairment must affect the individual’s activity to register, store, and retrieve new information, while previously stored information may be lost</li><li>Thinking impairment must reduce the flow of ideas and reasoning capacity</li><li>The person must have clear consciousness</li><li>The signs and symptoms must last at least six months</li></ol>A person suspected of having dementia must meet these five criteria for their diagnosis to be confirmed.Other investigations include:<ul><li>Lumbar puncture for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis&nbsp;</li><li>Electrolyte, urea, and creatinine</li><li>Urinalysis</li><li>Thyroid function test</li><li>Liver function tests</li><li>Brain imaging&nbsp;</li><li>Serum vitamin B12 and folate levels</li><li>Electroencephalography</li></ul>Unfortunately, the diagnosis of dementia in developing nations can be challenging because many people do not know about the disease. Signs and symptoms of dementia are often misinterpreted as spiritual problems or downplayed as natural rites of old age.&nbsp;Besides, very few brain specialists are available to manage dementia, and facilities may need to be more readily available across the country.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Prevention of dementia</h2>While there is no known cure for dementia, it is very preventable. Preventing dementia means managing the modifiable risk factors we mentioned earlier. You can&nbsp;<ul><li>Maintain a healthy lifestyle</li></ul>This involves adequate sleep, eating high-quality fruits and vegetables, and quitting smoking and alcohol.&nbsp;<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Challenge your brain</li></ul>Mental exercises such as solving puzzles, building new projects, reading, or painting engage different parts of the brain, thus strengthening them. This can prevent or delay the onset of dementia.<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Manage underlying conditions</li></ul>Chronic diseases such diabetes, hypertension, and diabetes increases your risk of developing dementia. Managing them–with drugs and lifestyle and dietary adjustments–may protect your brain against dementia.<ul><li>Maintain social connections</li></ul>Social isolation is the new epidemic, and it is not helped by the Covid-19 pandemic which forced everyone indoors, and social media which seems to mask the need for physical need for physical interactions.&nbsp;Still, venturing outdoors and engaging people physically could benefit brain health. The richness of our social experience provides emotional support, excites our minds, and improves our mental health.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Treatment</h2>There is currently no known cure for dementia, but many treatment options are available to:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">preserve any remaining ability to think and perform daily tasks</li><li style="text-align:justify;">relieve distressing symptoms</li><li style="text-align:justify;">accommodate the immediate needs of the patient</li><li style="text-align:justify;">treat any complications</li></ul>Treatment may also involve psychological treatment such as music therapy, art therapy, memory training, and medications.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Conclusion</h2>The number of people with dementia is rising, and our aging population is at risk of adding to the number. While some of the factors are not modifiable, managing the modifiable ones can help improve our brain function and prevent dementia. Still, this is not a job for one person. Government intervention is needed, too.

Dementia is rising in Africa. Here’s how you can protect your brain

<a href="https://unsplash.com/@freestocks?utm_content=creditCopyText&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_source=unsplash%22%3efreestocks%3c/a%3e%20on%20%3ca%20href=%22https://unsplash.com/photos/woman-holding-stomach-ux53SGpRAHU?utm_content=creditCopyText&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_source=unsplash">Photo by Unsplash</a>Pre-eclampsia is a complication of pregnancy that affects about&nbsp;<a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.18.22275250v1.full">5–8%&nbsp;</a>of all pregnant women in Nigeria and Africa. It is a leading cause of maternal and infant morbidity and mortality in Nigeria and Africa.The International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy&nbsp;<a href="https://isshp.org/the-definition-of-severe-and-early-onset-preeclampsia-statements-from-the-isshp/">defines</a> pre-eclampsia as hypertension that occurs after 20 weeks of pregnancy with one or more of proteinuria (protein in the urine) and abnormalities in organ function.&nbsp;The symptoms of pre-eclampsia can be subtle and may not appear until late in pregnancy, which is why it is often referred to as the&nbsp;“silent killer” of pregnant women.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Causes of pre-eclampsia</h2>The exact cause of pre-eclampsia is unknown. However, research suggests that pre-eclampsia may result from problems with the blood vessels in the placenta may cause it.&nbsp;The placenta is the organ that connects the baby to the mother's blood supply. In pre-eclampsia, the blood vessels in the placenta become narrowed, which can&nbsp;decrease blood flow to the baby.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Signs and symptoms of pre-eclampsia</h2>Pregnant women with pre-eclampsia may present with:<ul><li>High blood pressure</li><li>Protein in the urine</li><li>Swelling in the face, hands, and feet</li><li>Sudden weight gain</li><li>Headaches</li><li>Vision changes</li><li>Abdominal pain (you can say epigastric pain)</li><li>Nausea and vomiting</li></ul>It is important to note that these symptoms may not always be present, and some women may not experience any symptoms at all. That is why&nbsp;pregnant women should attend all their antenatal appointments and have their blood pressure and urine checked regularly.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Pre-eclampsia may hurt the mother and baby</h2>Untreated pre-eclampsia can lead to premature birth, low birth weight, and even stillbirth. In addition, pre-eclampsia can cause&nbsp;severe damage to the mother's organs, such as the liver and kidneys, and increase the risk of stroke and other complications such as eclampsia.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Who is at risk of pre-eclampsia?</h2>Several risk factors can increase a woman's chances of developing pre-eclampsia. These include:<ul><li>First-time pregnancy</li><li>Age (women over 40 are at higher risk)</li><li>Multiple pregnancies (i.e., women carrying multiple babies like twins, triplets etc.)</li><li>Obesity</li><li>A family history of pre-eclampsia</li><li>Chronic hypertension</li><li>Diabetes</li><li>Kidney disease</li><li>Lupus</li></ul>Also, a woman is more likely to get pre-eclampsia again if she has had it during a previous pregnancy.&nbsp;Studies have shown that pre-eclampsia happens more often in Africa than in other parts of the world. This is likely due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Diagnosis and treatment of pre-eclampsia</h2>Pre-eclampsia is diagnosed through routine antenatal care. If your care provider suspects that you have pre-eclampsia is suspected, you may be referred to a specialist for further testing.The treatment for pre-eclampsia depends on the severity of the condition and how far along you are in your pregnancy. In some cases, early delivery may be necessary to protect the health of the mother and the baby. But if the baby isn't ready, your doctor may suggest medicines to control blood pressure, bed rest, and other treatments to help&nbsp;support the pregnancy.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Importance of early detection and treatment of pre-eclampsia</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_87a8c767ff_567cb3a7da.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/woman-expecting-child-doing-examination-with-medic-medical-office-general-practitioner-consulting-pregnant-patient-check-pregnancy-healthcare-physician-helping-mother_22298434.htm#fromView=search&amp;page=1&amp;position=0&amp;uuid=b8b72d1a-9e29-4363-8da2-20a11cdf9aab">Image by DC Studio on Freepik</a>Early detection and treatment of pre-eclampsia are crucial&nbsp;to preventing serious complications. This is why pregnant women should attend regular antenatal care appointments, where their blood pressure and other vital signs will be monitored.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Preventing&nbsp;pre-eclampsia</h2>While it is not always possible and there is no surefre way to prevent pre-eclampsia, there are steps you can take to reduce your risk of developing pre-eclampsia. Here are a few tips to help ensure a healthy pregnancy:<ol><li>Visit your healthcare provider regularly: Early and regular antenatal care is essential for detecting and managing potential complications, including pre-eclampsia.</li><li>Eating a balanced and healthy diet:&nbsp;enrich your diet&nbsp;with fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins.</li><li>Stay active: Regular exercise, such as walking or&nbsp;pelvic floor exercises, can help improve circulation and prevent hypertension.</li><li>Maintain a healthy weight: Eat small portions of food, drink plenty of water, and curb your desire to binge on foods</li><li>Control any pre-existing medical conditions: If you have diabetes or kidney disease,&nbsp;see a doctor to manage them before or during pregnancy.</li><li>Avoid smoking and alcohol intake:&nbsp;both can increase your risk of pre-eclampsia.</li></ol><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">A final word</h2>Pre-eclampsia is a serious pregnancy complication that can have serious consequences for both the mother and baby. However, the outcome can be positive if it's detected and managed early.By understanding the risk factors, signs and symptoms, and ways to reduce your risk, you can take steps to protect yourself and your baby. So, always be informed and proactive about your health during pregnancy.

What Every Woman Should Know Pre-eclampsia

Women's Health

<a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/close-up-shot-of-a-glucometer-7653102/">Photo by Pavel Danilyuk</a>The numbers are scary: about&nbsp;<a href="https://www.idf.org/our-network/regions-members/africa/diabetes-in-africa.html#:~:text=14/12/2021-,24%20million%20adults,-(20%2D79)">24 million</a> adults who are 18 and older had diabetes in 2021; the number is set to increase to 55 million by 2045, and more than half of people living with diabetes do not know that they have the disease.While diabetes is not a death sentence, it is a significant cause of life-threatening complications such as heart diseases, stroke, blindness, kidney disease, foot ulcers, urinary tract infections in women, erectile dysfunction in men, and so on. Knowing what diabetes is all about can help you make safe choices to protect yourself and perhaps manage the risks.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Diabetes is a chronic disease</h2>Diabetes is a chronic condition that develops when the body cannot&nbsp;control blood sugar, either because it cannot use the insulin the pancreas makes or because&nbsp;the pancreas does not&nbsp;produce enough&nbsp;insulin.Uncontrolled diabetes frequently causes hyperglycaemia, or elevated blood sugar, which over time seriously harms many bodily systems, including the&nbsp;nerves and blood vessels. Diabetes caused&nbsp;<a href="https://www.idf.org/our-network/regions-members/africa/diabetes-in-africa.html#:~:text=is%20responsible%20for-,416%2C000%20deaths,-in%20the%20IDF">416,000 deaths across the</a> world in 2021.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Type 1 versus type 2 diabetes</h2>The primary&nbsp;difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes is that type 1 is a genetic illness that&nbsp;usually occurs in childhood. When you have type 1 diabetes, your immune system attacks and kills the cells in your pancreas that&nbsp;make insulin. In contrast, type 2 is primarily a result of lifestyle choices and develops over time.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Type 1 diabetes</h2>Deficient insulin production is a hallmark of type 1 diabetes, sometimes&nbsp;called insulin-dependent, juvenile, or childhood-onset. This condition requires daily insulin injections.&nbsp;In type 1 diabetes, the body attacks the pancreatic beta cells, impairing their capacity to make insulin. High blood sugar levels result from the cells' inability to absorb glucose in the absence of sufficient insulin.&nbsp;Children are most frequently affected by type 1 diabetes.Symptoms of type 1 diabetes include:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">frequent urination (polyuria)&nbsp;</li><li style="text-align:justify;">excessive thirst (polydipsia)</li><li style="text-align:justify;">persistent hunger&nbsp;</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Weight loss</li><li style="text-align:justify;">poor vision</li><li style="text-align:justify;">exhaustion</li></ul>These signs&nbsp;often appear suddenly and worsen over time if the high blood sugar is not well controlled.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Type 2 diabetes</h2>Type 2 diabetes, also known as non-insulin-dependent or adult-onset diabetes,&nbsp;occurs when the body cannot use insulin adequately. Most&nbsp;people with diabetes worldwide suffer from type 2 diabetes, and the common risk factors include being overweight and&nbsp;physically inactive.&nbsp;The disease is more common in adults.&nbsp;Insulin resistance, which is a complication of type 2 diabetes, affects how well your body recognizes insulin. Without a sufficient insulin response, it becomes more difficult for your cells to absorb glucose, which causes blood sugar levels to increase.&nbsp;While symptoms are frequently less severe than those of&nbsp;type 1 diabetes, they may be comparable. As a result, the condition may not be discovered until after its onset, when complications have already developed. This particular type of diabetes was previously only observed in adults, but it is becoming increasingly seen in kids.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Is it true that black people are more likely to have diabetes?</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_3a34b0752f_cd476a55c5.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/high-angle-diabetic-woman-checking-her-glucose-level_65609368.htm#fromView=search&amp;page=1&amp;position=18&amp;uuid=59225968-f83e-4428-bf10-e35698027a57">Image by freepik</a>One reason millions of Africans have diabetes is that black people are more likely to have the disease than non-blacks. This increased risk are linked to:<ul><li>Gene-dependent factors</li></ul>Some researchers suggest that the “thrifty gene”, which helps certain groups to conserve energy and nutrients during scarcity, is a potential reason why black Americans had higher diabetes rates than other ethnic groups.<ul><li>Health-related factors</li></ul>Obesity and reduced physical activity are linked to increased emergence of type 2 diabetes among blacks.<ul><li>Social factors</li></ul>Poverty is a significant risk factor for diabetes. In a 2014 study, researchers studying the relationship between diabetes prevalence and poverty found that the rates of diabetes were greater among blacks but particularly higher in poor folks.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Diabetes during pregnancy</h2>Gestational diabetes is a type of hyperglycemia that develops during pregnancy. It may cause the child to die before birth, and make the child grow so big that delivery may be difficult.Prenatal screening is used to determine gestational diabetes rather than patient complaints of symptoms.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Diabetic neuropathy</h2>Persistent increase in blood glucose levels can damage nerves, leading to diabetic neuropathy.&nbsp;&nbsp;This condition is common to both type 1 and&nbsp;type 2 diabetes.Nerve damage numbs some parts of the body, especially the feet, causing loss of sensation and sometimes pain. People who lose sensation are most likely to get ulcers on their feet, which, if not detected early, can lead to foot amputation.&nbsp;However, you can reduce your risk of developing nerve damage by keeping your blood sugar level at your target range or as close to normal as possible and practicing careful foot care.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How do you reduce your chances of developing diabetes?</h2>Type 1 diabetes is not preventable. On the other hand, you can minimize your chance of having type 2 diabetes even if you have a higher risk than average for the condition by:<ul><li>Modifying your diet</li></ul>Eat a well-balanced diet&nbsp;with less sugars, reduced fats, and more fresh fruits and vegetables. Fill your plate with whole meals, including whole grains, lean meats, and healthy fats. Avoid eating food that is heavy in calories and fat.<ul><li>Exercising regularly</li></ul>Aim to get at least 30 minutes of physical exercise. Commit to taking 6,000 steps per day. Walk around the house or jog a few hundred metres. Skip a rope or do what you can to keep your heart pumping or make you break a sweat for a moment. Doing these will help you shed excess blood sugar and keep the level low.<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Going for regular medical checkups</li></ul>See your doctor at least twice a year. Diabetes raises your odds of heart disease. So learn your numbers: cholesterol, blood pressure, and A1c (average blood sugar over&nbsp;three months). Get a&nbsp;complete eye exam every year. Visit a foot doctor to check for problems like foot ulcers and nerve damage.<ul><li>Managing stress</li></ul>Stress causes your body to release hormones that increase blood sugar levels. Relieve that stress by seeking help where necessary, delegating your tasks, saying no to stressful commitments, or engaging in hobbies that help you relax.Other steps that can reduce your risk include:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Reducing your alcohol intake</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Quit smoking</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Managing your body weight</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How can you tell if you have diabetes?</h2>Symptoms of diabetes take time to appear, and by that time, complications might have set in. A safer way to know your diabetes status is to monitor your blood sugar level.Blood sugar testing is an important part of early diabetes diagnosis and diabetes care. If you have diabetes, commit to checking your blood glucose levels. It will help you manage diabetes and prevent complications.&nbsp;There is no fixed number of times you should check your blood sugar level. The frequency of testing will depend on the type of diabetes and your treatment goals.&nbsp;The different types of tests that could tell if you have diabetes are:Fasting blood glucose testAn 8–12 hour fast is required for a fasting blood glucose test, and the results could show:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Less than 100 mg/dL shows a normal range</li><li>From 100 to 125 mg/dL shows signs of prediabetes</li><li>Greater than 125 mg/dL on two occasions is a sign of diabetes</li></ul>Oral glucose tolerance testAn oral glucose tolerance test measures your blood sugar levels over two hours following the consumption of a sweet beverage. Test results for oral glucose tolerance may show:<ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li>Standard range: blood glucose level less than 140 mg/dL</li><li>Prediabetes: blood glucose level between 140 and 199 mg/dL</li><li>Diabetes: blood glucose level greater than 200 mg/dL</li></ul>A1C testAn A1C test measures your average blood sugar control over the previous two to three months. It may show:<ul><li>Standard range: less than 5.7%</li><li>Prediabetes: 5.7% to 6.4% of the total</li><li>Diabetes: above 6.4%</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Treatment of diabetes</h2>Diabetes is treated by a balance of healthy diet, regular exercise,&nbsp;and other steps to reduce blood sugar levels, and&nbsp;manages the risk factors for&nbsp;complications. Interventions that are both practical and affordable in developing nations include<ul><li>Blood glucose management with lifestyle and dietary adjustment, insulin, and oral medications</li><li>Blood lipid management&nbsp;</li><li>Screening and management of&nbsp;diabetes complications</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Final words</h2>Millions of people in Africa have diabetes, and many more millions are set to have the disease. Many people do not know their diabetes status because they do not check their blood sugar levels regularly and because diabetes symptoms do not appear early. You can protect yourself by adjusting your diet and lifestyle.

Should I be worried about diabetes?

David is a bright and active eight-year-old boy who loved playing in the compound and discovering new things around him. One day, while playing with his toys under the shade of a tree in front of his house, he suddenly fell to the ground and started shaking uncontrollably.His mom was terrified and quickly called out for help. The neighbours came together, and one of them offered his bike. David’s father quickly got on the bike, and with the help of his mother and a neighbour, they carefully placed David on the bike. With David held between his parents, they rushed to the clinic, hoping he would get better soon.At the clinic, the doctors ran a series of tests before diagnosing David with a seizure disorder, often referred to as epilepsy.&nbsp; This meant that he would be at risk for future seizures. For&nbsp;David and&nbsp;his family, this diagnosis was life-changing.&nbsp;If you have a child like David, this article will help you learn about seizure disorders in children and how to manage&nbsp;similar cases.&nbsp; It provides an overview of seizure disorders in paediatrics, including the definition of seizures, common causes, diagnosis, and treatment options. Additionally, it provides coping strategies for parents and caregivers to manage seizures in children and ensure their safety.<h1 style="margin-left:0cm;">What is a seizure?</h1>A seizure is a disorder in which brain cells malfunction and transmit electrical impulses involuntarily, resulting in symptoms that impact other areas of the brain and body. In this case, seizures often cause loss of consciousness and abnormal movements, usually immediately.&nbsp;It can result in unexpected, abrupt changes in a child's movements, sensations, cognition, and&nbsp;behaviour. Neurons in the child's brain may&nbsp;freeze excessively during a seizure,&nbsp;resulting in odd feelings, emotions, or behaviours. The seizure may be minor or severe, lasting between a few seconds and several minutes.Paediatric seizure disorder&nbsp;occurs in approximately 4 to 10 out of every 1,000 children.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Causes of seizure disorders in children</h2>Several possible causes of seizure disorder in&nbsp;children may include the following:<ul><li>Genetic factors - some forms of epilepsy may be inherited.</li><li>Brain injury or damage - can occur during birth from infections, head injuries, or strokes.</li><li>Brain malformations - when the brain does not develop properly before birth.</li><li>Infections - such as meningitis, encephalitis, or abscesses in the brain.</li><li>Metabolic disorders - including low blood sugar, electrolyte imbalances, or kidney or liver failure.</li><li>Brain tumours - both benign and malignant&nbsp;tumours can cause seizures.</li><li>Febrile seizures - which occur during high fever in young children.</li><li>Unknown causes - in some cases, no&nbsp;specific cause of the seizure disorder can be&nbsp;identified.</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Types of seizure disorders</h2>A seizure can come in different forms, depending on the cause and the part of the brain affected. The common types include:<ul><li>Generalised seizures&nbsp;</li></ul>They affect the entire brain and can render a child unconscious. They can be atonic or tonic-clonic seizures if they affect the child’s muscles and movement or absence seizures if the child just stares into space or blanks out for a few seconds. Absence seizures were once called petit mal&nbsp;seizures.<ul><li>Focal or partial seizures</li></ul>These seizures might originate in one&nbsp;specific location and result in a limited range of symptoms. If the child does not lose consciousness, the seizure could be simplepartial seizures. Complex partial seizures result in altered consciousness.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Symptoms of a seizure in children&nbsp;</h2>The symptoms of a seizure vary depending on the type. Common symptoms include:<ul><li>Abnormal movements:&nbsp;The seizure may include jerking or twitching the arms, legs, or face.</li><li>Loss of consciousness: The child may appear to&nbsp;stare blankly, become unresponsive or confused, or even fall to the ground.</li><li>Convulsions:&nbsp;The severity of convulsion can range from mild to severe and can include shaking stiffness, and loss of muscle control.</li><li>Change in mood or&nbsp;behaviour: Children may experience sudden changes in mood or&nbsp;behaviour,&nbsp;and may become irritable, aggressive, or anxious.</li><li>Changes in sensations: Children may complain of hearing unusual sounds or seeing&nbsp;flashing lights.</li><li>Loss of bladder or bowel control:&nbsp;A child with a seizure may find it difficult to hold her pee or poop.</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Diagnosis of seizures in children</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_7ae6bc1cca_eb49f243f9.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-ai-image/man-working-as-paediatrician_262780334.htm#fromView=search&amp;page=1&amp;position=0&amp;uuid=3751e076-8a39-4cda-8e30-00aa555908bf">Image by freepik</a>Seizures in children combine medical history, physical exam, neurological assessment, and diagnostic testing.&nbsp;<ul><li>Medical history: The doctor will&nbsp;ask about the child's symptoms and medical history from the parents or other primary caregivers</li><li>Neurological assessment.&nbsp;This involves a comprehensive neurological examination comprising tests for nerve and sensory functions, gait and balance, etc.&nbsp;</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Management options for seizure disorders</h2>The primary goal of treatment of&nbsp;a seizure disorder is to stop the seizure and, if it can’t be stopped, to control or reduce the frequency and severity of the seizure. These goals may be achieved through:&nbsp;<ul><li>Anti-seizure drugs: Anti-seizure drugs are the mainstay of treatment for children with seizure disorders. The drugs reduce the abnormal electrical activity in the brain.&nbsp;</li><li>Nutritional therapy:&nbsp;There have been reports of some epileptic children experiencing fewer seizures while following a high-fat, low-carb ketogenic diet.</li><li>Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) is a&nbsp;form of treatment that can be used with other therapies to help children with seizure disorders manage their disease's emotional and psychological aspects.</li><li>Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS)&nbsp;is a noninvasive medical procedure that involves implanting a device beneath the skin of the chest and connecting it to the vagus nerve in the neck. VNS stimulates the brain with electrical impulses, which lessen the frequency and intensity of seizures.</li><li>Surgery: For kids with seizure disorders, surgery may occasionally be advised to remove the portion of the brain producing the seizures&nbsp;without causing greater harm to the healthy brain tissue.</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Coping strategies for parents and caregivers of children&nbsp; having a seizure disorder</h2>Having a child with a seizure disorder can be challenging and stressful for a parent or caregiver.&nbsp; To help you cope, try:<ul><li>Working closely with a paediatric neurologist to create a personalised treatment plan for children with seizure disorders. Identifying and addressing any sign of seizure disorder early can improve treatment outcomes and reduce the risk of complications.</li><li>Ask for help:&nbsp;Connect with other parents and caregivers&nbsp;whose children have similar challenges. Join a support group, attend seminars or conferences, or consult a therapist or&nbsp;counsellor who focuses on helping families dealing with seizure disorders.</li><li>Make self-care a priority: Make time for leisurely pursuits like reading, jogging, and&nbsp;socialising with friends. These activities can help you unwind. When you need a break, take one, and if you require assistance, ask friends or family for assistance.</li><li>Create an action plan for seizures: Consult with your child's doctor to create an action plan that&nbsp;specifies what to do during a seizure. If you have a strategy, you may feel more prepared and&nbsp;confident in controlling your child's seizures.</li><li>Create a safe space for your child.&nbsp;This may entail clearing your child's room of sharp or harmful things, setting up safety equipment like bed rails or epilepsy helmets, and instructing other family members and caregivers on handling seizures.</li></ul>

Early diagnosis and treatment can ease the burden of seizures, but reducing stigma is just as important.

Seizure Disorders in Children

<a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-ai-image/human-blood-globulins_97747193.htm#fromView=search&amp;page=1&amp;position=9&amp;uuid=0a1d6c78-ecf9-4134-a9b7-52c8d3847ea2">Image by frimufilms on Freepik</a>Anaemia is when haemoglobin (Hb) concentration and red blood cell (RBC) numbers are lower than expected and insufficient to meet the amount you need to function effectively. This means that the RBCs will not be able to carry enough oxygen.&nbsp;<ul><li>Anaemia affects roughly one-third of the world’s population, with more than 60% of them in Africa</li><li>It’s often a sign of nutritional deficiency and ill health</li><li>Anaemia is also associated with death and disease in women and children.</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Anaemia symptoms</h2>Anaemia is subtle at the earliest. The body tries to compensate for the inadequacy initially, but symptoms may appear as the anaemia continues or worsens. The symptoms may include:<ul><li>Pale skin (pallor)</li><li>Cold hands and feet</li><li>Tiredness or weakness</li><li>Dizziness, lightheadedness, or feeling like you are about to pass out</li><li>Fast or unusual heartbeat</li><li>Shortness of breath</li><li>Headache&nbsp;</li><li>Pain</li><li>Poor growth&nbsp;</li></ul>The severity of the symptoms depends on the level of anaemia, the persistence of the cause, and how well the body compensates for the inadequacy.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What are the causes of anaemia in Africa</h2>Anaemia occurs either because:<ol><li>the body does not produce enough blood or</li><li>an excess number of red cells are destroyed, or</li><li>the body is losing blood at a faster rate than it produces</li></ol>These three mechanisms result from many causes. The common causes of anaemia in Nigeria include&nbsp;<ul><li>genetic conditions (e.g., thalassemia in parts of the Mediterranean, sickle cell in Africa)</li><li>nutritional deficiencies other than iron deficiency (i.e., folic acid, vitamins A and B-12)</li><li>factors related to reproduction (e.g., high fertility, obstetric complications, contraceptives)</li><li>infections (e.g., HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, diarrhoea) that increase requirements for iron and other micronutrients</li><li>parasitic infections such as malaria and worm infestation</li></ul>Malaria is a leading cause of anaemia in Sub-Saharan Africa, as is iron deficiency.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Risk factors</h2>The following factors place you at increased risk of anaemia, they include:<ul><li>Nutritional deficiency: low intake of minerals and vitamins, such as iron, copper, vitamin B-12, and folate&nbsp;</li><li>Intestinal disorders: intestinal disorders such as Crohn’s disease and celiac disease affect the absorption of nutrients in your small intestine and increase your risk of developing anaemia</li><li>Menstrual disorders: excess blood loss during menstruation is a risk factor</li><li>Pregnancy: Increased energy and nutrient demands and fluid retention during pregnancy can lead to anaemia</li><li>Chronic conditions: Chronic conditions like cancer or longstanding infections deplete your iron stores, while kidney failure can affect the release of the hormone that controls blood production.&nbsp;</li></ul>Chronic blood loss from an ulcer or other sources within the body can deplete the body's store of iron, leading to iron deficiency anaemia.<ul><li>Family history:&nbsp;inherited conditions, such as sickle cell anaemia, make you vulnerable to becoming anaemic due to increased destruction of red cells</li><li>Old age: People over age 65 are at increased risk of anaemia</li></ul>Other factors include blood diseases like haemophilia, autoimmune disorders, alcoholism, exposure to toxic chemicals like camphor, and the use of some medications can affect red blood cell production and lead to anaemia.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Diagnosis</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_48e230bd77_d369ff77c3.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/coronavirus-blood-samples-arrangement-lab_18684532.htm#fromView=search&amp;page=1&amp;position=18&amp;uuid=dd6f9a27-a349-4831-a0aa-e91ec4f1f230">Image by freepik</a>Diagnosis of anaemia is a combination of clinical presentation and laboratoryLaboratory tests for anaemia generally include the following:<ul><li>Packed cell volume (PCV) estimation: involves spinning your blood in a tube to see how much of it is red blood cells</li><li>Complete blood count (CBC): also called full blood count, this test estimates the levels of individual components of your blood, including white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets, reticulocytes, haemoglobin, differential cells, etc.</li><li>Peripheral blood smear: involves using a microscope to examine your blood for its colour, shape, size</li><li>Haemoglobin estimation</li><li>Serum iron estimation</li><li>Serum bilirubin</li><li>Haemoglobin electrophoresis</li><li>Reticulocyte count</li><li>Urinalysis</li><li>Liver function tests</li><li>Renal function test</li><li>Bone marrow biopsy</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Treatment</h2>Treatment for anaemia depends on the cause or type of anaemia. Treatments for common forms of anaemia include:<ul><li>Iron-deficiency anaemia: iron supplements and dietary changes.</li><li>Vitamin deficiency anaemia: vitamins and dietary supplements.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Thalassemia: folic acid supplements, iron chelation, and, for some people, blood transfusions and bone marrow transplants.</li><li>Anaemia of chronic disease: treatment of underlying disease.</li><li>Aplastic anaemia: blood transfusion or bone marrow transplant.</li><li>Sickle cell anaemia: oxygen therapy, pain relief medication, and intravenous fluids: antibiotics, folic acid supplements, blood transfusions, and hydroxyurea may be added.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Haemolytic anaemia: treatment of the underlying cause</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Prevention</h2>Prevention can be&nbsp;achieved by enforcing individual/family and government policies.On individual levelIron deficiency and vitamin-deficiency anaemia can be prevented by consuming the right diet. Suchnutrient can be gotten from the following sources:<ul><li>Iron:&nbsp;from red meat, dark-green leafy vegetables, beans and lentils, dried-fruits and iron-fortified cereals.</li><li>Folate/folic acid:&nbsp;from dark-green leafy vegetables, whole fruits or fruit juices, kidney beans, green peas, peanuts and fortified products such as bread, cereal, pasta, and rice.</li><li>Vitamin B-12:&nbsp;sources include dairy products, meat, soy products and fortified cereal.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Vitamin C: citrus fruits – whole or juiced, strawberries, peppers, broccoli, melons and tomatoes.</li></ul>On Governmental levelThe three major causes of anaemia (iron deficiency, malaria and helminth infections) can be addressed during contacts with vulnerable groups using a combination of key interventions, as needed.Five Key Interventions<ul><li>Iron supplements targeted to at-risk groups</li><li>Fortification of staple foods with iron and other micronutrients that cause anaemia for the general population&nbsp;</li><li>Supply of iron-fortified foods targeted to at-risk groups</li><li>Prevent and treat malaria</li><li>Use of insecticide-treated materials and bed nets to prevent anaemia</li><li>Deworming (anthelmintics) in at-risk groups</li></ul>Other important interventions to decrease anaemia:<ul><li>Expand immunization coverage</li><li>Prevent and manage obstetric complications, particularly excessive bleeding</li><li>Promote birth spacing through use of modern contraceptives and exclusive breastfeeding</li><li>Promote use of contraceptives that decrease blood loss</li><li>Improve water and sanitation facilities/practices</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Conclusion</h2>Anaemia is a huge problem in Africa, but it is manageable with interventions at the individual and government levels. The primary cause of anaemia in the continent include iron deficiency, malaria, and complications of pregnancy and delivery. These causes are controllable.&nbsp;

Anaemia is on the rise in Africa, driven by malaria, sickle cell disease, and poor nutrition. Learn the causes, risks, and how to prevent it.

The Prevalence of Anaemia in Africa

Health News and Research

No pregnant woman should have to worry about pre-eclampsia. Understanding the risks can help ensure a safe pregnancy.

<a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/a-man-using-braille-book-7265314/">Photo by Thirdman</a>If you can read this, congratulations: you can see. It doesn’t matter whether you are reading through eyeglasses or not. What matters is that you're here, reading this.That you're here now may also suggest you’re worried about your eyes. Perhaps your vision is getting blurry, and you wonder if you’re going blind. Your fears are understandable.The World Health Organization (WHO)&nbsp;<a href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/blindness-and-visual-impairment">estimates</a> that more than 250 million people worldwide are visually impaired. This figure is predicted to increase to 703 million by 2050. In Nigeria, experts estimate that&nbsp;<a href="https://guardian.ng/news/world-sight-day-why-over-4-25m-adult-nigerians-are-blind-by-ophthalmologists/">4.25 million people</a> are blind. These statistics are enough to make anyone jittery.But what does it mean to be blind? Is it when you can’t see at all and your vision is pitch black, or is it when you need glasses and other visual aids to read and do basic activities? Blindness&nbsp;can be that and more.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">What is blindness?</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_a17647e314_1_7b47500477.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/man-sitting-on-a-bench-with-his-dog-8327844/">Photo by MART&nbsp; PRODUCTION</a>Blindness is a condition&nbsp;in which a person cannot see anything or has extremely poor vision. Clinically, blindness is defined as visual acuity of less than 3/60 or a visual field of less than 10 degrees in your better eye, with the best correction.Eye doctors, or ophthalmologists, define vision in terms of visual acuity and visual field. Visual acuity measures the eye’s ability to see things clearly and in detail, whether near or far away. The visual field is how much of a space your eyes can see with a steady gaze.Vision acuity is expressed as a fraction. The top number is the distance that your vision is tested. This is usually 6 metres or 20 feet. The bottom number is the distance at which a person with normal vision is expected to see the image or text. It’s also 6 metres or 20 feet.If your eyes are okay, you should be able to see an object clearly from six metres away, so you’ll score 6/6 or 20/20. The 6/6 records visual acuity in metres, while 20/20 is recorded in feet. We use 6/6 in Nigeria. A visual acuity lower than 6/6 often suggests a problem with your vision.&nbsp;Glasses and contact lenses can correct mild and moderate vision problems. If, after correction, the vision is less than 3/60 (20/400) in the better eye, an individual will be considered blind.&nbsp;Blindness can occur due to injury, infections, or genetic disorders. Whatever the cause, blindness can affect your ability to perform basic tasks.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">What are the causes of blindness?</h2>The most common cause of blindness worldwide is age-related macular degeneration. The macula is a thin layer behind the eyes that helps us to note the tiny details of an object and focus effectively.&nbsp;It deteriorates as we age, leading to vision loss.&nbsp;However, in Nigeria and Africa, the leading causes are cataracts, glaucoma, and corneal opacity.&nbsp;Other causes include:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Injury from heavy blows, penetrating objects, toxic chemicals, or radiation&nbsp;exposure.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Genetic disorders like retinitis pigmentosa and&nbsp;albinism</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Diabetes</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Hypertension</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Stroke</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Vitamin A deficiency</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Trachoma</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Onchocerciasis</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Symptoms of blindness</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_7e37a7114e_ecad38fb11.webp"></figure>Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@nate_dumlao?utm_content=creditCopyText&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_source=unsplash">Nathan Dumlao</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/man-holding-eyeglasses-VJHb4QPBgV4?utm_content=creditCopyText&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_source=unsplash">Unsplash</a>One early symptom&nbsp;of deteriorating vision is blurry or hazy vision. Objects may appear fuzzy to you. You may struggle to identify figures and shapes at a distance or squint to read texts with regular font sizes and lighting conditions.&nbsp;It could also be that you find it more challenging to move around at home, recognize faces, or function outdoors.Other symptoms include:<ul><li>Difficulty seeing at night or in low-light conditions</li><li>Increased sensitivity to&nbsp;light or glare</li><li>Narrowed visual field</li><li>Loss of peripheral vision, or the ability to see side objects</li><li>Total loss of vision,&nbsp;or the ability to see light</li></ul>Depending on the cause, you may experience frequent headaches, eye pain or discomfort, and light sensitivity.&nbsp;Pay attention to these symptoms and seek medical attention if you experience them.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Diagnosis of blindness</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_c0e5f444ad_94270667ec.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/a-person-in-white-shirt-having-an-eye-examination-5201879/">Photo by Photo By: Kaboompics.com</a>The diagnosis of blindness can only be done at a clinic. While you may be able to tell whether you can see or not, only an eye doctor can help you determine whether it is actually blindness and educate you on what you can do about it.Your doctor will do a comprehensive eye examination, which may involve:<ul><li>Testing your visual acuity</li><li>Measuring your eyes’ pressure or doing a tonometry</li><li>Dilating your eyes with eye drops</li></ul>You may need an MRI or a CT scan if the examination reveals any abnormalities.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Prevention of blindness</h2>Unfortunately, some types of blindness cannot be prevented. Blindness due to macular degeneration or optic atrophy, for instance, is unavoidable and a natural consequence of old age. But most types are preventable.The goals of prevention are to:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Protect your eyes from any disease</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Prevent your vision from getting worse if you’re already having trouble with your vision</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Minimize the difficulties you may face as someone with visual impairment</li></ul>So, how can you prevent blindness?<ol><li style="text-align:justify;">Go for regular eye checks at least once a year</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Maintain proper eye hygiene</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Use protective eyewear such as glasses and safety goggles</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Manage underlying diseases like hypertension and diabetes</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Get treated against blindness-causing infections such as Trachoma&nbsp;</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Go for genetic counselling to know your risk for developing eye diseases</li></ol><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Treatment of blindness</h2>The treatment of blindness depends on the underlying cause.&nbsp;Some causes may&nbsp;require drugs, others may require surgery or transplants.&nbsp;<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Drugs:&nbsp;Antibiotics and anti-worm medications can help treat blindness caused by bacteria and worms.&nbsp;</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Supplements:&nbsp;Vitamin A supplements may help restore vision loss in individuals with xerophthalmia.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Surgery: Refractive errors, cataracts, glaucoma, and other eye structural eye diseases can be resolved through surgery.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Corneal transplant:&nbsp;transplanting corneal tissues from a healthy donor helps improve vision loss or impairment caused by corneal damage.</li></ul>Individuals with irreversible vision loss can use adaptive devices and technologies to help them navigate their environment and perform daily tasks. These may include braille devices, talking computers, and mobility aids like canes and guide dogs.Note&nbsp;that treatment for blindness&nbsp;is best delivered by ophthalmologists who are readily available in most Nigerian hospitals. You may need to visit specialist centres, or contact your local clinics to access ophthalmologists who will treat you.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Conclusion</h2>If you suspect your vision is getting poor, keep calm and visit a doctor. Your symptoms could be a sign of a mild eye disease or something more. Your doctor will tell you what they are.&nbsp;Symptoms of blindness are often innocent. Except in cases of direct injury to your eyes, blindness often starts with blurry or hazy vision, then to&nbsp;partial or total vision loss if they are not treated.&nbsp;Good eye care can protect you from common causes of blindness, while regular eye examination helps you detect eye diseases very early. Drugs, surgery, and transplants can resolve some of these causes; some other causes are irreversible.&nbsp;

Blindness can be preventable or unavoidable, but early detection and proper care can make a difference. Learn how to protect your vision.

Help! I think I’m going blind

<a href="https://pixabay.com/photos/vegetable-stand-vegetables-market-5149444/">Photo by Helmut_kroiss</a>Food is more than just something that tastes good and fills you up. It is an essential part of our lives and plays a critical role in maintaining good health and fueling our bodies.But not all foods are the same. Understanding the different classes of food and what they contain will help you decide on what to eat, what they do, and how you should eat to introduce and maintain your body in its best shape.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What are Classes of Food?</h2>Classes of food are groups of foods that have similar nutrients and work in the body in similar ways. There are six major classes of food: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Carbohydrates give you energy</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_fccbab762c_08e6cc4383.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/assortment-common-food-allergens-people_33757336.htm#query=carbohydrates&amp;position=1&amp;from_view=keyword&amp;track=sph&amp;uuid=f0919fbe-c696-4808-b971-d6a506938a8d">Image by&nbsp;Freepik</a>While carbohydrates have gotten a bad reputation for contributing to diabetes and weight gain, they are essential in keeping you fit and energized. Foods such as yams, bread, rice, potatoes, and some fruits are chief sources of carbohydrates, which are a type of macronutrient that&nbsp;serves as body fuel. This is why you should include carbohydrates in your diet.<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Types of carbohydrates</h3>There are two main types of carbohydrates: simple carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates.<ul><li>Simple carbohydrates&nbsp;are a type of carbohydrate that undergo no further processing to produce energy. They are found in sugary foods and provide a quick burst of energy.&nbsp;</li><li>Complex carbohydrates, on the other hand, need to be broken down to provide a slower release of energy. They are found in starchy foods like rice, yam, and whole grains,&nbsp;which are metabolised to provide sustained energy.</li></ul>&nbsp;<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">How to incorporate carbohydrates into your diet</h3>Choose whole grain products, such as wheat bread and brown rice, instead of refined grain products, such as white bread and white rice.&nbsp;Supplement these with a collection&nbsp;of fruits and vegetables to make your diet for a healthy source of carbohydrates.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Proteins build your body</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_afab21adb3_ed688afd00.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/grilled-vegetables-and-fried-egg-with-beans-and-sausage-4552980/">Photo by Roman Odintsov</a>Proteins are essential for the growth and repair of our body tissues. They are the building blocks of our muscles, skin and tissues. Proteins can be found in foods such as meat, poultry, fish, dairy products, beans, nuts, and tofu.<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">Types of Proteins</h3>There are many different types of proteins, each with its own unique structure and function. Some examples include hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the blood, and enzymes, which help to digest food.<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">How to Incorporate More Proteins into Your Diet</h3>Start with lean protein sources and meats, such as chicken and fish, in your meals. Then add plant-proteins or dairy products to provide you with the essential amino acids.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Can Fats make you fat?</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_88c4bf7ba0_c15c9db95b.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/real-food-pyramid-assortment-top-view_39205167.htm">Image by&nbsp;Freepik</a>No, Fats will not make you fat if you take the right type of fats in the right proportion. A small amount of Fat in your diet is enough to keep you healthy, without being at risk of the many complications that come with excess fat.&nbsp;Fats&nbsp;help our body to produce essential amino acids and absorb fat-soluble vitamins. They are found in a variety of foods, including oils, butter, nuts, cheese, and fatty cuts of meat.&nbsp;<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">Types of Fats</h3>There are two main types of fats: unsaturated fats and saturated fats.<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Unsaturated fats found in foods such as olive oil, nuts, and avocados. They can be benefcial to health when consumed in moderation. These types of fats can help lower cholesterol levels and improve heart health.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Saturated fats&nbsp;are found in animal products and processed foods such as butter, lard, and fatty meats. Saturated fats have been linked to increased cholesterol levels and raise the risk of heart disease, and as such, should be consumed in moderation.</li></ul><h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">How to incorporate more good fats into your diet</h3>At all times, choose unsaturated fats over saturated ones. Evidence from nutritionists and doctors suggest that moderate levels of unsaturated fats have better health benefits and less risks than saturated ones.&nbsp;Unsaturated fats are found in food items such as nuts, seeds, avocados, and olive oil.&nbsp;Also, limit your intake of saturated fats from animal products and processed foods, and opt for lean cuts of meat instead.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;">Vitamins and Minerals for Vitality</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_9ae6c6e784_bab1b60ee4.webp"></figure><a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/kiwis-and-oranges-1cWZgnBhZRs">Photo by Luke Michael</a>The body needs vitamins and minerals in small amounts to function properly.&nbsp;Vitamins and minerals have a vital role in everything from building strong bones and maintaining good health to boosting our immune system.&nbsp;Some of the most important vitamins and minerals include vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, and iron. You can get these nutrients from a variety of foods, including fruits, vegetables, dairy products, whole grains, and lean protein sources.<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">Types of Vitamins and Minerals</h3>There are 13 essential vitamins, including vitamins A, C, D, and E. Each vitamin has its unique function, such as maintaining healthy skin and supporting the immune system.There are also many different types of minerals, including calcium, iron, and magnesium. Each mineral has its unique function in the body, such as building strong bones and helping regulate the heart's rhythm.&nbsp;<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">Role of Vitamins and Minerals in the Body</h3>Vitamins and minerals play a crucial role in many processes in the body, including growth, metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, building strong bones, regulating heart function, transmitting nerve impulses, and disease prevention.&nbsp;&nbsp;They also help to protect cells and tissues, maintain&nbsp;fluid balance, and support the maintenance of a healthy immune system.<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">How to incorporate more vitamins and minerals into your diet</h3>Fruits and veggies are the chief source of vitamins and minerals. For instance, leafy greens, such as spinach and kale, are a good source of calcium and iron.&nbsp;Orange is rich in vitamin C.&nbsp;Additionally, meat, poultry, and dairy products, such as milk and yogurt, are rich in iron and calcium and are a good source of Vitamin D. Seafood is a good source of magnesium and iodine. Nuts, seeds, and legumes are good sources of magnesium, phosphorus, and potassium.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Water</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_421b6c4d19_f1a96d46fb.webp"></figure><a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/pouring-water-on-persons-hands-YpZ2cj4s0oo">Photo by mrjn Photography</a>Our body is made up of 70% water, so it’s only natural for water to be very essential to play a central role in our diet, digestion, and wellbeing.&nbsp; Water helps to regulate our body temperature, lubricates joints, removes or flushes out waste products and toxins, and helps transport nutrients throughout the body. It is also important for hydration and maintaining healthy skin and eyes.<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">How to stay hydrated all day</h3>It is recommended to drink at least&nbsp;15 cups or glasses (3 to 4 litres, or 6 to 8 sachets of water) per day.&nbsp;If you’re in a hot environment like Nigeria, you may need to drink more. But the exact amount of water you need can change depending on your age, gender, level of activity, and health in general.&nbsp;&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Bottom Line</h2>A balanced diet is a diet containing a healthy blend of the different classes of food we’ve discussed. Fill your plate with a variety of components from each food group.&nbsp;<figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_62c94a4d33_b13866549b.webp"></figure><a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/fruit-salad-on-gray-bowls-HlNcigvUi4Q">Photo by Brooke Lark</a>Personalise your diet and ensure your health is at the top of your scale when selecting what food to eat.&nbsp;&nbsp;While several dietary guidelines recommend different daily dietary regimens for individuals, there are no universal diet guidelines. So it’s helpful to tailor the guidelines to your individual needs and circumstances.&nbsp;&nbsp;Remember that everyone's nutritional needs are different and may change throughout their lives, depending on factors like age, gender, specific health conditions and physical activity levels.&nbsp;&nbsp;Speaking with a registered dietitian or healthcare provider can help you determine what a healthy and balanced diet looks like for you.

From proteins to carbohydrates, understanding food classes helps you make better dietary choices for a balanced and healthy life.

The ABCs of Food and Why Food Classes Matter

Poor diet, obesity, and genetics are causing a rise in childhood hypertension, leading to lifelong health risks.

<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/de/deed.en">High Contrast, CC BY 3.0 DE</a>, via Wikimedia CommonsAs an individual, you are bound to feel a slight headache now and then or a slight cough after a long, tiring day. Do you always rush to the hospital or walk to the nearest patent medicine store or pharmacy around you? Many of us go to the neighbourhood pharmacy for a pack of paracetamol or cough syrup, both of which belong to a class of medications called over-the-counter (OTC) drugs.OTC drugs are easily accessed,&nbsp; most often leading to self-medication (taking drugs without a doctor's prescription). But using them wisely is important. Knowing when to stop self-medicating and see a doctor can make all the difference between treating a simple issue and overlooking something serious. In this article, we will explore more information on OTC drugs, their benefits, side effects, and other interesting details.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What are over-the-counter drugs?</h2>Over-the-counter drugs, also known as OTC drugs, are drugs you can buy&nbsp; without a prescription from a doctor. You can buy OTC drugs at a chemist’s shop, pharmacy, drug store, or supermarket. They are often used to treat minor health conditions.&nbsp;There's an OTC drug for almost any complaint, whether it’s body pain, a runny nose, or an upset stomach. Need something for that fever? Paracetamol is your go-to. Got a scratchy throat? The storekeeper will recommend a lozenge.&nbsp;While these drugs can work wonders for minor symptoms, we often forget the fine print that guides us on how to use them. We pop a pill, take a syrup, and move on without thinking about things like dosage, potential side effects, or when actually to seek professional medical advice.Imagine this typical scenario&nbsp;Tunde wakes up with a pounding headache after a late night. He’s got a busy day ahead, so he grabs some painkillers from the cabinet. He’s done this before, so it feels like no big deal. But what if Tunde’s headache keeps returning? Or worse, what if he starts relying on painkillers every time his head hurts without figuring out the root cause?Before using over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, it's important to exercise caution. Because OTCs are affordable and easily accessible, many people use them even when they don't need them. This can lead to overuse, masking underlying health issues, or developing dependency. Some medications, like certain cough syrups, can be misused for their sedative effects.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Common classes of OTC drugs&nbsp;</h2>1. Pain Relievers/AnalgesicsPain relievers are among the most widely used OTC drugs in Nigeria. They are commonly used for mild to moderate pain, such as headaches, menstrual cramps, or toothaches. Examples include Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like Aspirin, Ibuprofen (Brufen, Ibuprin), and Paracetamol (Panadol).&nbsp;<figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_ccfa7918b1_1008d285fd.webp"></figure><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/br/deed.en">Mateus Hidalgo, CC BY-SA 2.5 BR,</a> via Wikimedia Commons&nbsp;NSAIDs block certain enzymes in the body, reducing inflammation and relieving pain. However, long-term or excessive use can lead to liver damage (especially with Paracetamol) or stomach ulcers (with NSAIDs).&nbsp;NSAIDs are not suitable for people with a history of stomach ulcers, asthma, or kidney issues. Pregnant women should also consult a doctor before use.2. Topical AnalgesicsTopical analgesics are gels you apply to the skin to relieve pain or inflammation in specific body areas. Examples include NeuroGesic Extra, Deep Heat, and Voltaren Gel.&nbsp;They provide a cooling or heating effect to soothe pain. However, overuse can irritate the skin or cause allergic reactions. Therefore, they should not be applied to broken or irritated skin.3. DecongestantsDecongestants help relieve nasal congestion caused by colds, flu, or allergies. Examples include Actifed, Sudafed, Otrivine, and Olbas Oil. They work by narrowing blood vessels in the nasal passages, reducing swelling and congestion.&nbsp;Overusing nasal sprays can cause rebound congestion, worsening symptoms after stopping the drug. Oral decongestants can raise blood pressure, so they are not recommended for individuals with high blood pressure, heart disease, or glaucoma.4. AntacidsAntacids neutralize stomach acid and relieve heartburn and acid reflux. Examples include Gaviscon, Jawasil, Danacid, and Gestid. They usually reduce stomach acidity, which helps relieve symptoms of indigestion.Certain antacids can interfere with other medications, like antibiotics, so it's recommended to consult a healthcare professional before using them.&nbsp;Some antacids may cause side effects such as constipation or diarrhea, depending on the active ingredients. For example, calcium carbonate and aluminum hydroxide can lead to constipation, while magnesium-based antacids may cause diarrhea.Overuse of antacids can lead to electrolyte imbalances or affect the absorption of other medications. In addition, people with kidney disease, heart failure, or those taking medications for hypertension should be cautious when using antacids, as certain types can lead to complications such as electrolyte imbalances or worsen pre-existing conditions.5. Anti-inflammatory MedicationsThese medications help to reduce inflammation and are often used to treat conditions like arthritis, back pain, and sports injuries. Examples also include<ol><li>Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs include diclofenac (Voltaren), Ibuprofen (Ibrufen), and Naproxen. These drugs usually block the production of chemicals that cause inflammation in the body, and long-term use can increase the risk of heart disease, stomach ulcers, and kidney damage. The medication is not suitable for individuals with heart disease, hypertension, or those prone to gastrointestinal issues.</li><li>Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, and prednisolone, are used to reduce inflammation, swelling, and itching, commonly for skin conditions like eczema, rashes, or allergic reactions. Although they are effective for inflammation, prolonged or inappropriate use can lead to skin thinning, hormonal imbalances, and other side effects. People with infections or certain skin conditions should avoid corticosteroids unless prescribed by a doctor, as they can worsen infections.</li></ol>6. Cough and Cold MedicationsCough and cold medications help alleviate symptoms like coughing, congestion, and sore throat. Popular brands include Benylin and Tutolin. These medications contain a mix of antihistamines, decongestants, and cough suppressants.Some cough syrups can cause drowsiness or be abused for their sedative effects. For this reason, it is advisable to avoid using these drugs for more than a few days. Also, they are usually not recommended for children under six years, pregnant women, or individuals with high blood pressure or asthma without consulting a doctor.7. Allergy Medications/AntihistaminesAntihistamines help relieve allergy symptoms such as sneezing, itching, and a runny nose. Examples include popular piriton (chlorpheniramine), loratadine, and cetirizine.The drug works by blocking histamine, which usually causes allergic reactions. Some antihistamines can cause drowsiness and affect daily functioning. Use is not recommended for individuals with glaucoma or an enlarged prostate. It is also important to consult a medical doctor before use during pregnancy.8. Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS) and Antidiarrheal DrugsOral rehydration salts treat dehydration from diarrhea or vomiting, while antidiarrheal drugs manage diarrhea symptoms.&nbsp;Examples of ORS include Emzolyte, Oralyt, Walyte, and many other brands. Antidiarrheal drugs include Imodium, Lomotil, and Diastop.ORS replaces lost fluids and electrolytes, while antidiarrheal drugs slow down bowel movements.&nbsp;Overuse of antidiarrheal drugs can lead to constipation or mask more serious infections.Antidiarrheal medications are not recommended for young children or people with a high fever.9. Vitamins and SupplementsVitamins and supplements are widely used to boost nutrient intake. Common examples include vitamin C, vitamin D, and iron supplements such as ferrous sulphate.&nbsp;Moderate doses of vitamins and supplements provide essential nutrients to improve general health. However, very high doses can be toxic, leading to complications such as liver damage.&nbsp;Before using vitamins and other supplements, consult a medical doctor especially for individuals with kidney or liver conditions, or those on medication for chronic diseases.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Conclusion</h2>Over-the-counter drugs can be a quick and convenient way to treat minor health conditions, but it is important to use them safely and to know when to seek medical attention. Always read the label, follow the recommended dosage, and use them for short-term relief only. If symptoms persist beyond a few days, consult a doctor. Avoid combining multiple medications without professional advice, and be mindful of potential side effects.

OTC medications offer quick relief for common ailments, but they also come with risks. Learn how to use them safely.

Your Guide to Over-the-Counter Drugs

Lifestyle and Wellness

<a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-ai-image/portrait-adorable-newborn-baby_66108984.htm#fromView=search&amp;page=3&amp;position=17&amp;uuid=a59ddb6d-4d72-41b9-a5e1-b0ec18ec572d">Image by freepik</a><h2>Introduction</h2>Do you know that, according to a&nbsp;<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228478123_Neonatal_jaundice_Prevalence_and_associated_factors_as_seen_in_Federal_Medical_Centre_Abakaliki_Southeast_Nigeria">report</a>, 35% of all NICU admissions were made for Neonatal Jaundice? A global survey estimates that each year,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.njcponline.com/article.asp?issn=1119-3077;year=2016;volume=19;issue=1;spage=1;epage=17;aulast=Olusanya#:~:text=every%20year%2C%20roughly-,1.1%20million%20babies,-would%20develop%20severe">1.1 million newborns</a> experience severe jaundice, with the bulk of those cases occurring in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. In Africa, particularly in West Africa, neonatal jaundice is the major condition that affects and kills newborns. Hence, it requires priority attention from the international community. In these areas, newborn mortality due to jaundice complications occurred in almost 75% of cases. There are a lot of misconceptions about neonatal jaundice in developing countries, and it is imperative we talk about it. Nigeria is one of the nations with one of the highest neonatal mortality rates, with almost one-third (32%) of the estimated 1 million children under the age of five who pass away each year dying during the newborn period. Between 5 and 14% of these neonatal deaths, severe neonatal jaundice (SNNJ) is to blame. The prevalence of neonatal jaundice in Africa is partially caused by a genetic predisposition brought on by a high prevalence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, system flaws, and delays in the care of newborns who have jaundice. Infants with severe neonatal jaundice who survive develop varying neurological problems, including sensory-neural hearing loss, language processing issues, and cerebral palsy, now known as a kernicterus spectrum disorder (KSD). Nigeria and the entire of Africa have insufficient research on the prevalence and regional characteristics linked to newborn jaundice. However, we have put together some pertinent information regarding neonatal jaundice as it concerns us in West Africa. Let’s go on this ride, shall we?<h2>Outlook of Neonatal Jaundice in Low and Middle-Income Countries</h2>Numerous studies conducted throughout the years have identified newborn jaundice as a significant cause of infant morbidity and mortality. It has been challenging to compare jaundice across different regions due to the absence of standardised guidelines for the care and classification of the condition in low- and middle-income nations.The high prevalence of acute bilirubin encephalopathy (ABE) or kernicterus in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) has been linked to three levels of delay in the pathway to care for neonates with neonatal jaundice. Specifically, a delay in seeking care, a delay in showing up at the proper facility, and a delay in receiving sufficient and appropriate care at a medical facility. Due to these delays, bilirubin levels can rise to risky levels, and the newborn's brain is exposed to high bilirubin levels over an extended period, which results in both acute and chronic neurotoxicity. In many LMICs, parents of newborns who fail to seek immediate and appropriate care for a sick newborn outside the home setting may do so due to poverty, a lack of access to medical care, sociocultural perceptions and practices related to newborn illness, such as the use of traditional medicine, and living in rural areas.&nbsp;In Nigeria and Africa as a whole, septicemia and prematurity were the main aetiological causes of NNJ. Significantly more outborn than inborn babies experienced substantial bilirubinemia, septicemia, and contact with clothing contaminated by naphthalene balls. Also, unbooked women were more likely to use herbal pregnancy remedies than mothers of unborn children.<h2>What is Jaundice</h2>Jaundice is defined as the yellowish discolouration of the skin and sclera (the white part of the eye) due to high levels of a pigment known as bilirubin in the skin and mucous membranes. Neonatal Jaundice, aka NNJ, is jaundice in a neonate (a child 28 days old and less). Neonatal jaundice is one of the most prevalent illnesses that require medical attention in newborns. It is a liver condition that causes the yellowing of a newborn baby’s skin and eyes. 60% of term and 80% of preterm newborns experience neonatal jaundice worldwide. Neonatal jaundice occurs because of an imbalance between bilirubin production and its removal from the bloodstream. The mother assists in the placenta's function throughout pregnancy to help the foetus excrete its bilirubin. Following delivery, the infant must self-adjust and eliminate blood bilirubin. Bilirubin is a by-product of the breakdown of haemoglobin(a pigment in red blood cells). Because newborns have more red blood cells, which also have a short lifespan and an immature liver, there’s usually an imbalance in the rate at which bilirubin is produced and removed from the bloodstream. It is important to know that when this pigment (bilirubin) crosses the barrier separating the blood from the brain, it causes what we call bilirubin encephalopathy or kernicterus.&nbsp; Kernicterus results in permanent brain damage in which the child will have a delay in development, stiffness of the body, and affectation of social interaction. Kernicterus specifically happens in the first 14 days of a newborn (as the blood-brain barrier is most easily penetrated at this time). It is important to know that the damage to the brain is permanent, and no treatment can reverse it. The child can only be managed to limit challenges and complications.&nbsp;<h2>How do I know my child has jaundice?</h2><ul><li>Baby’s skin becomes more yellow.</li><li>The skin on the baby’s abdomen, arms, or legs looks yellow</li><li>The whites of the baby’s eyes look yellow</li><li>Baby seems listless, sick, or is difficult to awaken</li><li>Baby isn’t gaining weight or is feeding poorly</li><li>Baby makes high-pitched cries.</li></ul><h2>Jaundice: What Could Be the Cause?</h2>The appearance of jaundice in a newborn could be a result of certain factors. Below are some of the common causes of jaundice.<ul><li>Hyperbilirubinemia (excess bilirubin): An excessive amount of bilirubin in the blood results in a condition called hyperbilirubinemia. When red blood cells, which carry oxygen throughout the body, are broken down, bilirubin, a yellow material, is created. The bilirubin is transported to the liver by the bloodstream. Bilirubin is transformed by the liver so that it can be eliminated from the body in feces. However, if there is too much bilirubin in the blood or the liver is unable to eliminate it, it will produce jaundice.</li><li>Internal bleeding (hemorrhage): Red blood cell disintegration and the subsequent release of unconjugated bilirubin into the bloodstream can cause jaundice. Therefore, this breakdown of blood cells outside of blood vessels (extravascular hemolysis) will lead to an increase in the amount of unconjugated bilirubin presented to the liver cells (hepatocyte). Thus, unconjugated bilirubin will build up in plasma, increasing total and indirect bilirubin if the hepatocyte's capacity to absorb and conjugate this bilirubin is exceeded.&nbsp;</li><li>Infection in baby’s blood (sepsis): Sepsis is a condition in which there is both an infection and a systemic inflammatory reaction. Jaundice is one of the many symptoms of sepsis. When the body fights an infection due to sepsis, among other reactions, cytokines are released. The regulation of bilirubin by our body is interfered with by these cytokines, which are also the cause of inflammation in sepsis. As a result, bilirubin cannot be properly processed by our bodies, which causes a buildup and jaundice or yellowing of the skin. Both the drugs used to treat sepsis or direct liver damage from sepsis can result in jaundice.</li><li>Incompatibility between the mother’s blood and the baby’s blood: While a mother is pregnant, it is possible for her red blood cells to enter the placenta or fetus. When this happens, the mother's blood cells produce antibodies that can target the newborn's blood cells, resulting in jaundice.</li><li>Liver malfunction Inflammation, various issues involving the liver cells, or clogged bile ducts may all be associated with high levels of bilirubin. In newborns, the early symptoms of liver illness frequently include jaundice.</li><li>Biliary atresia: The flow of bile from the liver to the gut is obstructed in infants who have biliary atresia. The newborn develops jaundice as a result of the bile becoming trapped inside the liver. Babies' trapped bile can damage and scar their livers very quickly (cirrhosis). This typically leads to liver failure, and jaundice often develops in infants with biliary atresia between the ages of 3 and 6 weeks.</li></ul><h2>Myths and Truths Surrounding the Treatment of Neonatal Jaundice in Africa&nbsp;</h2>People are wrongly informed about treatment options regarding neonatal jaundice. Some of the myths and truths about jaundice are listed below.<h3 style="margin-left:0in;">Myths</h3>In Africa, some of the myths and wrong narratives or pieces of advice prevalent and surrounding the treatment of neonatal jaundice include:<ul><li>Putting the child under sunlight&nbsp;</li><li>Putting breast milk in the eyes</li><li>Giving any form of traditional medications</li><li>Giving any form of oral (mouth) medications.</li><li>Wearing yellow clothes causes jaundice.</li><li>Unripe pawpaw/leaf cures jaundice.</li><li>Abidec/ampiclox drops cure/prevent jaundice.</li><li>Untreated malaria in pregnancy causes jaundice.&nbsp;</li></ul><h3 style="margin-left:0in;">Truths</h3>The perfect advice to parents and health workers of every sort is to always make sure to refer newborns with jaundice or suspected case of jaundice to a paediatrician.&nbsp; In doing so, you could just be guaranteeing a normal life!&nbsp;<h2>How Long Does Jaundice Last In A Baby?</h2>If your baby is fed formula, jaundice usually goes away within two weeks. In breastfed babies, it can last longer, up to three weeks or more. If your baby's jaundice persists beyond three weeks, it's best to speak to your healthcare provider.<h2>What Jaundice Treatment Options Are Available?</h2>At birth, jaundice can be discovered by running an SB (serum bilirubin) test. Clinically, jaundice can be discovered in a neonate between 1 and 7 days of birth. The treatment option to be used is dependent on the level of the bilirubin as measured in the lab. In some cases, no intervention is required. The mother would just be counselled to go home, continue breastfeeding and come back for a recheck later. In situations where bilirubin levels are still high after a recheck, the paediatrician decides on any of the following treatment options:<ul><li>Phototherapy: This is a medical treatment that uses a specific type of light, which is not sunlight. It is commonly used to treat newborn jaundice by helping the liver to break down and eliminate bilirubin from the baby's blood. Any level above 15 mg/dL or more calls for immediate phototherapy within the first 72hrs after birth.</li><li>Exchange Blood Transfusion: In some cases, when a person has a serious case of jaundice, or when phototherapy hasn't been effective, a procedure known as a complete blood transfusion or an exchange transfusion may be necessary. The process involves the gradual removal of the individual's blood and replacing it with fresh donor blood or plasma to counteract the high levels of bilirubin in their blood.</li></ul><h2>Complication Of Jaundice</h2>The major/most worrisome complication of jaundice is kernicterus. Kernicterus causes irreversible (permanent) brain damage.&nbsp;<h2>What is the way forward?</h2>To considerably lower newborn morbidity and mortality, social factors that affect health must be taken into consideration. These factors are at the heart of the problems that underlie both of these outcomes. Furthermore, to reduce the prevalence of severe neonatal jaundice, there is a need for continuous education of the general public on the importance of routine antenatal observation of pregnancy and delivery in competent healthcare facilities.In conclusion, always follow the doctor’s recommendation when your child has jaundice. Also, the best thing you can do for your newborn who is jaundiced is to make sure they are getting enough breastmilk. Do not listen to old wives’ fables of alternate methods of ‘curing’ jaundice. Remember, it is your baby and therefore, it is your responsibility to give the best care.

Do you know that, according to a report, 35% of all NICU admissions were made for Neonatal Jaundice? A global survey estimates that each year, 1.1 million newborns experience severe jaundice, with the bulk of those cases occurring in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. In Africa, particularly in West Africa, neonatal jaundice is the major condition that affects and kills newborns.

Jaundice in Newborns

<a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/scrabble-tiles-on-a-light-blue-surface-8428356/">Photo by Anna Tarazevich</a><h1 style="margin-left:0cm;">Overview</h1>When the heavy bleeding started, she never imagined it could be anything worse. Mrs. B, a 28-year-old mother of two has had a heavy bleeding in the past, some of which she took pills for, others went on their own. Her gynaecologist attributed her last heavy flow to an anovulatory cycle, something to do with her ovaries not releasing an egg for the month. It was nothing to worry about, she had said. So when this came, she didn’t think much of it until it refused to go.Mrs. B went to the hospital where she had several tests done. Full blood count, ultrasound scan, urinalysis. Nothing extraordinary was found, safe for an unusual finding in her urine. Her PCV, which indicates the blood level in her body, was normal. The abdominal ultrasound done didn’t show anything abnormal. Only the urinalysis discovered red blood cells. The doctor told her not to worry but recommended she go for a biopsy, where a tiny cut of her cervix will be taken and viewed with a microscope. The biopsy report came back and the unimaginable had happened: she has cervical cancer&nbsp;For many people like Mrs. B., cervical cancer is a strange thing. Cancer is common. It’s on the news. Everyone talks about, but not much or anything at all is ever said about cervical cancer. Or not much that she had heard or read. All she knew about were breast cancer, lung cancer, and prostate cancer. Here she was having to deal with a cancer she's never heard about.<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">So what’s cervical cancer?</h3>Cervical cancer is the cancer of the cervix, the lower, narrow end of the uterus that connects to the vagina. Around 660,000 women were newly diagnosed with cervical cancer in 2022, making it the fourth most common cancer in women globally.&nbsp;Other notable statistics about cervical cancer include:<ul><li>&nbsp;It accounts for death every two minutes</li><li>Nearly 22.5% of these deaths occur in Africa</li><li>About 8% of the cancer is associated with infections with high-risk strains of human papillomavirus (HPV)&nbsp;</li><li>More than&nbsp; 75,000 new cases and close to 50,000 deaths are reported annually in sub-Saharan Africa</li><li>The World Health Organization projects that by 2030, cervical cancer will claim the lives of more than 443,000 women worldwide, with almost 90% of these fatalities in sub-Saharan Africa.&nbsp;</li></ul>This surge in cervical cancer cases threatens to reverse the advancements made by African women in reducing maternal mortality and enhancing life expectancy. Nevertheless, cervical cancer is a largely preventable non-communicable disease, with effective strategies available for primary (vaccination), secondary (early detection), and tertiary (management of diagnosed cases) prevention.&nbsp;<h1 style="margin-left:0cm;">What are the causes of cervical cancer?</h1>&nbsp;The primary cause of cervical cancer is a long-lasting infection with specific types of human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is a transmitted virus that spreads through sexual contact.&nbsp;It is estimated that at least half of sexually active individuals will contract HPV at some point in their lives; however, only a small percentage of women will develop cervical cancer.&nbsp;<h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">Who's at risk for cervical cancer?</h3>Cervical cancer is often associated with identifiable risk factors. Some of these factors can be modified, while others are beyond your control.&nbsp;Here are some risk factors you can control:<ul><li>Sexual intercourse at an early age:&nbsp;</li><li>HPV infection</li><li>HIV infection</li><li>Weakened immune system</li><li>Multiple pregnancies</li><li>Long term use ofirth control pills</li><li>Smoking: Cigarette smoking has been linked to a heightened risk of cervical cancer.</li></ul>While these risk factors re controllable, some are not.Example of an uncontrollable risk factor:<ul><li>Family history</li><li>Age&nbsp;</li></ul><h1 style="margin-left:0cm;">What are the symptoms of cervical cancer?&nbsp;</h1>In its early stages, cervical cancer typically does not present any symptoms, making early detection challenging. Symptoms often emerge only after the cancer has progressed.&nbsp;When early-stage cervical cancer symptoms do manifest, they may include:<ul><li>Irregular vaginal bleeding or heavier menstrual periods</li><li>Vaginal bleeding after menopause</li><li>Vaginal bleeding post-intercourse</li><li>Unusual vaginal discharge that may be watery, foul-smelling, or blood-stained</li><li>Pelvic pain or discomfort during intercourse</li></ul>As cervical cancer advances, symptoms may encompass those of early-stage cancer, along with:<ul><li>Painful or difficult bowel movements</li><li>Bleeding from the anus during bowel movements</li><li>Painful urination&nbsp;</li><li>Blood in the urine</li><li>Persistent lower back pain</li><li>Swelling in the legs</li><li>Abdominal pain</li><li>Fatigue</li></ul>These symptoms can also be found in other conditions other than cervical cancer. Consulting a Doctor is essential for an accurate diagnosis. Delaying treatment for cervical cancer due to ignored symptoms can lead to less effective management.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Stages of cervical cancer</h2>The staging of cervical cancer indicates the degree of spread.There are 4 stages of cervical cancer progression and they are:<ul><li>Stage I: Cancer is confined to the cervix.</li><li>Stage II: Cancer has spread beyond the cervix and uterus but not to the pelvic wall or vagina.</li><li>Stage III: Cancer has spread to the lower vagina and possibly the pelvic wall and nearby lymph nodes.</li><li>Stage IV: Cancer has spread to the bladder, rectum, or other distant parts of the body.</li></ul><h1 style="margin-left:0cm;">Preventing cervical cancer</h1>HPV vaccineThe HPV vaccine is designed to protect against the specific strains of HPV responsible for nearly all cervical cancer cases. Gardasil 9 is effective against nine HPV types, which together account for about 90% of cervical cancers. For optimal efficacy, the second dose should be administered six to twelve months after the first.Receiving the HPV vaccine does not eliminate the need for regular cervical cancer screening. Women vaccinated against HPV should have their first screening at age 25 and continue every five years thereafter.<h1 style="margin-left:0cm;">How is cervical cancer diagnosed?</h1><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_582d7737fd_6fccdf28fd.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/doctor-holding-radiography-side-view_32338454.htm#fromView=search&amp;page=1&amp;position=31&amp;uuid=bbcea39a-f3bf-4fab-a3e3-86bd249d91bf">Image by freepik</a>Cervical cancer develops slowly over many years, hence the need for regular Pap smear ( The Pap smear is a procedure that screens for cervical cancer by collecting cervical cells from the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It can also reveal precancerous changes in these cells, enabling early intervention when required.In this test, a healthcare provider uses a speculum to gently open the vagina, providing access to the cervix. They then collect cell samples using a soft brush or spatula, which they preserve in a solution and send to a laboratory for analysis. The entire process typically takes just a few minutes and may cause slight discomfort, but it is usually not painful.) To detect early signs of cancer, if positive, a biopsy is ordered.The biopsy could be any of the following:<ul><li>Colposcopic biopsy</li><li>Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)</li><li>Cone biopsy&nbsp;</li><li>Endocervical curettage&nbsp;</li><li>Cold knife cone biopsy&nbsp;</li></ul>An HPV DNA test too can be ordered.Should the biopsy test come out as positive further investigations would be required to determine if the cancer has spread (metastasized) and to what extent.The other test include:&nbsp;<ul><li>Renal function test</li><li>Liver function test</li><li>X-ray of bladder, bowels, intestines</li><li>Urine Test</li><li>Ultrasound&nbsp;</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Treatment</h2>Treatment of cervical cancer depends on:<ul><li>The stage of the cancer</li><li>The size and shape of the tumor</li><li>The woman's age and general health</li><li>Her desire to have children in the future</li></ul>Early cervical cancer can be cured by removing or destroying the precancerous or cancerous tissue. There are surgical ways to do this without removing the uterus or seriously damaging the cervix, so that a woman can still have children in the future.The following treatment options are available depending on the stage of the cancer:<ul><li>Laser therapy&nbsp;</li><li>Cryotherapy&nbsp;</li><li>Hysterectomy&nbsp;</li><li>Radiation therapy&nbsp;</li><li>Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure(LEEP)</li><li>Chemotherapy&nbsp;</li></ul><h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">Support Groups</h3>Joining a cancer support group can provide emotional relief and connection with others facing similar challenges. Sharing experiences can help alleviate feelings of isolation.<h1 style="margin-left:0cm;">Conclusion</h1>Early detection of cervical cancer is key to effective treatment, making regular Pap smear screenings essential. The HPV vaccine, now available in three different versions, provides crucial protection against the virus that often leads to cervical cancer. Staying on top of both vaccinations and screenings is important for reducing risk. Furthermore, involving family and connecting with support networks can greatly support your journey through treatment.

Cervical cancer is a leading cause of death among women, yet it’s preventable and treatable. Find out how to protect yourself.

Understanding Cervical Cancer, Causes, Symptoms and Management

Chronic illnesses

<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Boy_in_standing_frame.jpg">AnikaMeyer</a>, <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0">CC BY-SA 4.0</a>,&nbsp;via Wikimedia CommonsA healthy child should be able to control their neck at 3 months, sit without support at 6 to 8 months, and walk by one year and above. However, diseases affecting the brain and muscle control can delay or prevent all these from happening. Cerebral is one such disease.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What is cerebral palsy?</h2>Cerebral palsy is a group of disorders affecting a child’s ability to move, coordinate, or maintain balance and posture. It results from a problem in the brain that occurs during pregnancy, delivery, or soon after birth.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How common is cerebral palsy in Nigeria?</h2>The exact number of children living with cerebral palsy is not known. However, some research estimates that about 3 out of 1,000 children in Nigeria have cerebral palsy. Parents often discover the condition when the child is about 6 to 16 months old, affecting males slightly more often than females.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What are the symptoms of cerebral palsy?</h2>Cerebral palsy symptoms emerge as soon as a child is born, but they are often not noticeable until the child ages. After the child’s first few weeks of life, the parents may notice symptoms such as:<ul><li>Delayed motor development, such as sitting, crawling, standing, and walking</li><li>Muscle stiffness and rigidity</li><li>Floppiness&nbsp;</li><li>Weak arms and legs</li><li>Difficulty with speech and swallowing</li><li>Seizures</li><li>Muscle paralysis</li><li>Intellectual disabilities</li><li>Behavioral and emotional problems</li><li>Uncontrolled jerky movements</li></ul>The symptoms vary according to the severity of the condition. Some children with cerebral palsy may have minor difficulties with movement, while others could be severely impaired.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">When to see the doctor</h2>The symptoms above are not exclusive to cerebral palsy. While they are typical of brain diseases, they are not necessarily signs of trouble.&nbsp;However, you should watch out for the early signs of cerebral palsy and visit a doctor if you have concerns about your child’s health and development.The doctor will help you understand your child’s condition and, if necessary, refer you to a specialist.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What are the causes of cerebral palsy?</h2>Cerebral palsy is caused by abnormal brain development or injury to the developing brain. The brain starts developing in the fetus and completes development at mid-age. Abnormality or injury to the developing brain, whether inside or outside the fetus, can make it difficult for a child to control their muscles.Some of the causes responsible for the abnormality include:<ul><li>Genetic disorders</li><li>Enzyme deficiencies</li><li>Hormone disorders</li><li>Maternal infections such as gonorrhoea, urinary tract infections, etc.</li><li>Maternal diabetes</li></ul>These factors are thought to cause an abnormality or damage the brain before a child is born. Hence, they are called congenital&nbsp;factors. More than 80% of cerebral palsy cases are thought to be congenital.&nbsp;Other abnormalities occur after birth, and they are linked to conditions such as:<ul><li>Severe perinatal asphyxia</li><li>Bilirubin encephalopathy&nbsp;</li><li>Intracranial infections like meningitis</li><li>Prematurity</li><li>Prolonged labour</li><li>Traumatic birth</li><li>Brain injury or bleeding</li></ul>In some cases, the exact cause of cerebral palsy is not known.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How to prevent cerebral palsy</h2>While complete prevention is not possible, expectant mothers can reduce the risk of their children having cerebral palsy by:<ul><li>Getting adequate antenatal care</li><li>Avoiding exposure to non-vaccine preventable infections</li><li>Receiving vaccination against common infections</li><li>Treating any underlying infection or disease</li><li>Avoiding smoking, alcohol, and psychoactive drugs</li></ul>These steps manage the risk factors and lessen the chance of developing cerebral palsy.Doctors can also help prevent cerebral palsy by:<ul><li>Monitoring fetal health&nbsp;</li><li>Monitoring the heart rate of mother and child</li><li>Screening for Rhesus compatibility between mother and child</li><li>Ensuring timely delivery</li><li>Ensuring adequate oxygenation at birth&nbsp;</li><li>Resuscitating baby as appropriate</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Diagnosis of cerebral palsy</h2>Diagnosing cerebral palsy can be challenging because the symptoms can be similar to those of other conditions that affect movement and posture. However, early diagnosis is important because it allows for early intervention, which can improve outcomes for children with CP.&nbsp;Here are some of the methods used to diagnose cerebral palsy:<ul><li>Medical history containing&nbsp;detailed information about a child’s pregnancy, delivery, and the developmental milestones helps to evaluate symptoms to aid diagnosis</li><li>Physical examination&nbsp;of muscle tone, reflexes, posture, and movement that may&nbsp;reveal abnormalities to suggest cerebral palsy</li><li>Neurological examination can help detect underlying brain problems such as seizures or abnormal brain activity</li><li>Imaging tests such as MRI or CT scans can help identify any brain abnormalities that may be causing cerebral palsy. These tests can also help identify the type and severity of cerebral palsy.</li><li>Developmental&nbsp;monitoring helps&nbsp;to identify any delays or abnormalities in the child's development, such as motor or cognitive development delays.</li><li>Genetic&nbsp;screening is useful in detecting mutations or chromosomal&nbsp;disorders that are associated with cerebral palsy.</li><li>An electromyography (EMG) measures the electrical activity in muscles; it detects any abnormalities in muscle function that may indicate cerebral palsy.</li></ul><h2>Treatment for Cerebral Palsy</h2>There’s no cure for cerebral palsy. However, treatments are available to manage the symptoms and improve outcomes for&nbsp;children with cerebral palsy.&nbsp;The treatments are tailored to the needs of the person and may include the following:<ul><li>Physical therapy to improve&nbsp;movement,&nbsp;flexibility, and muscle strength</li><li>Occupational therapy to help develop fine motor skills&nbsp;or learn new ways to perform daily tasks.</li><li>Speech therapy&nbsp;to improve a child’s the ability to speak and swallow</li><li>Medications&nbsp;to relieve the symptoms such as seizures and contractions</li><li>Surgery may be recommended to correct skeletal abnormalities, such as scoliosis or hip dislocation.</li><li>Assistive&nbsp; devices,&nbsp;such&nbsp; as&nbsp; braces,&nbsp;walkers,&nbsp; or wheelchairs, can help individuals with CP improve their mobility and independence</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Caring for a Child with Cerebral Palsy</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_472132a290_6091b34e98.webp"></figure>It can be challenging caring&nbsp;for a child with cerebral palsy, but with the right resources and support,&nbsp;parents can give a child the care and attention they need without burning out.&nbsp;Here are some tips for caring for a child with cerebral palsy:<ul><li>Build a strong support system of family, friends, support groups, and other caregivers to help you through the process</li><li>Understand&nbsp;a child’s physical, emotional, and cognitive needs so you can provide the appropriate care and support</li><li>Find alternative ways to communicate, such as using pictures, gestures, or assistive technology, especially for children with speaking difficulties</li><li>Make sure the child's environment is safe and accessible, with plenty of space for them to move around and play</li><li>Encourage&nbsp;the child to participate therapy exercises or adapted sports; you can join in too</li><li>Make their food ease to chew and swallow</li><li>Advocate for their needs within your community and help to empower other families</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Bottom Line</h2>Cerebral palsy affects a number of children in Nigeria,&nbsp;and it limits their chances of living high quality lives or living to the best of their potentials. Many of them dropout of&nbsp; treatment&nbsp;due to the cost and difficulty in accessing care.&nbsp;Thankfully, the situation is improving, as more hospitals have specialists to manage the cases, and families get better informed to take care of their child. Knowing the risk factors and prevention options can help parents reduce the risks of having a child with cerebral palsy.&nbsp;

Cerebral palsy affects movement and coordination for life. Learn how to support a child with the condition and improve their quality of life.

What you need to know about cerebral palsy

Millions live with diabetes, yet in Africa, many cases go undiagnosed. Learn how to assess your risk and take steps to prevent this growing health concern.

<a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/text-6823763/">Photo by Artem Podrez</a>When people talk about diabetes, they often mean diabetes mellitus, which is a group of related disorders&nbsp;that&nbsp;are characterised by&nbsp;hyperglycaemia or excess sugar in the blood. But&nbsp;that is not the only type of diabetes we have. There is also diabetes insipidus, where the body produces&nbsp;excess urine, causing you to lose too much water. We’ll focus on diabetes&nbsp;mellitus in this article.&nbsp;Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterised by high&nbsp;blood glucose levels or hyperglycaemia. It occurs either because the body cannot produce insulin (type 1 diabetes) or because the body cannot use insulin effectively (type 2 diabetes).Diabetes is often seen as a disease of adults and the elderly. However, it is getting more common in children. The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) estimates that there were more than one million children and adolescents under 20 with diabetes in 2019.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Type 1 vs Type 2 diabetes</h2>We mentioned earlier that type 1 diabetes mellitus is the most common type of diabetes in children, but children also have type 2 diabetes. The difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes is primarily in their origin.Type 1 diabetes&nbsp;occurs when the body’s immune system&nbsp;attacks and destroys the cells that produce insulin&nbsp;in the pancreas.&nbsp;The reason for these attacks on the cells is not clear, but experts suggest that genetic factors and viral infections may cause it.&nbsp;In&nbsp;type&nbsp;2 diabetes, the body either does not produce enough insulin or the organs are not sensitive enough to the present and circulating insulin, leading to&nbsp;excess sugar in the blood.3 out of 100,000 children in Nigeria have type 1 diabetesThe International Diabetes Federation also&nbsp;<a href="https://www.worlddiabetesfoundation.org/news/nigeria-promises-free-treatment-for-children-with-diabetes/#:~:text=The%20recorded%20incidence%20of%20type,)%20and%20Zimbabwe%20(0.8).">estimates</a> that about 3 (2.9) out of 100,000 children between the ages of 0 to 14 in Nigeria have type 1 diabetes mellitus.&nbsp;Children with diabetes have common risk factors, and these include:&nbsp;<ul><li>Family history of diabetes</li><li>Certain genetic mutations</li><li>Environmental factors like exposure to viruses&nbsp;</li><li>Obesity</li><li>Diet</li><li>Level of physical activity</li><li>Steroid therapy</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How do you know that your child has diabetes?</h2>Diabetes in children has similar symptoms as diabetes in adults, but since children, especially infants and preschool children, can’t explain their symptoms, parents have to pay extra attention.Symptoms to watch out for include:<ul><li>Excessive thirst&nbsp;</li><li>Frequent urination</li><li>Poor cry and weakness</li><li>Increased appetite</li><li>Excess weight gain</li><li>Poor wound healing</li><li>Numbness or tingling in the hands or feet</li></ul>The symptoms are similar for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, but type 2 symptoms develop later and slower. See a paediatrician immediately if you suspect your child has any of these symptoms.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Diagnosis of diabetes requires expert evaluation</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_27436ce5d6_00f35664ae.webp"></figure><a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/a-glucometer-over-documents-7653093/">Photo by Pavel Danilyuk</a>Although laboratory tests may show that a child has high glucose levels in their blood, that alone is not sufficient to say that the child is diabetic. Your doctor will take the child’s medical history, evaluate their signs and symptoms, and then order some laboratory tests to confirm the diagnosis.&nbsp;These tests include:<ul><li>Random or fasting blood glucose estimation</li><li>Random or fasting serum glucose estimation</li><li>Oral glucose tolerance test</li><li>HbA1C test</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Management of diabetes depends on the type</h2><h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">Type 1 diabetes&nbsp;</h3><ul><li>Lifetime insulin therapy</li><li>Regular blood glucose monitoring</li><li>Balanced diet</li><li>Regular exercise</li><li>Mental health support</li><li>Mother and child education</li></ul><h3 style="margin-left:0cm;">Type 2 diabetes&nbsp;</h3><ul><li>Low carbohydrate and fat diet</li><li>Balanced diet&nbsp;</li><li>Regular exercise</li><li>Oral antidiabetic medication</li><li>Insulin therapy</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Diabetes complications can be life-threatening</h2>Children with diabetes often present late to hospitals, especially after they have developed complications. Some of these complications include:<ul><li>Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)</li><li>Hypoglycaemia</li><li>Diabetic retinopathy</li><li>Diabetic nephropathy</li><li>Cardiovascular diseases</li><li>Infections</li></ul>These complications may manifest as:<ul><li>Nausea</li><li>Vomiting</li><li>Abdominal pain</li><li>Fruity breath</li><li>Sudden chest pain</li><li>Blurred vision</li><li>Loss of consciousness</li></ul>Early diagnosis and management, coupled with good blood glucose control, can prevent or delay the onset of these complications.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">You can delay or prevent the onset of diabetes</h2>The auto-immune nature of type 1 diabetes makes it challenging to prevent, but you can prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes with some pretty basic steps.<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Encourage your child to eat healthy diet</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Regular physical activity</li><li>Maintaining a healthy weight</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Limiting screen time</li><li>Regular check-ups</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What can the government do?</h2>The&nbsp;government&nbsp;is vital in implementing policies and programs that promote diabetes education, prevention, and management.&nbsp;Firstly, the government can allocate funds to support research and development of new treatment methods and technologies for diabetes management in children. This research can help improve the understanding of diabetes, leading to better prevention, diagnosis, and treatment for young patients.Secondly, the government can implement policies that promote healthy lifestyle choices for children. This can include providing nutritious meals in schools, promoting physical activity, and restricting the availability of unhealthy food choices. Such policies can help reduce the risk of diabetes in children and promote healthy living habits.The government can also provide education and awareness programs for parents and caregivers of young children with diabetes. These programs can offer guidance on&nbsp;managing diabetes at home, including monitoring blood glucose levels, administering insulin, and&nbsp;controlling hypoglycaemia.SummaryDiabetes affects children, too, and the number of children it affects is on the rise. The risk factors for diabetes in children include junk diet, obesity, prolonged screen time, little or no physical activity, parents with diabetes, and more. The onset of diabetes can be avoided with dietary and lifestyle adjustments; children with confirmed diabetes must visit a doctor for expert management.&nbsp;Diabetes is a chronic disorder that can be difficult to manage, especially the type 1 variety. Children with the disease may need lifetime management. This can be expensive and discomforting for the child. Parents must watch out for the risk factors and avoid them as much as possible. Please see a doctor if you have any concerns.

Diabetes isn’t just an adult disease; it affects children, too. Spotting early symptoms and taking preventive steps could be life-saving.

Diabetes in Children

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Photo by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/fmsc/">Feed My Starving Children (FMSC)</a>&nbsp;on <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/fmsc/">Flickr</a> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/">(CC BY 2.0).</a>Seeing your child’s first smile, watching their initial wobbly steps, and hearing their child begin to form words are all precious milestones that gladdens the heart. This growth comes from nutrients in&nbsp; foods children eat.&nbsp;Children’s food should be rich in essential nutrients delivered in the right balance. When this balance is not maintained or achieved, it can lead to malnutrition which affects the child’s well-being in several ways.&nbsp;Here are some key facts about malnutrition in Nigerian children:<ul><li>Approximately 37% of children (6 million) experience stunting (a condition whereby the child is too short for the age)&nbsp;</li><li>18% of children are affected by wasting (indicating low weight for height)</li><li>29% of children are underweight (which includes both acute and chronic malnutrition)</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">What is malnutrition?</h2>Malnutrition is an abnormality in nutrition. It occurs when there’s an imbalance in a child’s nutrient intake, either because the child takes too much or too little calories, carbohydrates, vitamins, proteins, or minerals. Malnutrition includes both undernutrition and overnutrition, which are consequences of either deficiencies or excesses of vital nutrients.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Why are some children malnourished?</h2>Children are more likely to have shortages of both macronutrients and micronutrients due to their increased nutritional needs during growth. When they don’t get adequate food or don’t eat as they should, they may become malnourished.&nbsp;The consequences of malnutrition in children under five can include being underweight, stunted, or wasted, with or without edema (previously referred to as marasmus and kwashiorkor, respectively), and in severe cases, it can lead to death.&nbsp;Malnutrition represents a critical outcome of food insecurity among children in this age group. Acute malnutrition can result in illness, death, and long-term disabilities, as well as hinder cognitive and physical development, while also increasing the likelihood of concurrent infections.&nbsp;Each year, around 50 million children globally experience acute malnutrition. Despite the availability of treatment, accessing it can be difficult.&nbsp;<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Types of Malnutrition</h2>Malnutrition can be categorised primarily into two groups:<ul><li>Overnutrition</li><li>Undernutrition</li></ul><h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Overnutrition</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_c82187e67e_b5cbc0a3ab.webp"></figure>Overnutrition occurs when your child consumes more nutrients than their bodies need, resulting in excess body fat and related health risks.&nbsp;Children who are classified as overweight or obese face increased risks for a variety of health issues later in life, including:<ul><li>&nbsp;Heart disease</li><li>Diabetes</li><li>Certain types of cancer</li></ul>The occurrence of overnutrition is rising globally, with reports from unicef indicating that 5.7% of children under five were classified as overweight in 2020, an increase from 5.4% in 2000.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Undernutrition</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_f8dc8eb662_b74f10edd9.webp"></figure>Photo by &nbsp;<a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/dfid/5977576239">Cate Turton / Department for International Development</a> on <a href="https://www.flickr.com/">Flickr</a><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/">(CC BY 2.0).</a>Undernutrition is when a child is not eating enough food or the right foods to meet their body's needs for energy and good health.Undernutrition poses a serious threat to the health and development of children. It can result in severe outcomes like protein-energy malnutrition, including a greater vulnerability to infections, hindered cognitive and physical growth, and, in extreme cases, death.&nbsp;Undernutrition can be further classified into four categories:&nbsp;<ul><li>Wasting (defined as low weight-for-height)</li><li>Stunting (defined as low height-for-age)</li><li>Underweight (defined as low weight-for-age)</li><li>Deficiencies in essential vitamins and minerals</li></ul>Each of these conditions can have a profound impact on a child's health and development.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Why are children unable to access nutritious food?</h2>Dietary practices&nbsp;Unlike adults that can choose what they want to eat, children often take what they are fed. For the first months of life, most children are on breastmilk. Family food such as pap, rice, and “swallows” like eba, amala, and pounded yam, come much later.&nbsp;However, children may be left malnourished due to practices that undermine adequate nutrition. For instance, some mothers think that breastmilk alone is insufficient for their baby's growth and feel compelled to introduce other traditional foods too early.&nbsp;Additionally, there are misconceptions that colostrum—the first milk produced after childbirth—is not healthy for children, and may even be harmful, which leads some mothers to discard it.&nbsp;Breastmilk, especially colostrum, is one of the most nutritious foods a child can take. It is rich in nutrients and easy to digest. It also contains proteins that protect the child from diseases, plus growth factors to support the child’s maturation.&nbsp;Caregiver Ignorance&nbsp;Caregivers, especially first-time mothers are sometimes unaware of how frequently a child needs to be fed. Children’s meals do not follow adult timetables. They need to eat as soon as they are hungry, which is often many times.&nbsp;Young children grow rapidly in the first years of life,&nbsp; and this consumes their energy. Their energy comes from food. So they use more nutrients than adults, necessitating frequent meals that are balanced&nbsp;However, many first-time mothers mistakenly adhere to the adult routine of three square meals a day, which can result in the child not receiving the necessary nutrients.Illness&nbsp;&nbsp;Frequent or severe illnesses can cause a child to become malnourished. For instance, malaria, pneumonia, and measles causes the child to lose energy, or increase their energy demand, leading to malnutrition.&nbsp;An ill child may have poor appetite such that they don’t eat even when food is available. Such child may vomit their food, or lose all their nutrients through to diarrhoea. Some children with short gut may also not be able to absorb the foods they eat, whether the food is adequate or not.&nbsp;Besides, when their parents are ill and there’s other caregiver to take care of the child, the child may suffer malnutrition. This is often true for children of mothers with chronic illnesses, or mothers that had surgery or complications during delivery.&nbsp;Cost of quality mealThe high cost of nutritious meals is a major reason why many children under five in Nigeria suffer from malnutrition. Families, especially those in poorer areas, often can't afford the balanced diets that young children need.This issue is particularly severe in low income communities where many families don’t have a stable source of income, or the income is too low to provide enough food for the family.&nbsp;Moreover, factors like inflation, climate change, and economic instability are driving up food prices, making it even more difficult for low-income families to secure essential nutrients for their children.Conflict and Drought&nbsp;In northeastern Nigeria, the combination of drought and conflict has led to significant food shortages. Displacement of families means that parents often struggle to secure food, as they no longer have a reliable supply. When livelihoods are compromised, food insecurity becomes a pressing issue.&nbsp;According to a June 2024 report by UNICEF on food insecurity in Nigeria, around 11 million children, or one in every three children under five years of age, in Nigeria are experiencing severe child food poverty, making them up to 50 per cent more likely to experience wasting, a life-threatening form of malnutrition.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Signs and symptoms of malnutrition&nbsp;</h2>Signs of malnutrition can vary but often include:<ul><li>Unintentional weight loss</li><li>Reduced appetite or disinterest in food</li><li>Fatigue and irritability</li><li>Difficulty concentrating</li><li>Dry, pale skin</li><li>Easy bruising or rashes</li><li>Changes in hair texture and growth</li><li>Swollen or cracked tongue</li><li>Increased sensitivity to cold</li><li>Prolonged wounds healing&nbsp;</li><li>Higher likelihood of infections</li><li>Night blindness or sensitivity to light</li></ul>Sometimes, a child is given the right amount of food, but essential micronutrients like Zinc, Vitamin D etc are lacking, which would result in a term known as hidden hunger.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How can you prevent malnutrition?</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://tenbadgers-myhealthvoice.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/image_78240af50f_8f9bda4a8e.webp"></figure>&nbsp;The key to preventing malnutrition is to maintain a balanced diet that includes a variety of foods from all major food groups. This should include:<ul><li>An abundance of fruits and vegetables, like oranges, watermelon, pumpkin leaves&nbsp;</li><li>Sufficient starchy foods such as bread, rice, yam flour, wheat flour, cassava flour (aka, garri) and pasta</li><li>Adequate dairy or dairy alternatives</li><li>Protein sources like meat, fish, crayfish, eggs, and legumes</li></ul>If you don’t know what a balance diet looks like in your local diet, discuss with a dietitians or a pediatrician to guide you.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">How malnutrition is treated</h2>Malnutrition is a medical condition that requires care of specialists like dietitians and pediatricians. Treatment strategies will differ based on the severity of the condition and any underlying health issues. Approaches may include:<ul><li>Correcting life-threatening deficiencies</li><li>Stabilizing the child’s body temperature and fluid levels</li><li>Continuous monitoring and assessment</li><li>Developing a dietary plan that may include nutritional supplements</li><li>Addressing specific symptoms, such as vomiting and diarrhea&nbsp;</li><li>Treating any existing infections</li><li>Evaluating and managing swallowing difficulties</li><li>Following up on the child’s recovery</li></ul>In severe cases where a child cannot eat through the mouth, tolerate enough food, or absorb nutrients on their own, the physician may resort to feeding the child through intravenous (parenteral) or tube (enteral) methods to ensure adequate nutrient delivery.<h2 style="margin-left:0cm;">Conclusion</h2>The complexities surrounding malnutrition are significant, with its most common causes linked to poor dietary quality, inadequate caregiving practices, and recurrent infections among children.&nbsp;The repercussions of malnutrition can lead to both immediate and long-term health challenges, including slower recovery from illnesses and an increased risk of infections.Therefore, it is vital for parents to priorities prevention strategies and recognize the signs of malnutrition to enable timely interventions and restore health in affected children.

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